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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the vegatative form of protozoa?
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trophozoite
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What is the dormant form of protozoa?
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cyst/ resistant to bad environment
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What is going from trophozoite to cyst
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encystment
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What is going from cyst to trophozoite
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excystment
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What does Entamoeba histolytica cause?
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amoebic dysentery (amebiasis)
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How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?
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by fecal oral route
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What is life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica
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cyst->ingested->in small intestine, cyst-> mitosis ->8 trophozoites ->parasite in mucosa and submucosa of colon, feed on RBC and bacteria ->cause ulceration -> form cyst in stool (cyst->mitosis-> 4 nuclei)
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What are symptoms of having Entamoeba histolytica
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abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood and mucus in stool, nausea, vomiting and hepatitis
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What does Balantidium coli cause
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dysentery
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What are symptoms of having Balantidium coli?
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blood and mucoid feces, diarrhea/constipation
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What does Giardia lamblia cause?
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Giardiasis (chronic diarrhea)
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How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?
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fecal oral route (contaminated water)
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What are symptoms of Giardia lamblia?
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malaise, nausea, abdominal cramp, diarrhea
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What is the life cycle of Giardia lamblia?
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cyst -> ingested ->excyst in duodenum, jejunum, grow by binary fission -> trophozoite attach to intesintal villi by ventral sucking disk -> both cysts and trophozoites are shed in feces -> cyst survive outside host cell
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What does Trichomonas vaginalis cause?
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Trichomoniasis: inflammation of genitourinary tracts of male (urethra, prostate, seminal vesicle) and female (vagina, vulva, cervix)
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What is the morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis?
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trophozoite but no cyst
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What does Trypanosoma brucei cause?
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African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Disease) (chronic disease)
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What are the 2 subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei?
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T. b. gambiense
T. b. rhodesiense |
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What transmits Trypanosoma brucei
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tsetse fly
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What are symptoms of Trypanosoma brucei
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ulcer at primary infection site (of fly bite)
fever, lymph node swelling, CNS involvement (meningoencephalitis, mental deterioration, sleepiness, coma, death) |
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What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei in human host
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trypomastigotes in salivary gland of tsetse fly-> enter wound of human host -> enter blood and lymph (multiply) -> CNS
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What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei in tsetse fly?
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in human blood-> tsetse fly -> multiply in midgut -> enter salivary gland and become epimastigote -> trypomastigote
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What is a trypomastigote?
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a free flagellum and an undulating membrane run full length of the cell
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What is epimastigote?
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a free flagellum and an undulating membrane run 1/2 length of the cell
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What does Plasmodium spp. cause?
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malaria
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What is the vector for Plasmodium
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mosquito
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What is the life cycle of Plasmodium in human host
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sporozoites from mosquito->enter liver (undergo schizogony: multiple fission: and produce merozoites) -> merozoites enter blood -> invade RBC (Merozoite-> ring stage- divide-> merozoites-> released -> invade new RBC) (some merozoites develop into male and female gametocytes)
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What do some merozoites develop into
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male and female gametocytes
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What is schizogony?
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multiple fission
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What is the life cycle of Plasmodium in mosquito?
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ingest blood with male and female gametocytes -> mate in digestive tract -> zygote -> cyst with many sporozoites -> sporozoites are released -> migrate into salivary gland
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What is the intermediate host of Plasmodium
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human
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What is the definitive host of Plasmodium
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mosquito
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What are chemical substances used in the treatment of infectious disease?
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chemotherapeutic disease
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What secrete antibiotics?
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by some true bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi
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What are synthetic drugs?
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synthesized in the laboratory
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What do sulfa drugs do?
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create a static effect by competitive inhibition:
interferes with the PABA pathway |
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What method is used for antibiotics
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kirby bauer method
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What medium is used for kirby bauer method?
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mueller hinton agar
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What is the properties of mueller hinton agar
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pH 7.2-7.4 to 5 mL thick 37 C
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What determines the size of zone
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rate of diffusion, # of mos in inocolum, growth rate of mos, susceptibility of mos to the antibiotics
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What is synergism
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when the sum of the effects of the agents used in combination is significantly greater than the sum of their effects when used individually
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What is additive (indifferent) effect
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when the combination effect is not greater than the sum of their separately measured individual effects
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What is involved in dental caries?
