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195 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What is the vegatative form of protozoa?
trophozoite
What is the dormant form of protozoa?
cyst/ resistant to bad environment
What is going from trophozoite to cyst
encystment
What is going from cyst to trophozoite
excystment
What does Entamoeba histolytica cause?
amoebic dysentery (amebiasis)
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?
by fecal oral route
What is life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica
cyst->ingested->in small intestine, cyst-> mitosis ->8 trophozoites ->parasite in mucosa and submucosa of colon, feed on RBC and bacteria ->cause ulceration -> form cyst in stool (cyst->mitosis-> 4 nuclei)
What are symptoms of having Entamoeba histolytica
abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood and mucus in stool, nausea, vomiting and hepatitis
What does Balantidium coli cause
dysentery
What are symptoms of having Balantidium coli?
blood and mucoid feces, diarrhea/constipation
What does Giardia lamblia cause?
Giardiasis (chronic diarrhea)
How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?
fecal oral route (contaminated water)
What are symptoms of Giardia lamblia?
malaise, nausea, abdominal cramp, diarrhea
What is the life cycle of Giardia lamblia?
cyst -> ingested ->excyst in duodenum, jejunum, grow by binary fission -> trophozoite attach to intesintal villi by ventral sucking disk -> both cysts and trophozoites are shed in feces -> cyst survive outside host cell
What does Trichomonas vaginalis cause?
Trichomoniasis: inflammation of genitourinary tracts of male (urethra, prostate, seminal vesicle) and female (vagina, vulva, cervix)
What is the morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis?
trophozoite but no cyst
What does Trypanosoma brucei cause?
African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Disease) (chronic disease)
What are the 2 subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei?
T. b. gambiense
T. b. rhodesiense
What transmits Trypanosoma brucei
tsetse fly
What are symptoms of Trypanosoma brucei
ulcer at primary infection site (of fly bite)
fever, lymph node swelling, CNS involvement (meningoencephalitis, mental deterioration, sleepiness, coma, death)
What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei in human host
trypomastigotes in salivary gland of tsetse fly-> enter wound of human host -> enter blood and lymph (multiply) -> CNS
What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei in tsetse fly?
in human blood-> tsetse fly -> multiply in midgut -> enter salivary gland and become epimastigote -> trypomastigote
What is a trypomastigote?
a free flagellum and an undulating membrane run full length of the cell
What is epimastigote?
a free flagellum and an undulating membrane run 1/2 length of the cell
What does Plasmodium spp. cause?
malaria
What is the vector for Plasmodium
mosquito
What is the life cycle of Plasmodium in human host
sporozoites from mosquito->enter liver (undergo schizogony: multiple fission: and produce merozoites) -> merozoites enter blood -> invade RBC (Merozoite-> ring stage- divide-> merozoites-> released -> invade new RBC) (some merozoites develop into male and female gametocytes)
What do some merozoites develop into
male and female gametocytes
What is schizogony?
multiple fission
What is the life cycle of Plasmodium in mosquito?
ingest blood with male and female gametocytes -> mate in digestive tract -> zygote -> cyst with many sporozoites -> sporozoites are released -> migrate into salivary gland
What is the intermediate host of Plasmodium
human
What is the definitive host of Plasmodium
mosquito
What are chemical substances used in the treatment of infectious disease?
chemotherapeutic disease
What secrete antibiotics?
by some true bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi
What are synthetic drugs?
synthesized in the laboratory
What do sulfa drugs do?
create a static effect by competitive inhibition:

interferes with the PABA pathway
What method is used for antibiotics
kirby bauer method
What medium is used for kirby bauer method?
mueller hinton agar
What is the properties of mueller hinton agar
pH 7.2-7.4 to 5 mL thick 37 C
What determines the size of zone
rate of diffusion, # of mos in inocolum, growth rate of mos, susceptibility of mos to the antibiotics
What is synergism
when the sum of the effects of the agents used in combination is significantly greater than the sum of their effects when used individually
What is additive (indifferent) effect
when the combination effect is not greater than the sum of their separately measured individual effects
What is involved in dental caries?
