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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 2 basic systems found in vascular plants?
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1) Shoot
2) Root |
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Define PHYLLOTAXY.
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-the arrangement of leaves along the stem showing certain well defined patterns
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What are the 5 classificatiosn in Phyllotaxy?
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1)Opposite
-2 leaves are attached at a node on opposite sides of the stem 2)Decussate -successive pairs are at right angles to one another 3)Whorled -if three or more leaves are found at a node 4)Helical -if the leaves stand single at the nodes, it will be found that they are arranged in an ascending helix along the axis 5)Distichous -refers to teh pattern with only one leaf per node, but where all the leaves are arranged in only 2 vertical rows, usually 180deg apart **pg.7** |
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Define MERISTEMATIC
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-embryonic tissue in plants that have the potential to continually increase in length
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What is the SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM?
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-AKA the PROMERISTEM
-the embryonic regino at the apex of a shoot -produces the tissues of the stem and a succession of leavs in a repetitive fashion |
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Define LEAFLETS
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-the leaf like things on a compound leaf
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Define STIPULES
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-outgrowths at the bae on either side of the leaf
-is believed to be part of the leaf because its vascular supply is derived from that which serves the leaf |
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How does shoot expansion occur?
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-leaves are initiated by the meristem are very close together vertically
-the spreading of leaves of a typical long shoot is accomplished below the apical meristem by the process of INTERNODAL ELONGATION -thuis the meristem is responsible for the initiation of the stem and leaves, but much of the actual growth is accomplished in the maturing region below the meristem |
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Define LONG SHOOTS
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-has long internodes
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Define SHORT SHOOTS
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-has short/no internodes
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List the different types of shoot modifications. eg: vines.
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1) vines
2) runners 3) rhizomes 4) tubers 5) corms 6) flattened or leaflike stems 7) tendrils 8) thorns |
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How does shoot branching occur?
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-branching in the seed plants occurs by the production of LATERAL BUDS
-the developement of these axillary buds is controlled by ian internal hormonal mechanism in the plant |
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What are some unique characteristics about leaves?
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-although it is a distinct organ, it is not sharply set off from the stem (ie: can't precisely tell where the tissue of the leaf ends and that of the stem begins)
-a DETERMINATE ORGAN (ie: does not retain a meristem at the tip, but grows for a definite time and then stops and matures completely) -an axillary bud only occurs where the petiole of a leaf meets the stem (ie: at the node); at the base of a leaflet, therefore, an axillary bud is lacking |
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What are the 2 separable portions on a leaf?
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1) Petiole/Leaf Stalk
2) Blade/Lamina |
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What is a SESSILE LEAF?
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-the blade is attached directly to the stem (ie: no petiole)
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Define SIMPLE LEAF
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-a leaf with one blade per axis/petiole
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Define COMPOUND LEAF
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-a leaf having 2 or more LEAFLETS attached to a common axis/petiole
-can either be PINNATELY(feather like fashion) or PALMATELY(arise from a common point and flop over, like a palm tree) compound -compound leaves may be compounded twice or rarely thrice **pg.11** |
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What are the 3 tissue systems found in plants?
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1) Dermal
2) Vascular 3) Ground/Fundamental |
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What components make up the DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM?
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1) Epidermis
-contains STOMATA -a surface layer of cells which are tightly fitted together and whose outer, thickend walls are impregnated with... 2) Cutin -a fatty substance related to waxes, which retards water loss 3)Cuticle -a surface layer of cutin ouside the epidermal cells |
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What components make up the VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM?
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1)Xylem
-conducts water and dissolved mineral salts -includes TRACHEIDS, VESSEL ELEMENTS, PARENCHYMA & FIBRES 2)Phloem -transports organic solutes like sugar and also some minerals -includes SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS, COMPANION CELLS, PARENCHYMA & FIBRES **These two tissues always occur together in land plants with the phloem peripheral to the xylem, although internal phloem may also be found in some cases.** |
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Define PLASMODESMATA
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-clusters of submicroscopic holes which are penetrated by delicate strands of cytoplasm which connect the adjacent cell protoplasts throughout the plant body
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What are some characteristics of PARENCHYMA CELLS?
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-often called the basic cell type of the plant body
-living at maturity -have primary walls only -function as metabolic cells and as storage depots |
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What are some characteristics of TRACHEIDS & VESSEL ELEMENTS?