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Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomycees odontolyticus
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What does Lactobacillus acidophilus do?
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ferment sugar to lactic acid
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What does Streptococus mutans?
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produce dextransucrease to convert sucrose to dextran and fructose and ferments fructose into acid
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What does acid do to teeth?
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decalcification
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What is the level of acidity at which dental caries form?
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4.4
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What is medium used to test susceptibility of dental caries
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Snyder agar with glucose (ph 4.8)
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What does PABA do?
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turn DHF into THF by using 2 enzymes
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What does dextransucrase do?
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makes a large polyer, dextran, plus frucose which clings to the teeth and forms dental plaques in which streptococcis reside and ferment fructose with the formation of lactic acid
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What does L. acidophilus do?
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produces lactic acid to damage enamel and teeth
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What is the pH indicator in the dental caries test
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Bromcresol green which turns yellow in an acidic pH
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How did we do the dental caries test?
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put 0.2 mL saliva into Snyder agar deep
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When does Bromcresol green turn yellow
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in pH below 4.8
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What is Snyder agar deep selective for
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lactobacillus spp.
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What does glucose do under the influence of lactobacillus
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turn to lactic acid
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What does a large quantity of acid forming bacteria in oral cavity do?
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increase risk of dental caries
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How long did we incubate synder tube?
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37C for 72 h
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What turns dihydropteroic acid to dihydrofolic acid and what stops this pathway?
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dihydropteroate synthetase and its inhibited by sulfisoxazole
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What turns dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid and what stops this pathway?
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dihydrofolate reductase and inhibited by trimethoprim
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What does L. acidophilus do?
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produces lactic acid to damage enamel and teeth
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What is the pH indicator in the dental caries test
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Bromcresol green which turns yellow in an acidic pH
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How did we do the dental caries test?
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put 0.2 mL saliva into Snyder agar deep
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When does Bromcresol green turn yellow
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in pH below 4.8
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What is Snyder agar deep selective for
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lactobacillus spp.
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What does glucose do under the influence of lactobacillus
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turn to lactic acid
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What does a large quantity of acid forming bacteria in oral cavity do?
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increase risk of dental caries
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How long did we incubate synder tube?
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37C for 72 h
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What turns dihydropteroic acid to dihydrofolic acid and what stops this pathway?
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dihydropteroate synthetase and its inhibited by sulfisoxazole
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What turns dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid and what stops this pathway?
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dihydrofolate reductase and inhibited by trimethoprim
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What is the pH indicator in the dental caries test
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bromcresol green (turns yellow when pH under 4.8)
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What is synder agar selective for
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growth of lactobacillus spp
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how did you do dental caries test
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transfer 0.2 mL saliva into snyder agar deep and incubate 37C for 72 h
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What is a differential medium to demonstrate alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis?
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blood agar
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What shows beta hemolysis
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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What shows alpha hemolysis
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Streptococcus pneumonia
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What is common normal flora in oral cavity
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alpha hemolytic streptococci
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What is a common medium to grow Neisseria spp
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chocolate agar
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Where do Neisseria grow
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candle jar
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What are oxidase positive
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Neisseria
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What medium is used to isolate diphtheroids?
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Muller-Hinton Tellurite agar (MHTA)
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What do diphtheroids do?
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reduce tellurite to tellurium and produce black colonies on MHTA
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What is a medium to grow yeast and mold?
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Sabouraud agar
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Why do Sabouraud agar grow yeast and mold well?
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it is acidic which they favor and it discourages growth of most bacteria
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What is used to isolate streptococcus aureus?
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Mannitol salt agar
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Why do S. aureus grow on MSA?
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S. a resists 7.5% salt and ferments mannitol to acid, which turns phenol red into yellow color
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Are all strands of Staph. aureus pathogens?
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no
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Describe Staphylococci
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pathogenic and nonpathogenic
G+ cocci and occur in irregular clusters of spherical cells mesophilic nonspore formers that are highly resistant to drying especially in organic matter can survive ouside body for extended periods of time |
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What does S. epidermidis cause?
