Lab Values

Front 1

platelets value

Back 1

150,000 - 400,000

Front 2

leukocytes value

Back 2

4,500 - 11,000

Front 3

erythrocytes value

Back 3

4- 6.2 million

Front 4

serum sodium

Back 4

major cation of extracellular fluid
maintain acid base balance & osmotic pressures
absorbed in the small intestine

Front 5

serum sodium
nursing consideration

Back 5

drawing blood samples proximal to the IV infusion of sodium chloride will give falsely elevated results.

Front 6

serum potassium K

Back 6

intracellular cation
regulate cellular water balance
body obtains K through the kidneys and diet

K levels evaluate cardiac, renal, and GI function.

Front 7

serum potassium K
nursing consideration

Back 7

Do not draw bld from IV infusion site
Pt w elevated WBC and platelet may have falsely elevated K levels.

Front 8

serum chloride

Back 8

most abundant anion in extracellular fluid
counterbalance cations
acts as a buffer during O2 and CO2 exchange in RBC

Front 9

serum chloride
nursing consideration

Back 9

Draw bld from extremity that does not have NS infusing
Any condition accompanied by prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, both will alter levels

Front 10

serum bicarbonate

Back 10

part of the bi-carbonate carbonic acid buffering system
regulates PH of body fluids

Front 11

serum sodium level

Back 11

135 to 145 mEq/L

Front 12

serum potassium level

Back 12

3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L

Front 13

serum chloride level

Back 13

98 to 107 mEq/L

Front 14

serum bicarbonate level
(venous)

Back 14

22 to 29 mEq/L

Front 15

aPTT
(activated partial thromboplastin time)

Back 15

Evaluates how well the co-ag sequence is func. by measuring the amount of time it takes for racalcified, citrated plasma to clot after partial thromboplastin is added.
used for heparin therapy

Front 16

aPTT
(activated partial thromboplastin time)
nursing considerations

Back 16

if pt is receiving heparin draw bld 1 hour before next dose.
Not same arm as heparin infusion.
Take specimen to lab STAT

Front 17

prothrombin

Back 17

vit. K dependent glycoprotein produced by the liver necessary for firm clot formation

Front 18

prothrombin time (PT)

Back 18

PT measures the amount of time it take for clot formation.
monitors response to Coumadin.
screens for dysfunc. of the extrinsic system that results from liver disease, vit. k deficiency, or disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Front 19

international normalized ratio(INR)

Back 19

measures the effects of oral anticoagulants

Front 20

prothrombin values (PT) values

Back 20

9.6 to 11.8 seconds (a. male)
9.5 to 11. 3 seconds (a. female)

PT value within 2 sec more or less is considered normal

Front 21

international normalized ratio (INR)

Back 21

2 to 3 for standard warfarin sodium(Coumadin)

3 to 4.5 for high dose of warfarin sodium(Coumadin)

Front 22

prothrombin time (PT)
nursing consideration

Back 22

PT longer than 30 sec places client at risk for hemorrhage.
Oral anticoagulation therapy usually maintains the PT at 1.5 to 2 times the lab control value.
Diets high in greefy veggies can ^ absorption of vit. k(shortens the PT)

Front 23

platelets

Back 23

function in hemostatic plug formation, clot retraction, and coagulation factor activation.
produced by the bone marrow to function in hemeostasis.

Front 24

platelets
nursing considerations

Back 24

high altitudes, chronic cold weather, and exercise ^platelet count.
Institute bleeding precautions for pt. w low platelet count.

Front 25

erythrocyte
(sedimentation rate)

Back 25

1 hour- settles out of blood

Front 26

hemoglobin value

Back 26

14 to 16.5 g/dl
12 to 15 g/dl

Front 27

hemoglobin

Back 27

transports O2 and CO2
Hemoglobin tests identify anemia

Front 28

hematocrit

Back 28

represents RBC mass
hematocrit tests identify anemia & hemolytic disorders

Front 29

hematocrit value

Back 29

42 to 52% (m. adult)
35 to 47% (f. adult)

Front 30

red blood cells value

Back 30

4.5 to 6.2 million cells (m. adult)
4.0 to 5.5 million cells (f. adult)

Front 31

red blood cells (RBC's)

Back 31

function in the hemoglobin transport
deliver O2 to the body tissues
Life span of 120 days
Formed by the red bone marrow
Removed from the blood by the spleen,liver, and bone marrow

Front 32

serum iron value

Back 32

65 to 175 mcg/dl (m. adult)
50 to 170 mcg/dl (F. adult)

Front 33

serum iron

Back 33

found in the hemoglobin
carrier of O2 from the lungs to the tissues

Front 34

creatinine kinase (CK)

Back 34

enzyme found in the muscle and brain.
reflects tissue breakdown resulting from trauma

Front 35

creatinine kinasa (CK)
3 types and def.

