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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physiology
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Study of how the body works to maintain life.
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Pathophysiology
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How physiological processes are altered by disease or injury.
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Homeostasis
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The dynamic constancy of the internal physiological environment.
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Set Point
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The level or point at which a variable physiological state (such as body temperature) tends to stabilize.
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Sensor
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Detects deviation from set point and relays this information to the integrating center.
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Integrating Center
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Where relative strengths of different sensory inputs are weighted; responds by increasing or decreasing appropriate effectors.
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Effectors
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These “defend” the set points from deviations by negative feedback mechanisms.
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Negative Feedback
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Response to a particular process or activity that is the opposite of the initial process or activity; maintains homeostasis.
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Positive Feedback
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When the action of effectors amplify the change that stimulated them in the first place; increases the effectiveness of some negative feedback loops (like blood clotting).
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Active Transport
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Movement of a solute across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient (ATP required); carrier-mediated.
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Passive Transport
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Movement of a solute particle across the plasma membrane along/with (down) a concentration gradient (ATP not required).
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Movement of a solute across a plasma membrane through an integral protein; carrier-mediated.
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Osmosis
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Net movement of water (a solvent) across a plasma membrane.
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Osmotically Active
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The property of a solute that describes its ability to cause movement of water (a solvent) due to its own inability to cross the membrane.
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Isotonic Solutions
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Solutions with the same solute concentration.
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Hypertonic Solution
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A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (less dilute) than the solution it is being compared to.
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Hypotonic Solution
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A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (more dilute) than the solution it is being compared to.
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Lysis
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Inflation of a cell when water is being diffused into it from surrounding hypotonic solution
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Crenation
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When a cell shrinks or shrivels due to a loss of water (the water is being diffused into surrounding hypertonic solution).
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Digestion
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When food is broken down by hydrolysis into molecular monomers inside the GI tract.
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Absorption
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The passage of digestive end products into blood or lymph.
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Salivary Amylase (Ptylin)
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Enzyme in the mouth that breaks down carbohydrates (starch).
pH optimum: 6.8 |
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Lipase
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Enzyme in pancreatic juice that is secreted into the small intestine for lipid digestion.
pH optimum: 7 |
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Goblet cell
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Specialized epithelial cell found in the gastric gland of the stomach that secretes mucous for the protection of the stomach lining against the acidity of the stomach acid.
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Zymogen
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The inactive precursor of an enzyme.
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Pepsinogen
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Zymogen (inactive form) of pepsin; broken down by HCl to form pepsin.
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Parietal cell
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Cell found in the gastric gland of the stomach that secretes HCl for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin; causes the low pH.
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Chief cell
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Cell found in the gastric gland of the stomach that secretes pepsinogen for the breakdown of protein.
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Microflora
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Bacterial population in the large intestine that produce vitamins B and K, and folic acid to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
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Brush border enzymes
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Enzymes contained on microvilli of small intestine; disaccharidases, peptidases, and phosphatases.
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Small Intestine
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Main site of absorption; contains folds, villi, and microvilli.
Lipid digestion begins here. |
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Trypsin
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Enzyme found in pancreatic juice that is important for protein digestion.
pH optimum: 9.5 |
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Pepsin
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Enzyme found in the stomach that is important for protein digestion.
pH optimum: 2 |
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ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates release of glucocorticoids.
Target tissue: adrenal cortex |
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TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
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Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.
Target tissue: thyroid gland |
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GH (growth hormone)
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Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes protein synthesis and growth; lipolysis and increased blood glucose.
Target tissue: most tissue |
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FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
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Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production in females.
Target tissue: gonads |
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PRL (prolactin)
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Promotes milk production in lactating females.
Target tissue: mammary glands and other sex accessory organs |
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LH (luteinizing hormone)
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Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates sex hormone secretion; ovulation and corpus luteum formation in females.
Target tissue: gonads |
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ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) / Vasopressin
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Hormone synthesized in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary; acts upon kidney to promote water re-absorption, decreasing urine volume.
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Oxytocin
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Hormone synthesized by paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary; stimulates smooth muscle contractions, especially during parturition; promotes milk ejection reflex in females.
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Adrenal Cortex
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Regulated by hormones; releases corticosteroids.
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Adrenal Medulla
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Regulated by neural innervation; releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Thyroid gland
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Largest pure endocrine gland.
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T3 and T4 (thyroxine)
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Secreted by follicular cells of thyroid gland; increases BMR.
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Calcitonin
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Secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.
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Grave's Disease
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Form of hyperthyroidism; goiter formation.
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Parathyroid Hormone
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Raises blood calcium levels.
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Pineal gland
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Secretes melatonin.
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
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Winter depression produced by increased melatonin; treated by phototherapy - light decreases melatonin secretion.
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Placenta
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Secretes large amounts of estrogens, progesterone, and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin; presence in urine indicates pregnancy).
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Trophic hormones
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Hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland; in high concentrations, they cause growth of target organs.
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Action potential
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A momentary change in electrical potential on the surface of a neuron or muscle cell.
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Equilibrium
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Sense of orientation with respect to gravity.
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Utricle
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Part of the vestibular apparatus that sense horizontal movement; contains endolymph and hair cells.
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Saccule
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Part of the vestibular apparatus that senses vertical movement; contains endolymph and hair cells.