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skin lesions, endocarditis
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What is S. saprophyticus cause?
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UTI
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What does S. aureus cause?
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abscesses, boils, carbuncles, acne, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, staphylococcal enteritis, septicemia
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What causes clot formation
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coagulase
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What lyses WBC
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leukocidin
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What are active against RBC
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hemolysins
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What is responsible for a type of gastroenteritis
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enterotoxin
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Does S. aureus produce coagulase
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yes
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What do S. aureus positive for coagulase also produce?
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hydrolytic enzyme DNase
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What can grow on MSA?
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S. aureus, epidermidis, and saprophyticus
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What can ferment mannitol
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only S. aureus
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What is color of S. aureus on MSA
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generally golden yellow
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What color is S. epidermidis on msa/
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white
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What color is S. saprophyticus on msa
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white
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What is coagulase positive
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S. aureus
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What is DNase positive
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S. aureus
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What type of hemolysis does S. aureus generally have on MSA
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beta
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What is sensitive to novobiocin
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S. aureus and S. epidermidis
(NOT S. saprophyticus) |
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What can S. aureus cause
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some at pathogens that cause skin infections, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisoning
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What is S. epidermidis
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normal flora on skin: opportunistic pathogen which may cuase skin lesion and endocarditis
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What is S. saprophyticus
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causes UTI
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What do 98% of S. aureus produce
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coagulase
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What is an enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin clot?
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coagulase
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How does coagulase protect mos?
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a shield against host defense
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What is a normal serum protein
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fibrinogen
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What is bound coagulase?
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clumpin factor: attached to cell well and causes cells to clump together: detected by slide test and tube test
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How do you detect bound coagulase?
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slide test and tube test
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HOw do you test for free coagulase?
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tube test NOT slide test
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What is free coagulase?
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extracellular enzyme that is released form teh cell and causes fibrin clot
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What is the test reagent for coagulase test
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rabbit plasma (with anticoagulant other than citrate)
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What is slide test?
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mix mos with a drop of plasma and if aggultination of cells is seen within 2 minutes then its coagulase +
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What is tube test
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mix mos with 0.5 mL of plasma in a test tube and if coagulationh of plasma within 24 hrs then coagulase +
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What is commonly used to differentiate S. aureus from S. epidermidis?
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coagulase test
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What is a potential human pathogen
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S. aureus
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What is a normal flora often isolated along with S. aureus
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S. epidermidis
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what is coagulase +
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S. aureus
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What is used for DNase test
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DNAse test agar w/ methyl green that contains DNA and the color indicator methyl green
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What happens with methyl green combines with DNA
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it is green
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What happens when DNA is digested
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methyl green is released and loses its green color
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What indicates a + result in the DNase test
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a clear zone surrounding the bacterial growth on this medium
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What is DNase positive and Mannitol +/-
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S. Saprophyticus
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What is a layer or meshwork of bacteria?
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biofilm: causes dental plaque
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What is the difference between plasma and serum
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serum has no fibrinogen
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What is used for fibrinogen test
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plasma
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What is an enzyme from S. aureus to break clot to spread
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kinase
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How do you incubate sabouraud agar
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room temp one week
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how do you know if its yeast or bacteria
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yeast are bigger can be seen on 40x
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What is the selective agent in MSA
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NaCl
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What are the differential agents in MSA
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mannitol and phenol red
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What is a gram stain after MSA
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clusters of G+ cocci
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What is a differential agar
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blood
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What is blood agar
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differential TSA with 5% sheep blood
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What is alpha hemolysis?
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green color
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What is beta hemolysis
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clearish yellow
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What is gamma
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no change
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What is neisseria shown by
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pink to purple to black
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What is oxidase positive result
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purple
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What is morphology of neisseria
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G- cocci in pairs oxidase + 37C in candle jar
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What can neisseria cause
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meningitidis and gonorrhea
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How do you interpret Kirby Bauer method
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based on certain factors and using a standardized chart
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What are tetracycline and trimethoprim?
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additive effect
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What is trimethoprim and sulfasoxizole
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synergism
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How do you tell if DNA was hydrolyzed by DNase?