Back 35

There are isoenzymes.
CK-MB(cardiac)
CK-BB(brain)
CK-MM(muscle)

Front 36

CK-MB values
CK-BB values
CK-MM values

Back 36

CK-MB 0 to 5% of total CK
CK-BB 95 to 100% of total CK
CK-MM 0% of CK

Front 37

CK nursing intervention
(IN)

Back 37

Invasive procedures or intramuscular injections may falsely elevate CK level
no alcohol 24 hours before

Front 38

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Back 38

Isoenzymes affected ny MI are LDH1 and LDH2.
LDH rises 24 after a MI peaks in 48 to 72 than return normal 7 to 14 days

Front 39

The presence of the LDH flip is when LDH1 is _____ than LDH2 and is helpful in diagnosing ___.

Back 39

higher
myocardial infraction (MI)

Front 40

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
nursing intervention

Back 40

testing should be repeated in 3 days

Front 41

lactate hydrogenase (LDH)
isoenzymes values

Back 41

LDH1 14 to 26%
LDH2 29 to 39%
LDH3 20 to 26%
LDH4 8 to 16%
LDH5 6 to 16%

Front 42

lactate hydrogenase value

Back 42

140 to 280 units/L

Front 43

Troponins

Back 43

regulatory proteins found in striated muscles(skeletal, myocardial)
^ amounts are released in the bld stream when an infarction causes damage to the myocardium
Levels elevate 3 hours after myocardial injury. T1 levels remain elevated for 7 to 10 days. T2 remain elevated for 10 to 14 days.

Front 44

troponin value

Back 44

troponin 1 0.6 to 2.5 ng/ml
(more or less consistent w an MI)

troponin T 0.1- 0.2 ng/ml
(more indicates MI)

Front 45

myoglobin

Back 45

O2 binding protein found in the striated (cardiac and skeletal) muscle. Release O2 at low levels.
any injury to skeletal muscle muscle causes a release of myoglobin in the bld.

Front 46

myoglobin value

Back 46

< than 90 mcg/L could indicate MI

Front 47

myoglobin nursing interventions

Back 47

levels can rise early as 2 hours after MI with a rapid decline after 7 hours.

Front 48

albumin

Back 48

main plasma in blood
transports bilirubin, fatty acids, meds, hormones.
^ in conditions such as dehydration, diarrhea, mestatic carcinoma
decreased in condition such as acute infection, ascites, alcoholism

Front 49

albumin value

Back 49

3.4 to 5 g/dl

Front 50

ammonia value

Back 50

35 to 65 mcg/dl

Front 51

ammonia

Back 51

waste product from nitrogen breakdown during protein metabolism
metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys are urea.
not a reliable indicator of hepatic coma.

Front 52

amylase

Back 52

enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands that aids in the digestion of complex carbs that is excreted by the kidneys.
Acute pancreatitis amylase level ^
rise 3 to 6, peaks @ 24 hours, return to normal 2 to 3 days.

Front 53

amylase value

Back 53

25 to 151 units/L

Front 54

bilirubin

Back 54

produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.Byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown.

Front 55

bilirubin values

Back 55

direct 0 to 0.3 mg/dl
indirect 0.1 to 1 mg/dl
total less than 0.5 mg/dl

Front 56

bilirubin nursing intervention

Back 56

Instruct client to eat diet low in yellow foods for 3 to 4 days before blood is drawn.
results will be ^with the ingestion of alcohol and morphone sulfate, theophylline, absorbic acid(vit c) or aspirin
results invalid if rediactive scan is performed 24 hours b4.

Front 57

Lipids

Back 57

blood lipids consist primarily of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids.
lipid assessment includes total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL), low density lipoprotein(LDL) and triglycerides.
Cholesterol is present in all body parts and major components of LDLs, brain and nerve cells, cell membranes, and some gallbladderstones.

Front 58

lipids (triglycerides)

Back 58

constitute a major part of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and smart parts of LDLs.
Synthesized in the liver from fatty foods. protein, glucose.

Front 59

lipid fact

Back 59

^ cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride level place the pt. at risk for coronary disease.
HDL's help protect against the risk of coronary artery disease.

Front 60

Cholesterol value

Back 60

140 to 199 mg/dl

Front 61

low density lipoprotein(LDL) value

Back 61

less than 130 mg/dl

Front 62

high density lipoprotein(HDL) value

Back 62

30 to 70 mg/dl

Front 63

triglycerides

Back 63

less than 200 mg/dl

Front 64

lipid nursing intervention

Back 64

oral contraceptives increase lipid level
fast 12 to 24 hours before w water
refrain from alcohol 24 hours before

Front 65

protein
(RRID)

Back 65

Reflects amount of albumin & globulins in the serum.
Regulates osmotic pressure.
Increased in Addisons, autoimune collagen disorders, chronic infec., Crohn's disease.
Decreased in burns, cirrhosis, edema, sever hepatic disease.

Front 66

protein value

Back 66

6 to 8 mg/dl

Front 67

uric acid

Back 67

formed as the purine adenine and quanine.
Elevated amounts deposit in joints causing gout.
Fast cell turnover and slowed renal excretion of UA may cause uricemia.

