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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define nondisjunction. |
Occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to part in meiosis I, or when sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II |
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What effect can nondisjunction have on a cell? |
May cause a gamete to have more or fewer than the normal number of chromosomes |
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Is down syndrome an autosomal or sex chromosome disorder? Why? |
Autosomal chromosome disorder…… |
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How many chromosomes do humans have in their somatic cells? |
2 |
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Which of the chromosomal abnormalities can only be determined by genetic analysis, since these individuals do not exhibit obvious deficits? |
Jacob Syndrome |
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What is the chromosome make up of an individual with Poly-X? |
XXX |
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What is the gender of an individual with Turner syndrome? |
Female |
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Which chromosomes are autosomes? |
Chromosomes 1 to 22 |
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What are the sex chromosomes of a normal male? |
XY |
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What are the sex chromosomes of a normal female? |
XX |
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Of the syndromes discussed, which present with no apparent abnormalities? |
Jacob Syndrome |
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Describe how you construct a karyotype. |
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An individual with poor beard growth and some breast development would lead you to believe that individual would have what syndrome? ________ Is the individual male or female?_________ What is the individual's chromosomal makeup?____________ |
1. Klinefelter Syndrome 2. Male 3. XXY |
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What causes aneuploidy? |
Any deviation from the normal chromosome number, which can have profound consequences. |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
1. 2. 3. 4. |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
1. 2. 3. 4. |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
1. 2. 3. 4. |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
1. 2. 3. 4. |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
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1. Autosomal or sex chromosomes disorder? 2. Describe the irregularity. 3. Name the disorder. 4. What is the gender of this individual? 5. If there is a disorder, is it a trisomy or a monosomy? |
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Define trisomy |
The individual has 3 copies of a certain chromosome |
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Define monosomy |
The individual has 1 of a certain chromosome |
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Down Syndrome |
•Autosomal disorder •trisomy (3 copies) in chromosome 21 Characteristics: •intellectual disabilities •heart problems •short stature
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Turner Syndrome |
•X-linked disorder •X •Female lacking an X chromosome Characteristics: •Webbed Neck •Short Stature •Potentially Low Intelligence |
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Jacobs Syndrome |
•X-linked disorder •XYY Characteristics: •DO NOT show any physical or intellectual effects |
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Triple-X (Poly-X) |
•In FEMALES •X-linked disorder •XXX Characteristics: •DO NOT have physical defects •Have deficits in their learning ability |
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Klinefelter Syndrome |
•X-linked disorder •XXY Characteristics: •Underdeveloped Testes •Breast Development •Poor Beard Growth |
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How many strands of DNA does a normal DNA molecule contain? |
2 Strands |
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What is the base-pairing rule of DNA? |
It explains DNA structure AND how DNA is replicated, transcribed, and translated. |
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In which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place? |
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Which base is found in RNA, but not in DNA? |
Uracil |
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What molecule is made by the process of transcription? |
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In which cell organelle does transcription take place? Hint: Where is the DNA? |
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What is a codon? |
It specifies which amino acid should be inserted into the protein |
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What type of molecule has an amino acid attached to it? |
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Why do we need to grind up the banana? |
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Why do you need to add the dishwashing soap? |
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Label the following on the DNA model: deoxyribose, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and phosphate groups |
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Before DNA can be replicated, the two strands must be separated. What type of chemical bonds must be broken to separate the strands? |
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How is base pairing different when RNA pairs with DNA? |
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Why is the genetic code called a triplet code? |
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Where does DNA replication take place? |
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What molecule is created during transcription? |
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What molecule is created during translation? |
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How do these molecules contribute to protein synthesis: a. Ribosome b. mRNA c. tRNA |
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Which molecule contains codons? |
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Which molecule contains anticodons? |
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Which molecule has an amino acid attached to it? |
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Why is it necessary to grind up the banana? |
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What is in the filtrate? |
DNA |
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Why is it necessary to add dishwashing soap to the filtrate? |
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What happens when ethanol is added to the filtrate? |