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add 0.1% telludine blue and look for pink color
or add 1 N HCL and look for clear zone |
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What shows that a mos is susceptible to novobiocin
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greater or equal to 22 mm zone
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What is serology
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Ag-Ab reaction in vitro
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What is serology used for
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detect antigen isolated from a patient with unknown Ab or detect ab in patient's serum with known Ag or to detect proteins in science research (use labeled ab to locate ag)
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What is a state in which a person is protected from contracting certain disease or infections
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immunity
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What is specific immunity
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cell mediated/humoral
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What is a foreign substance, usually protein
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antigen
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What do Ab do
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bind to specific antigens that are responsible for their production and inactivate or destroy them
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What are the 5 immunoglobulins
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IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE
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What did we use for ab test?
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20% swine serum
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What happens with aggultination
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antigens combine and make 3D complex and can be visualized
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What happens with precipitin formation
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precipitins forma complex with antigen and result in visible precipitate
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What is used to detect O antigens on Salmonella species
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slide agglutination
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What does Particulate Ag + Ab make
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Ag-Ab complex (solid clumps)
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What are the 3 surface antigens on the surface of Enterobacteriacea
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O antigen, H antigen, Vi antigen
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What is O antigen
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somatic antigen, carbohydrate antigen on cell wall
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What is H antigen
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flagella antigen which is made of protein
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What is Vi antigen
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capsule antigen which is made of polysaccharide
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What happens in agglutination test
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poly O antisera against Salmonella will be used to aggultinate Salmonella cells on slide: Poly anteriseria contain a mix of Ab against various O antigens on Salmonella
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What do you do in agglutination test
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mix 1 drop of poly O antiserum with one loop of Salmonella
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What is passive agglutination
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soluble Ag+ Ab -> make Ag-Ab complex
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What does soluble Ag and carrier make?
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Carrier-Ag (particulate Ag)
Carrier is Tannic acid treated RBC, latex beads |
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What is Carrier-Ag+Ab -->?
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Carrier-Ag-Ab complex (solid clumps of the carrier particles)
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What is a pathogenic strain of E. coli
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E. coli 0157:H7 which can cause fatal infections like hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis after ingestion
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What does the latex test detect
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0157 antigen on E. coli
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What is shown in ring/precipitin test?
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forms a ring of precipitate at the point of contact in Ag-Ab reaction: the rate depends on concentration of Ab and Ag
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What is the immunodiffusion test?
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procedure in which opt concentrations of antigen and antibody join to produce visible bands of precipitate fololowing their diffusion through gel medium
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What is the ouchterlony plate method
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a 2 dimensional system in which both the ag and ab are able to diffuse through gel medium in petri dish
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What does identical look like
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form smooth line
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What does partial identity look like
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cross line
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What is passive agglutination
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soluble Ag+ Ab -> make Ag-Ab complex
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What does soluble Ag and carrier make?
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Carrier-Ag (particulate Ag)
Carrier is Tannic acid treated RBC, latex beads |
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What is Carrier-Ag+Ab -->?
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Carrier-Ag-Ab complex (solid clumps of the carrier particles)
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What is a pathogenic strain of E. coli
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E. coli 0157:H7 which can cause fatal infections like hemolytic uremic syndrome and hemorrhagic colitis after ingestion
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What does the latex test detect
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0157 antigen on E. coli
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What is shown in ring/precipitin test?
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forms a ring of precipitate at the point of contact in Ag-Ab reaction: the rate depends on concentration of Ab and Ag
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What is the immunodiffusion test?
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procedure in which opt concentrations of antigen and antibody join to produce visible bands of precipitate fololowing their diffusion through gel medium
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What is the ouchterlony plate method
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a 2 dimensional system in which both the ag and ab are able to diffuse through gel medium in petri dish
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What does identical look like
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form smooth line
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What does partial identity look like
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T
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What does non identity look like
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cross
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What is precipitin test for
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soluble, nonpartciulate anitgens
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What is agglutination test for
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particulate anitgens into host tissue
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In what zone will you get a large ag-ab complex
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zone of equivalence
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What test allows you to determine whether 2 antigens in neighboring wells are identical, partial identical, or non identical
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ouchterlony test
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