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomycees odontolyticus
What does Lactobacillus acidophilus do?
ferment sugar to lactic acid
What does Streptococus mutans?
produce dextransucrease to convert sucrose to dextran and fructose and ferments fructose into acid
What does acid do to teeth?
decalcification
What is the level of acidity at which dental caries form?
4.4
What is medium used to test susceptibility of dental caries
Snyder agar with glucose (ph 4.8)
What does PABA do?
turn DHF into THF by using 2 enzymes
What does dextransucrase do?
makes a large polyer, dextran, plus frucose which clings to the teeth and forms dental plaques in which streptococcis reside and ferment fructose with the formation of lactic acid
What does L. acidophilus do?
produces lactic acid to damage enamel and teeth
What is the pH indicator in the dental caries test
Bromcresol green which turns yellow in an acidic pH
How did we do the dental caries test?
put 0.2 mL saliva into Snyder agar deep
When does Bromcresol green turn yellow
in pH below 4.8
What is Snyder agar deep selective for
lactobacillus spp.
What does glucose do under the influence of lactobacillus
turn to lactic acid
What does a large quantity of acid forming bacteria in oral cavity do?
increase risk of dental caries
How long did we incubate synder tube?
37C for 72 h
What turns dihydropteroic acid to dihydrofolic acid and what stops this pathway?
dihydropteroate synthetase and its inhibited by sulfisoxazole
What turns dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid and what stops this pathway?
dihydrofolate reductase and inhibited by trimethoprim
What does L. acidophilus do?
produces lactic acid to damage enamel and teeth
What is the pH indicator in the dental caries test
Bromcresol green which turns yellow in an acidic pH
How did we do the dental caries test?
put 0.2 mL saliva into Snyder agar deep
When does Bromcresol green turn yellow
in pH below 4.8
What is Snyder agar deep selective for
lactobacillus spp.
What does glucose do under the influence of lactobacillus
turn to lactic acid
What does a large quantity of acid forming bacteria in oral cavity do?
increase risk of dental caries
How long did we incubate synder tube?
37C for 72 h
What turns dihydropteroic acid to dihydrofolic acid and what stops this pathway?
dihydropteroate synthetase and its inhibited by sulfisoxazole
What turns dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid and what stops this pathway?
dihydrofolate reductase and inhibited by trimethoprim
What is the pH indicator in the dental caries test
bromcresol green (turns yellow when pH under 4.8)
What is synder agar selective for
growth of lactobacillus spp
how did you do dental caries test
transfer 0.2 mL saliva into snyder agar deep and incubate 37C for 72 h
What is a differential medium to demonstrate alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis?
blood agar
What shows beta hemolysis
Streptococcus pyogenes
What shows alpha hemolysis
Streptococcus pneumonia
What is common normal flora in oral cavity
alpha hemolytic streptococci
What is a common medium to grow Neisseria spp
chocolate agar
Where do Neisseria grow
candle jar
What are oxidase positive
Neisseria
What medium is used to isolate diphtheroids?
Muller-Hinton Tellurite agar (MHTA)
What do diphtheroids do?
reduce tellurite to tellurium and produce black colonies on MHTA
What is a medium to grow yeast and mold?
Sabouraud agar
Why do Sabouraud agar grow yeast and mold well?
it is acidic which they favor and it discourages growth of most bacteria
What is used to isolate streptococcus aureus?
Mannitol salt agar
Why do S. aureus grow on MSA?
S. a resists 7.5% salt and ferments mannitol to acid, which turns phenol red into yellow color
Are all strands of Staph. aureus pathogens?
no
Describe Staphylococci
pathogenic and nonpathogenic
G+ cocci and occur in irregular clusters of spherical cells

mesophilic nonspore formers that are highly resistant to drying especially in organic matter
can survive ouside body for extended periods of time
What does S. epidermidis cause?
skin lesions, endocarditis
What is S. saprophyticus cause?