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DNA Replication: |
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Transcription: |
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Translation: |
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Isolation of DNA: |
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If a person is heterozygous for tongue rolling, what is his genotype? What is his phenotype? |
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If a person is homozygous dominant for tongue rolling, what is her genotype? What is her phenotype? |
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What is the difference between a gene and an allele? |
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Name a sex-linked human characteristic |
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What sex chromosomes do human females have? |
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What sex chromosomes do human males have? |
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A person is heterozygous for thumb hyperextension. What is her genotype? What is her phenotype? |
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If two people who are heterozygous for widow’s peak have a child, what are the odds that their child will have a straight hairline? |
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If a woman has a straight pinky, what is her phenotype? What is her genotype? |
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Which chromosome carries the gene for red/green colorblindness? |
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If a woman is colorblind, what is her genotype? |
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If a man has normal color vision, what is his genotype? |
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If a color-blind man marries a woman who had a color-blind father, what children can they produce? |
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What is a pedigree? |
A combination family tree and genetic information. It shows the inheritance pattern of a certain genetic disorder or trait. |
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What symbol do you use to denote an affected woman/male on a pedigree? What symbol do you use to denote a carrier female/male? What symbol do you use to denote an unaffected female/male? |
1. shaded circle = affected female shaded square = affected male 2. half-shaded circle = female carrier half-shaded square = male carrier 3. unshaded circle = unaffected female unshaded square = unaffected male |
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How can you tell the difference between an autosomal dominance inheritance pattern and an autosomal recessive one? |
autosomal dominance = unaffected individuals are aa and affected individuals are AA or Aa autosomal recessive = unaffected individuals are AA or Aa and affected individuals are aa |
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What type of inheritance pattern mainly affects men? |
X-linked recessive |
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What is the genotype for a color blind female? |
C C X X Little c |
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What is the genotype for a color blind male? |
c X y Little c |
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What is the genotype for a female with normal vision? |
C C C c X X or X x Big c Big c and little c |
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What is the genotype for a male with normal vision? |
C X y
Big c |
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1) Determine the inheritance pattern of the genetic disorder.(autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive) 2) Determine the sex of the given individual |
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1) Determine the inheritance pattern of the genetic disorder.(autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive) 2) Determine the sex of the given individual |
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1) Determine the inheritance pattern of the genetic disorder.(autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive) 2) Determine the sex of the given individual |
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1) Determine the inheritance pattern of the genetic disorder.(autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive) 2) Determine the sex of the given individual |
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1) Determine the inheritance pattern of the genetic disorder.(autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive) 2) Determine the sex of the given individual |
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? |
Genotype = genetic makeup Phenotype = physical appearance (visible) |
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What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross of heterozygous parents? |
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What alleles are you studying today? |
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What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross of heterozygous parents? What are the genotypes of the heterozygous parents in this dihybrid cross? |
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What does the chi-square statistic tell you? |
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A p value that supports your hypothesis must be greater than what number? |
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What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross? |
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What were the genes studied today? What are the alleles for these genes? Which allele is dominant and which is recessive? |
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What is an STR marker? |
Short-tandem repeat markers = these represent areas where short DNA sequences are repeated 1 to 100 times |
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What does it mean to say that a DNA molecule contains repeats? |
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How many versions of each marker does a person have? |
2 versions |
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How many markers do forensic scientists use to create a DNA profile? |
13 markers |
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What is the purpose of the gel electrophoresis? |
to separate fragments of DNA by size and create DNA profiles |
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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of ____________. |
size |
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Are DNA molecules positively or negatively charged? |
negatively charged |
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Should the positive electrode be attached closest to or farthest from the wells? |
Farthest from the wells |