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Semicircular canals
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Part of the vestibular apparatus that senses rotational acceleration; contains endolymph and hair cells.
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Conduction Deafness
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Transmission of sound waves through middle ear is impaired; impairs all sound frequencies.
Tested for with Rinne's test. |
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Sensorineural/perceptive Deafness
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Transmission of nerve impulses anywhere from cochlea to auditory cortex is impaired; often impairs ability to hear some pitches more than others.
Tested for with Weber's test. |
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Accommodation
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The ability of the eye to keep an image focused on the retina even though the distance between eye and object varies; results from contraction of ciliary muscle, which changes the thickness of the lens.
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Myopia
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Nearsightedness; rays focus in front of retina.
TX: concave lens |
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Hyperopia
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Farsightedness; rays focus behind retina.
TX: convex lens |
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Accommodation
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The ability of the eye to keep an image focused on the retina even though the distance between eye and object varies; results from contraction of ciliary muscle, which changes the thickness of the lens.
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Emmetropia
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Normal vision: rays focus on retina.
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Astigmatism
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Rays do not focus.
TX: uneven lens |
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Presbyopia
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Hardening of the lens; accommodation is impeded.
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Tonic receptors
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Receptors that respond at constant rate as long as the stimulus is applied.
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Phasic receptors
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Receptors that respond with a burst of activity but quickly reduce firing rate to constant stimulation.
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Free nerve endings
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Thermoreceptors and nociceptors.
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Expanded dendritic endings
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Ruffini endings and Merkels' discs
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Ruffini endings
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Cutaneous receptors that mediate pressure.
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Merkels' disc
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Cutaneous receptor that mediates touch and pressure; slow-adapting.
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Encapsulated nerve endings
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Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles
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Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles
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Cutaneous receptors that mediate touch and pressure; fast-adapting
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Nociceptors
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Mechanoreceptors and capsaicin receptors.
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Tactile Acuity
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Distance between receptive fields; density of receptors.
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Muscle spindles
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Stretch receptors located inside muscle tissue; detect muscle length; composed of intrafusal fibers.
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Golgi tendon apparatus
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Detects tension on the tendons.
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Excitability
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The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus.
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Contractibility
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The ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated.
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Extensibility
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The ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended.
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Elasticity
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The ability of a muscle fiber to resume its resting length.
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Thick filament (myosin)
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Myofilament that extends the length of the A band.
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Thin filament (actin)
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Myofilament that extends across the I band and party into the A band.
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Titin filament
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Contributes to elastic recoil of muscle; runs through myosin from M line to Z disc.
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Twitch
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The rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber or a group of muscle fibers.
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Summation
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The additive effect of contractions of different muscle fibers; occurs if the 2nd stimulus is administrated before complete relaxation of the muscle.
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Tetanus
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The maintenance of a sustained muscle contraction.
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Muscle tone
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The sustained partial contraction of a muscle.
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Isotonic contraction
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Muscle changes in length and moves the load.
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Concentric contraction
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Muscle contracts and shortens.
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Eccentric contraction
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Muscle contracts and lengthens.
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Isometric contraction
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Muscle tension increases; occurs when a muscle attempts to move a load that is greater than the force the muscle is able to develop; for maintaining posture and supporting objects in fixed positions.
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Invertase
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Enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose.
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Ketone bodies
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By-products of fatty acid metabolism.
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Arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins
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What is the order of blood flow?
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Platelets and white blood cells
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Forms the buffy coat of a centrifuged blood sample.
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Plasma
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Top layer formed when blood is combined with an anticoagulant.
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Serum
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Top layer formed when no anticoagulant is used in centrifuged blood.
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Serum lacks fibrin.
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What is the difference between plasma and serum?
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Water
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Major component of plasma.
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Albumin
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60-70% of plasma proteins.
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Albumin; maintains blood pressure
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What provides colloid osmotic pressure needed to draw water from interstitial fluids to capillaries? What is the main function of this mechanism?
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Proteins
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7-9% of plasma.
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Fibrinogen
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4% plasma proteins.
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Forms the basis of a clot.
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What is the function of fibrin?
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Gamma globulins
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Antibodies produced by lymphocytes.
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Alpha and beta globulins
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Transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.
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Sodium
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The major solute of blood plasma.
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Erythrocytes
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Most abundant type of blood cells.
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Flattened biconcave disc; increases surface area for gas diffusion.
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What is the shape of an erythrocyte and what purpose does it serve?
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Erythrocytes
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Lack nuclei and mitochondria.
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280 million
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How many hemoglobin molecules are in each erythrocyte?
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Liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
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Phagocytic cells from which three organs remove red blood cells from circulation after 120 days?
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Basophils
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Stain very dark blue or purple.
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Eosinophils
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Stain pink or orange.
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Platelets
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Fragments of megakaryocytes
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Thrombocytes
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Lack nuclei.
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Platelets and leukocytes
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What two kinds of cells are capable of amoeboid movement?
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Platelets
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Constitute most of the mass of a blood clot.
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Serotonin
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What do platelets release to vasoconstrict and reduce blood flow?
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Platelets
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Secrete growth factors to maintain the integrity of blood vessel wall.
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5-9 days
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How long do platelets survive?
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