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-dead cells at maturity
-have thickened cell walls containing LIGNIN -has primary and secondary walls -secondary wall may be ANNULAR, HELICAL, SCALARIFORM -vessel elements are believed to ahve been derived from tracheids in evolution and are found only in the angiosperms and in a few other isolated groups among the vascular plants -vessel elements are arranged end to end in a vertical series to form vessels which may have an overall length of many feet in some large trees -end walls of vessel elements are occupied by PERFORATION PLATES (may have a number of openings or it may have one very large opening so that the vessel element is like a barrel wich both ends knocked out |
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What are the 4 types of secondary wall formation on Tracheids?
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1) Annular
-series of separate rings 2) Helical -one or more helices 3)Scalariform -ladder like pattern 4)Reticulate -netted pattern |
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What are FIBRES?
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-supportive cells in the vascular system
-have thick secondary walls with a few small pits only and are usually dead at maturity -purely mechanical in function and do not conduct -they are placed in the general category of SCLERENCHYMA |
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What are some characteristics of SEIVE TUBE ELEMENTS?
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-they are conducting elements of phloem
-they are living cells containing cytoplasm when mature, but their protoplasm is highly altered and the nucleus and most other organelles have disappeared -the wall is soft and relatively thin -end walls between adjacent sieve tuve elements within a sieve tube are called SIEVE PLATES -recognition of sieve tubes is done in the presence of a carbohydrate material called CALLOSE (super blue in aniline blue) -callose is for sealing off -side walls contain SIEVE AREAS where there are intercellular connections smaller than those of the sieve plate COMPANION CELLS -small -living cells with nuclei which have a common origin (arise as sister cells) -believed to supply the sieve tubes with metabolites necessary for transport of materials into and out of them |
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What are SIEVE CELLS?
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-different then SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS
-found in phloem of gymnosperms -cells are long, tapered elements like tracheids in shape but like sieve tube elements in cytology -have no sieve plates, but have sieve areas like those of the side walls of sieve tubes -no companion cells but have parenchyma cells called ALBUMINOUS CELLS |
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What 2 tissues make up the FUNDAMENTAL/GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM?
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1)CORTEX
-between the epidermis and the vascular cambium 2)PITH -the centre of the stem, internal to the vascular system -pith rays between the bundles are also included -lacking in lower plants and tough to differentiate in MONOCOTS |
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Define LEAF TRACE
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-a vascular bundle which extends into a leaf
-a leaf may have one to many traces depending upon the spps -when a leaf trace changes its course and diverges towards a leaf, the portion of the vascular ring above the divergence which it would have occupied, had it not diverged is filled parenchyma, this region is called a LEAF GAP |
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Define EUSTELE
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-the bundles of the stem are in a ring as in most dicotyledons
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Define ATACTOSTELE
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-vascular bundles are scattered through the entire central region of the axis
-as found in monocots |
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What are VEINS?
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-term used for vascular bundles when they are in the leaf
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Define ANASTOMOSE
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-term meaning run together
-useful in describing patterns of veins |
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What is PINNATE VENATION?
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-a main vein from which smaller veins arise in a feather like pattern
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What is PALMATE VENATION?
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-several branching veins arising from a common point along the midvein, near the lamina base
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Describe the GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM of the leaf.
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you know this:
-palisade and spongy mesophyll -intercellular spaces -etc. |
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Describe the DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM of the leaf.
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-consists of the epidermis which is composted of tightly fitted cells covered by a cuticle
-has STOMATA which allows for gas exchange -openings are surrounded by 2 GUARD CELLS (come from a common parent cell; leave an opening when they are turgid, close the opening when they are flaccid) |
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Summarize all tissue systems and cell types...
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-no way, too lazy
**look at pg 17&18** |
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What is CHLORENCHYMA?
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-parenchyma with chloroplast
-found under the epidermis if present |
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What are 3 types of UNDERGROUND STORAGE STRUCTURES SHOOT MODIFICATIONS?
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1)Corm
-an underground tuber like base of a vertical stem that has stored food -eg: gladiolus, crocus 2)Bulb -a very short underground stem with fleshy bulb scales (leaves) thickened with stored food -eg: onion 3)Tuber -a short, much enlarged portion of stem containing food reserves -the eye's of the potatoe tuber are the nodes, they are coposed of bestigial leaves and axillary buds, each eye is capable of producing a new plant |