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What is the function of: o TBE buffer o Electricity o Pipetteman o alligator clips (how were they attached to gel box) |
1. 2. agarose gel = separates the DNA fragments by size 3. |
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What is the charge on the DNA samples? |
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Why do the samples move? |
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Do the samples move through the gel or through the buffer? |
Through the agarose gel |
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Which DNA fragment was the smallest? How did you know? |
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Which DNA fragment was the largest? How did you know? |
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What molecule composes the bands in the fingerprint? |
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What process separated these bands? |
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#1. Know which part of the model set represents the bacterium
Know which part of the model set represents the virus (bacteriophage) Identify the viral protein coat Identify the viral DNA Know what is happening in each model of the set. Does this model set show a lysogenic or lytic cycle? |
Ecoli
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#2. Know which part of the model set represents the bacterium
Know which part of the model set represents the virus (bacteriophage) Identify the viral protein coat Identify the viral DNA Know what is happening in each model of the set. Does this model set show a lysogenic or lytic cycle? |
Bacteriophage docks
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#3. Know which part of the model set represents the bacterium
Know which part of the model set represents the virus (bacteriophage) Identify the viral protein coat Identify the viral DNA Know what is happening in each model of the set. Does this model set show a lysogenic or lytic cycle? |
Bacteriophage injecting viral DNA
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#4. Know which part of the model set represents the bacterium
Know which part of the model set represents the virus (bacteriophage) Identify the viral protein coat Identify the viral DNA Know what is happening in each model of the set. Does this model set show a lysogenic or lytic cycle? |
Viral DNA injected
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#5. Know which part of the model set represents the bacterium
Know which part of the model set represents the virus (bacteriophage) Identify the viral protein coat Identify the viral DNA Know what is happening in each model of the set. Does this model set show a lysogenic or lytic cycle? |
Viral DNA replicated
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#6. Know which part of the model set represents the bacterium
Know which part of the model set represents the virus (bacteriophage) Identify the viral protein coat Identify the viral DNA Know what is happening in each model of the set. Does this model set show a lysogenic or lytic cycle? |
Viral proteins replicated
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Know which part of the model set represents the bacterium |
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Know which part of the model set represents the bacterium |
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HIV model:
•RNA •reverse transcriptase •protein coat •membranous envelope •glycoproteins |
• white shoelaces in center. •purple balls in center •blue go around • yellow/orange around entire thing. •green around membranous envelope
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Why do you use a different pipette tip to put each DNA sample into the gel? |
To avoid contamination of the DNA samples |
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What are two different uses of DNA profiles? |
to determine paternity and during a criminal investigation |
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What are bacteriophages made of? |
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Of the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle, which one kills the bacterial cell? |
lytic cycle |
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How is HIV different from a bacteriophage? How are they similar? |
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How do you determine if two DNA profiles match? Can any two people have identical DNA profiles? Why?
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Every band and every marker must be identical in the DNA profiles.
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What type of virus is HIV? |
retrovirus |
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What does reverse transcriptase do? |
Transcription goes from RNA to DNA |
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What organism do bacteriophages need to reproduce? |
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What organs does HIV need to reproduce?
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Glycoproteins and reverse transcriptase
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What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle? |
lytic cycle = the bacterium is forced to make viral proteins and DNA and assemble these into new bacteriophages lysogenic cycle = the viral DNA is inserted into the bacterial genome, where it remains as a hidden prophage while the bacterium goes through its normal life cycle |
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What is the fossil record? What things can be learned from the fossil record? |
•It contains a great deal of information about the process of evolution, if it is interpreted correctly •evolutionary trends, extinctions, changes in lineage, speciation |
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Place the following eras in chronological order: •Paleozoic Era •Mesozoic Era •Cenozoic Era |
1. Paleozoic Era 2. Mesozoic Era 3. Cenozoic Era |
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Cladogram: How do you know which is the outgroup? |
1. it is the baseline of the cladogram 2. it is the first trait shown on the cladogram from bottom to top 3. the ones that are next to each other 4. the ones that are next to each other. the ones that are the farthest apart. |
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How do fossils form? |
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What parts of an animal are most likely to fossilize? |
Any hard body parts: •teeth •bones •exoskeletons |
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What is the purpose of a cladogram?
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It focuses on one group of organisms and compares the characteristics which theses organisms share. With this a scientist can determine the evolutionary relationships between the organisms and when a particular trait evolved.