Front 68

uric acid value

Back 68

4.5 to 8mg/dl (male)
2.5 to 6.2 mg/dl (female)

Front 69

uric acid nursing interventions

Back 69

aminophlline, caffeine, and vit.C may cause false elevated readings.

Front 70

blood glucose

Back 70

a monosaccharide found in fruits.
formed from the digestion of carbs and the conversion of glucogen by the liver

Body's main function of energy and is essential for brain and erythrocyte function

Front 71

glucose tolerance test

Back 71

diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
(if glucose level peak 1 to 2 hours after inj. and are slower than normal to return to fasting levels, diabetes mellitus is confirmed)

Front 72

glycosylated hemoglobin

Back 72

is blood glucose that is bound to the hempglobin.
glycosylated hemoglobin A(hbA1c) is a reflection how well BG has been controlled for 3 to months.

Front 73

glycosylated hemoglobin value

Back 73

diabetics w good control 7% or <
diabetic w fair control 7%- 8%
diabetic w poor control 8% or >

Front 74

glycosylated hemoglobin nursing consideration

Back 74

fasting is NOT required before the test.

Front 75

glycosylated serum albumin(fructosamine)

Back 75

reflects serum glucose levels over 2 to 3 weeks.
more sensitive to recent changes the HBA1c test

Front 76

glycosylated serum albumin value

Back 76

non diabetic 1.5 to 2.7 mmmol/L

diabetic 2.0 to 5.0 mmol/L

Front 77

serum creatinine

Back 77

very specific indicator of renal function
Elevated levels indicate a slowing of the glomerular filtration rate

Front 78

serum creatinine value

Back 78

0.6 to 1.3 mg/dl

Front 79

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Back 79

urea nitrogen is the nitrogen portion of urea, formed in the liver through enzymatic protein breakdown.
urea is freely flitered through the glomeruli, small amount is reabsorbed in the tubules, remainder excreted in the urine.

Front 80

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) value

Back 80

8 to 25 mg/dl

Front 81

calcium

Back 81

cation absorbed in the bppd from diet.
Functions in bone formation, nerve impulse transmission, and the contraction of myocardial and skeletal muscles.
aids in blood clotting (converts PT to thrombin)

Front 82

calcium value

Back 82

8.6 to 10 mg/dl

Front 83

magnesium

Back 83

used to determine metabolic act and renal function.
needed for bld clotting.
regulates neuromuscular act. metabolism of calcium.

Front 84

magnesium value

Back 84

1.6 to 2.6 mg/dl

Front 85

phosphorus

Back 85

absorbed from food excreted by the kidneys.
bone formation, energy storage & release. urinary acid base buffering and carb metabolism.

Front 86

phosphorus value

Back 86

2.7 to 4.5 mg/dl

Front 87

Thyroid studies values

Back 87

thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) 0.2to 5.4 microunits/ml
thyroxine 5 to 12 mcg/dl
thyroxine free 0.8 to 2.4 ng/dl
triiodothyronine 80 to 230 ng/dl

Front 88

white blood cells (WBC) value

Back 88

4500 to 11000 cells/mm3

Front 89

white blood cells

Back 89

body's immune defense system

Front 90

white blood cells (WBC) nursing considerations

Back 90

SHIFT TO THE LEFT- ^ # of immature neutrophils in the blood.
SHIFT TO THE LEFT & LOW WBC- recovery from bone marrow depression or an infection of such intensity that the demand for neutrophils in the tissue is greater than the capacity in the bone marrow to release them into circulation
SHIFT TO THE LEFT & HIGH WBC- increases release of neutrophils by the bone marrow in response to overwhelming infection or inflammation.
SHIFT TO THE RIGHT- the cells have more than usual number of nuclear segments(found with liver disease, down syndrome, and megaloblastic, pernicious anemia)

Front 91

HIV/ AIDS tests

Back 91

ELISA(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), Western blot (WB), and immunofluorescence assay (IFA).

Front 92

CD4 T-cell counts

Back 92

monitor the progression of HIV
as the disease progress the CD4 t-cell count decreases

Front 93

CD4 T-cells value

Back 93

500 to 1600 cells/mm3

< 200 severe immune problems occur

Front 94

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) range

Back 94

10 to 20 mcg/ml

Front 95

Carbamazepine (Tegretol) range

Back 95

5 to 12 mcg/ml

Front 96

******Digoxin (Lanoxin)******
range

Back 96

0.5 to 2 ng/ml

Front 97

Gentamycin (Garamycin) range

Back 97

5 to 10 mcg/ml

Front 98

Lithium (Lithobid) range

Back 98

0.5 to 1.3 mEq/L

Front 99

Magnesium sulfate range

Back 99

4 to 7 mg/dl

Front 100

Phenytoin (Dilantin) range

Back 100

10 to 20 mcg/ml

Front 101

Salicylates range

Back 101

100 to 250 mcg/ml

Front 102

Theophylline range

Back 102

10 to 20 mcg/ml

Front 103

Tobramycin (Nebcin) range

Back 103

5 to 10 mcg/ml

Front 104

Valproic acid (Depakene) range

Back 104

50 to 100 mcg/ml