Lab Procedures

Front 1

List the four functions of the urinary system

Back 1

1. removes unwanted wastes
2. stabilizes blood volume, acidity, & electrolytes
3. regulates extracellular fluids of the body and the absorption of Ca+ ions by activating vitamin D.
4. secretes the hormone erythropoietin (controls rate of RBC formation), & the hormone renin (which regulates BP).

Front 2

What does the hormone renin do?
What does the hormone erythropoietin do?

Back 2

renin: regulates blood pressure
erythro: controls the rate of RBS formation

Front 3

What 4 structures does the urinary system consist of?

Back 3

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. urinary bladder
4. urethra

Front 4

*What is the meaning of "retroperitoneal space" in terms of anatomical location?
*What is located in the retroperitoneal space just above the waistline in the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity?

Back 4

*Means: behind the peritoneal cavity
*Located there?: the kidneys

Front 5

Name & describe the 3 main sections of the kidneys:

Back 5

1. cortex (outer part)
2. medulla (middle area)
3. renal pelvis (hollow inner area)

Front 6

What is the functional unit of the kidney? Approximately how many are in each kidney?

Back 6

*(microscopic) NEPHRON *approx. 1 million

Front 7

What is the function of the NEPHRON?

Back 7

filter waste substances from the blood & simultaneously maintain the essential water & electrolyte balance of the body.

Front 8

Name the 2 structural components of the nephron?

Back 8

1. renal corpuscle
2. renal tubules

Front 9

Name & describe the 2 structures of the renal corpuscle (of the nephron):

Back 9

1. glomerulus (made of up of tangles blood capillaries in which the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries pushes substances thru the capillary pores)
2. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule (a cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus, where this filtered substance, called "glomerular filtrate," is collected)

Front 10

Describe renal tubules:

Back 10

composed of proximal convoluted tubules, the nephron loops (loop of Henle), and distal convoluted tubes. Glomerular filtrate flows thru these tubules & undergoes changes in composition.

Front 11

What are the 2 slender, muscular tubes 10-12 in. long that carry the urine formed in the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

Back 11

ureters

Front 12

What is the hollow muscular organ that holds the urine until it is expelled by a process called micturition (aka voiding OR urination) ?

Back 12

urinary bladder

Front 13

what is the tube that carries urine to the outside of the body?

Back 13

urethra

Front 14

how long is a woman's urethra vs. a man's urethra?

Back 14

woman: 1.5 in
man: 8 in

Front 15

What is the name for the opening at the end of the urethra, where the urine is expelled?

Back 15

urethral meatus

Front 16

Urine is formed in the nephrons of the kidneys by way of 3 mechanisms:

Back 16

1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion

Front 17

What is filtration?

Back 17

process by which fluids & dissolved substances (ie: water, salts, sugar, nitrogen waste products) in the blood are forced thru the pores of the glomerulus in to the glomerular capsule by hydrostatic pressure. (substances such as RBCs & proteins remain in the blood bcuz they are too large)

Front 18

List 3 examples of nitrogen waste products:

Back 18

1. urea
2. creatinine
3. uric acid

Front 19

What are elements or compounds that form positive or negatively charged ions that, when dissolved, can conduct electricity?

Back 19

electrolytes

Front 20

What is the process when some of the substances (ie: water, glucose, electrolytes) that flow thru the renal tubules that are needed by the body cross back in to the blood by the peritubular capillaries surrounding the tubules.

Back 20

reabsorption

Front 21

when blood levels of a substance such as glucose reach a point at which no more can be absorbed, the substance is excreted in the urine... this is the _______________ for that particular substance.

Back 21

renal threshold level

Front 22

What is the renal threshold level for glucose?

Back 22

160-180mg/dL

Front 23

What is the process in the formation of urine in which substances are transported from the peritubular blood capillaries into the renal tubules?

Back 23

secretion
*(examples of substances secreted into the urine: metabolized drugs, potassium, hydrogen ions)

Front 24

Main structures involved in the formation and excretion of urine, in sequence:

Back 24

1. bloodstream--renal afferent arterioles
2.glomerulus
3. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
4. Renal tubules
5. Collecting ducts
6. Renal pelvis
7. Ureter
8. Urinary bladder
9. Urethra
10. Urinary meatus-- urine is expelled

Front 25

Water makes up ___% of urine.

Back 25

95

Front 26

*urine also contains nitrogen waste products derived from the breakdown of protein. Ie:
*urine also contains __________ as a waste product of muscle metabolism.

Back 26

*urea, uric acid, & ammonia
*creatinine

Front 27

Approx. daily output of urine:

Back 27

1200-1500ml

Front 28

Decreased urine volume:

Back 28

oliguria

Front 29

Oliguria can occur in the following situations:

Back 29

-decreased fluid intake
-vomiting
-profuse sweating
-diarrhea
-kidney disease

Front 30

Increase in the volume of urine output:

Back 30

diuresis

Front 31

Diuresis can be caused by the following:

Back 31

-intake of excessive amts of fluids, especially caffeine
-some drugs, such as diuretics
-some types of diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, & renal diseases that prevent the kidney form concentrating the urine

Front 32

1. No flow of urine:
2. Painful urine:
3. Excessive urination at night
4. frequently passing abnormally large amts of urine

Back 32

1. anuria
2. dysuria
3. nocturia
4. polyuria

Front 33

The specimen container must be correctly labeled with the:

Back 33

-pt name
-collection date &time
-type of specimen
***do not label the lid

Front 34

If a specimen MUST be collected while a woman is menstruating (avoid if possible), what must be done?

Back 34

The requisition must note that the pt is menstruating

Front 35

Urine should be tested as soon as possible. if it will sit for more than 1 hr, it must be ___________ or ____________.

Back 35

*refrigerated
*preservatives added

Front 36

The method of collection is dictated by the ____________.

Back 36

type of test ordered

Front 37

documentation of the method used should be noted on3 different items:

Back 37

1- specimen container
2- lab requisition
3- pt's chart

Front 38

Random specimen should be collected __________.

Back 38

midstream

Front 39

Why is the pt instructed to void a small amt of urine into the toilet before starting collection into container?

Back 39

To flush the area around the urinary opening of contaminants and to get a steady midstream flow

Front 40

How many mL are typically required for most urine specimen collections?

Back 40

25-50mL

Front 41

Why is the first morning specimen usually the specimen of choice?

Back 41

Bcuz it is the most concentrated and has the greatest amt of dissolved substances.
(the more concentrated, the higher the probability of detecting abnormalities, & the microscopic elements remain intact longer)

Front 42

In catheterization, a ________ tube called a catheter is passed through the ________ into the bladder to remove urine.

Back 42

*sterile
*urethra

Front 43

With _______ ________, urine is removed by passing a needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder.

Back 43

suprapubic aspiration

Front 44

Collecting all the urine produced over a 24-hour period allows greater ________ of measurement for urinary components.

Back 44

accuracy

Front 45

What type of collection technique/ specimen is used in the diagnosis of the cause, control, & prevention of kidney stones?

Back 45

24-Hour urine specimen