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In which era are we living? |
Cenozoic |
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What era was the age of the dinosaurs? |
Mesozoic |
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Gastropods are snails. Why did the snail shell fossilize, but not the body? |
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What are 4 things that scientists can earn from studying fossils? |
•Evolutionary trends •Extinctions •Changes in lineages •Speciation |
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Which era: a. is the oldest? b. is where the first insects appear? c. is where trilobites appear? d. is where the flowering plants appear? e. is dominated by mammals, including humans? |
a. Precambrian b. Paleozoic c. d. Mesozoic e. Cenozoic |
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You’ve discovered a ne fossil, and want to determine which modern species it is most closely related to. What are some characteristics you would look at? |
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What is the closest modern-day descendant of the trilobite? |
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What fossil is probably a distant ancestor of the modern Venus clam? |
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What is an outgroup? |
A group that does NOT have any of the other traits shared by the rest of the groups so they are used as a baseline. |
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How do the differences in the frontal bones affect brain development and function? |
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How does the positioning of the foramen magnum affect posture and behavior?
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The closer it is to the jaw the more likely the organism walked upright. The farther away from the jaw the more likely the organism walked on all fours.
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How do the teeth of the human and ape reflect their different diets?
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Bigger and pointy teeth show that the organism is a carnivore. Smaller and flat teeth show that the organism is an omnivore.
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Which protein was used for the molecular clock?
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Amino acid sequence
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Which species was most closely related to the human?
Which species was the most different from the human? |
1. The dolphin
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What is natural selection?
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Where certain beneficial traits are "selected for" and preferentially passed on to the next generation
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Who first proposed the idea of natural selection? |
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What are some things that scientists compare to determine evolutionary relationships? |
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What's the difference between homologous and analogous structures? |
homologous = similar ancestor analogous = similar purpose or function |
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What is some key evidence for human evolution? |
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What are homologous structures? |
similar structures because they share a common evolutionary ancestry (come from same ancestor) |
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Why are homologous structures important?
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They are important because they show which structures come from the same ancestor
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What process is the driving force behind evolution?
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Natural selection
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What are the 2 equations associated with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
p+q= 1
p^2+2pq+q^2=1 |
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What equation deals with allele frequencies? What part of the equation represents the following: •Frequency of the dominant allele •Frequency of the recessive allele |
p + q = 1
p = frequency of the dominant allele q = frequency of the recessive allele |
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What equation deals with genotype frequencies? What part of the equation represents the following:
•Frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype •Frequency of the heterozygous genotype •Frequency of the recessive genotype |
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p^2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype q^2 = frequency of recessive genotype |
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What alleles did you study in Lab 21:Population genetics?
•dominant allele •recessive allele |
Dominant = fur, recessive = furless
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What is the phenotype for each of the following genotypes? •FF •Ff •ff |
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How did the environment change in generation 6? What effect did this have n the rabbit population? How did natural selection affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over several generations? |
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Name 5 events that need to occur to maintain Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. |
1. NO Natural Selection 2. NO Gene Flow 3. NO Mutations 4. NO Genetic Drift 5. Random Mating |
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If the allele frequencies do not change over time, is evolution occurring or is the population in equilibrium? |
The population is in EQUILIBRIUM |
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If the allele frequencies are changing over time, is evolution occurring or is the population in equilibrium? |
EVOLUTION is occurring |
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If the population is not in equilibrium, at least one of the five events is not occurring. How could these five things change so that evolution is taking place? |
1. Natural selection 2. Gene Flow 3. Mutations 4. Genetic Drift 5. No Random Mating |
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What is the definition of evolution at the genetic level? |
The change in the frequencies of the alleles in the gene pool of a population. |
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In the equation p + q = 1, what does p represent? What does q represent? |
p= the frequency of the dominant form of the allele
q= the frequency of the recessive form of the allele |
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If p = 0.5 (50% of the genes in the gene pool are dominant), what is q? What does this mean? |
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2 2 In the equation p + 2pq + q =1, what does each of the factors represent? |
p^2= FF (Homozygous Dominant) 2pq= Ff (Heterozygous) q^2- ff (Homozygous Recessive) |
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What does it mean to say that a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
•The population's gene frequencies are stable (unchanging) •The population is not evolving |
