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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Quality Score

A score given to a specimen (0-3) based on the number of squamous cells (a negative indicator of quality) and neutrophils (a positive indicator of quality). Specimens in which the number of squamous cells is equal to the number of neutrophils are not processed. (Q = 0)

Q score = 0

Not representative of lower respiratory tract secretions. Specimen rejected

Q score = 1

Poor quality specimen

Q score = 2

Acceptable quality specimen

Q score = 3

Good quality specimen

Gram Stain (Definition)

Stain used to classify bacteria based on their cellular morphology and Gram reaction. It is used to assess the quality of clinical specimens and for rapid presumptive diagnosis of infectious agents. Specimens stain either Gram positive or Gram negative depending on their cell wall.

Direct Smear

Secondary Smear

Gram Stain Reagents (In order)

Crystal Violet (Primary Stain)


Gram's Iodine (Mordant)


Alcohol-Acetone Decolorizer


Safranin or Carbol-Fuschin (Secondary Stain)

Gram Positive (Color, cell wall...)

Stain Purple.


Thick peptidoglycan layer and large amounts of teichoic acids; unaffected by decolorization.

Gram Negative (Color, cell wall...)

Stain Pink or Red.


Single peptidoglycan layer attached to an asymmetric lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid bilayer outer membrane interspersed w/ protein; the outer membrane is damaged by decolorizer, allowing initial stain to leak out and be replaced by counter stain.

Cocci

Spherical; May appear singly, in pairs (diplococci), in chains (streptococci), or in clusters (staphylococci).

Bacilli

Rod-shaped; May appear singly or in chains.

Coccobacilli


Filamentous bacilli


Fusiform bacilli


Pleomorphic rods

Very short rods


Very long rods


Have tapered, pointed ends


Multiple shapes

Pure culture

A lab culture containing a single species of organism.

α hemolysis

Incomplete hemolysis; Colonies surrounded by a zone of greenish discoloration.

ß hemolysis

Complete lysis of RBC's; Colonies surrounded by clear zone.

Γ hemolysis

Non-hemolytic.

S. aureus

- Gram positive; spherical cocci in clusters


- Small, circular, grey on BAP, ß hemolytic


- May appear 'golden' on BAP

Streptococcus pneumoniae

- Gram positive; lancet shaped diplo-cocci


- Small, circular, brown-grey on BAP; α hemolytic

Streptococcus pyrogenes

- Gram positive; spherical cocci in chains


- Punctiform, circular, cream on BAP; ß hemolytic

E. Coli

- Gram negative; med rods


- Moderate, circular, grey on BAP; ß hemolytic; Lactose fermenter on MAC

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

- Gram negative; thin rods


- Moderate, circular, curled, shiny metallic on BAP; ß hemolytic; Translucent grey on MAC

Neisseria spp.

- Gram negative; bean shaped diplo cocci


- Grows on CHOC, ML and MTM

Corynebacterium spp.

Gram positive but looks variable; Pleomorphic, club-shaped bacilli in chinese letter arrangement

Bacillus spp.

Gram positive; Med to large square-ended bacilli; Spores not visible in direct smears; May stain gram variable or negative w/ age.

Lactobacillus spp.

Gram positive; Med, straight, round-ended bacilli; May form chains

Acinetobacter spp.

Gram negative; Cocci in pairs; occasionally coccoid, bacilliary (A. baumanii), and filamentous forms

Haemophilus spp.

- Gram negative; Tiny coccobacilli or pleomorphic rods


- Doesn't grow on BAP, Grows on CHOC

Klebsiella pneumoniae

- Gram negative; rods


- Small, circular, grey on BAP; α hemolysis; Lactose fermenter on MAC

Enterococcus spp.

- Gram positive oval in pairs or short chains


- Small, circular, white on BAP; α hemolytic

Cryptococcus nerformans

Gram positive large cocci, granular/abnormal with polysaccharide capsule surrounding (halo)

Urine (expected pathogens and media)

- GP and GN bacilli


- BAP, MAC/EMB, CNA

Stool

- GN bacilli


- MAC, HEK/XLD

Wound

- GP and GN bacilli


- BAP, MAC/EMB

Tissue

- Any organism


- BAP, CHOC

Fluid

- Any organism


- BAP, CHOC

Lower respiratory

- GP, GN bacilli, and Heamophilus influenzae


- BAP, MAC/EMB, CHOC

Throat

- Streptococcus pyrogenes


- BAP

Genital

- Neisseria gonorrhoeae


- ML/TM, CHOC

Specimens that require CO2 (4)

Fluid, Lower respiratory, Throat, Genital