UTI
What does S. aureus cause?
abscesses, boils, carbuncles, acne, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, staphylococcal enteritis, septicemia
What causes clot formation
coagulase
What lyses WBC
leukocidin
What are active against RBC
hemolysins
What is responsible for a type of gastroenteritis
enterotoxin
Does S. aureus produce coagulase
yes
What do S. aureus positive for coagulase also produce?
hydrolytic enzyme DNase
What can grow on MSA?
S. aureus, epidermidis, and saprophyticus
What can ferment mannitol
only S. aureus
What is color of S. aureus on MSA
generally golden yellow
What color is S. epidermidis on msa/
white
What color is S. saprophyticus on msa
white
What is coagulase positive
S. aureus
What is DNase positive
S. aureus
What type of hemolysis does S. aureus generally have on MSA
beta
What is sensitive to novobiocin
S. aureus and S. epidermidis

(NOT S. saprophyticus)
What can S. aureus cause
some at pathogens that cause skin infections, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisoning
What is S. epidermidis
normal flora on skin: opportunistic pathogen which may cuase skin lesion and endocarditis
What is S. saprophyticus
causes UTI
What do 98% of S. aureus produce
coagulase
What is an enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin clot?
coagulase
How does coagulase protect mos?
a shield against host defense
What is a normal serum protein
fibrinogen
What is bound coagulase?
clumpin factor: attached to cell well and causes cells to clump together: detected by slide test and tube test
How do you detect bound coagulase?
slide test and tube test
HOw do you test for free coagulase?
tube test NOT slide test
What is free coagulase?
extracellular enzyme that is released form teh cell and causes fibrin clot
What is the test reagent for coagulase test
rabbit plasma (with anticoagulant other than citrate)
What is slide test?
mix mos with a drop of plasma and if aggultination of cells is seen within 2 minutes then its coagulase +
What is tube test
mix mos with 0.5 mL of plasma in a test tube and if coagulationh of plasma within 24 hrs then coagulase +
What is commonly used to differentiate S. aureus from S. epidermidis?
coagulase test
What is a potential human pathogen
S. aureus
What is a normal flora often isolated along with S. aureus
S. epidermidis
what is coagulase +
S. aureus
What is used for DNase test
DNAse test agar w/ methyl green that contains DNA and the color indicator methyl green
What happens with methyl green combines with DNA
it is green
What happens when DNA is digested
methyl green is released and loses its green color
What indicates a + result in the DNase test
a clear zone surrounding the bacterial growth on this medium
What is DNase positive and Mannitol +/-
S. Saprophyticus
What is a layer or meshwork of bacteria?
biofilm: causes dental plaque
What is the difference between plasma and serum
serum has no fibrinogen
What is used for fibrinogen test
plasma
What is an enzyme from S. aureus to break clot to spread
kinase
How do you incubate sabouraud agar
room temp one week
how do you know if its yeast or bacteria
yeast are bigger can be seen on 40x
What is the selective agent in MSA
NaCl
What are the differential agents in MSA
mannitol and phenol red
What is a gram stain after MSA
clusters of G+ cocci
What is a differential agar
blood
What is blood agar
differential TSA with 5% sheep blood
What is alpha hemolysis?
green color
What is beta hemolysis
clearish yellow
What is gamma
no change
What is neisseria shown by
pink to purple to black
What is oxidase positive result
purple
What is morphology of neisseria
G- cocci in pairs oxidase + 37C in candle jar
What can neisseria cause
meningitidis and gonorrhea
How do you interpret Kirby Bauer method
based on certain factors and using a standardized chart
What are tetracycline and trimethoprim?
additive effect
What is trimethoprim and sulfasoxizole
synergism
How do you tell if DNA was hydrolyzed by DNase?
add 0.1% telludine blue and look for pink color
or add 1 N HCL and look for clear zone
What shows that a mos is susceptible to novobiocin
greater or equal to 22 mm zone
What is serology
Ag-Ab reaction in vitro
What is serology used for
detect antigen isolated from a patient with unknown Ab or detect ab in patient's serum with known Ag or to detect proteins in science research (use labeled ab to locate ag)
What is a state in which a person is protected from contracting certain disease or infections
immunity
What is specific immunity
cell mediated/humoral
What is a foreign substance, usually protein
antigen
What do Ab do
bind to specific antigens that are responsible for their production and inactivate or destroy them
What are the 5 immunoglobulins
IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE
What did we use for ab test?
20% swine serum
What happens with aggultination
antigens combine and make 3D complex and can be visualized
What happens with precipitin formation
precipitins forma complex with antigen and result in visible precipitate
What is used to detect O antigens on Salmonella species
slide agglutination
What does Particulate Ag + Ab make
Ag-Ab complex (solid clumps)
What are the 3 surface antigens on the surface of Enterobacteriacea
O antigen, H antigen, Vi antigen
What is O antigen
somatic antigen, carbohydrate antigen on cell wall
What is H antigen
flagella antigen which is made of protein
What is Vi antigen
capsule antigen which is made of polysaccharide
What happens in agglutination test
poly O antisera against Salmonella will be used to aggultinate Salmonella cells on slide: Poly anteriseria contain a mix of Ab against various O antigens on Salmonella
What do you do in agglutination test
mix 1 drop of poly O antiserum with one loop of Salmonella
What is passive agglutination
soluble Ag+ Ab -> make Ag-Ab complex
What does soluble Ag and carrier make?
Carrier-Ag (particulate Ag)
Carrier is Tannic acid treated RBC, latex beads
What is Carrier-Ag+Ab -->?
Carrier-Ag-Ab complex (solid clumps of the carrier particles)
What is a pathogenic strain of E. coli
E. coli 0157:H7 which can cause fatal infections like hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis after ingestion
What does the latex test detect
0157 antigen on E. coli
What is shown in ring/precipitin test?
forms a ring of precipitate at the point of contact in Ag-Ab reaction: the rate depends on concentration of Ab and Ag
What is the immunodiffusion test?
procedure in which opt concentrations of antigen and antibody join to produce visible bands of precipitate fololowing their diffusion through gel medium
What is the ouchterlony plate method
a 2 dimensional system in which both the ag and ab are able to diffuse through gel medium in petri dish
What does identical look like
form smooth line
What does partial identity look like
cross line
What is passive agglutination
soluble Ag+ Ab -> make Ag-Ab complex
What does soluble Ag and carrier make?
Carrier-Ag (particulate Ag)
Carrier is Tannic acid treated RBC, latex beads
What is Carrier-Ag+Ab -->?
Carrier-Ag-Ab complex (solid clumps of the carrier particles)
What is a pathogenic strain of E. coli
E. coli 0157:H7 which can cause fatal infections like hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis after ingestion
What does the latex test detect
0157 antigen on E. coli
What is shown in ring/precipitin test?
forms a ring of precipitate at the point of contact in Ag-Ab reaction: the rate depends on concentration of Ab and Ag
What is the immunodiffusion test?
procedure in which opt concentrations of antigen and antibody join to produce visible bands of precipitate fololowing their diffusion through gel medium
What is the ouchterlony plate method
a 2 dimensional system in which both the ag and ab are able to diffuse through gel medium in petri dish
What does identical look like
form smooth line
What does partial identity look like
T
What does non identity look like
cross
What is precipitin test for
soluble, nonpartciulate anitgens
What is agglutination test for
particulate anitgens into host tissue
In what zone will you get a large ag-ab complex
zone of equivalence
What test allows you to determine whether 2 antigens in neighboring wells are identical, partial identical, or non identical
ouchterlony test