Lab Midterm

Front 1

AbdominoPelvic Regions

Back 1

- Rt hypochondriac - (below rib cartilage) Right lobe of liver
- Epigastric – left liver lobe, most of stomach
- Lt hypochondriac – small portion of stomach and transverse colon
- Rt lumbar – gallbladder, ascending colon,
- Umbilical (belly button) –small intestines, most of transverse colon
- Lt lumbar – portion of descending colon, some small intestines
- Rt iliac (Inguinal) - cecum, appendix
- Hypogastric (Pubic) - small intestines, urinary bladder, rectum
- Lt iliac - portion of descending colon, some small intestines

Front 2

Ribosomes

Back 2

Actual site of protein synthesis
Non-membranous(rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)

Front 3

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 3

Rough ER provides an area for storge and transport of proteins

Membranous
Smooth ER is a site of steroid and lipid synthesis

Front 4

Golgi

Back 4

Packages proteins and other substances for export.

Membranous
"UPS" of cell

Front 5

Lysosomes

Back 5

Digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances.

Membranous

Front 6

Peroxisomes

Back 6

Contain oxidase enzymes to detoxify

Membranous
clean up ...

Front 7

Mitochondria

Back 7

Oxidize foodstuffs to Produce ATP

Membranous

Front 8

Centrioles

Back 8

Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Non-Membranous

Front 9

Nucleus

Back 9

 Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets
 Gene-containing control center of the cell
 Contains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
 Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized

Front 10

Plasma Membrane

Back 10

Double layer of lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol...) with embedded proteins. Proteins may extend entirely through the lipid bilayer or protrude on only one face. Most externally facing proteins and some lipids have attached sugar groups.

External cell barrier, acts in transport of substances into or out of the cell. Maintains a resting potential. Externally facing proteins act as receptors (for hormones, neurotransmitters...), transport proteins, and in cell-to-cell recognition.

Front 11

Nuclear Envelop

Back 11

 Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
 Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes
 Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded with ribosomes
 Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus

Front 12

Cyoskeletal

Back 12

 The “skeleton” of the cell
 Dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol
 Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Front 13

Cell cycle phases

Back 13

1. Interphase 22hrs

2. Mitosis/cell division- starts when cell volume increases 1.5hrs

3. Cytokinesis- pinching in 2 of the cell .5hrs

Front 14

Name the phase and describe it.

Back 14

Interphase

G1Phase - Growth phase
S Phase -DNA is replicated (92 chromasomes)
G2 Phase - Prep for mitosis. Starts bulging

Nucleus still present

Front 15

Mitosis

Back 15

Asexual

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telaphase

Front 16

Chromasomes vs Chromatid

Back 16

Each chromasome has 2 chromatids

Front 17

Name the phase and describe it.

Back 17

-Nuclear membrane begins to break apart(egg yolk breaks)
-Chromosomes become visible
-Centrioles separate
-Spindle fibers form

'chromatin (loose spaghetti) spirals to form
chromosomes(spagetti spun on fork)

Front 18

Name the phase and describe it.

Back 18

-Chromosomes attach to spindle
-Chromasomes line up across the center.
-Centrioles separate (* astors)

Front 19

Name the phase and describe it.

Back 19

-Spindle fibers shorton pulling centromeres apart
-Sister Chromatids separate to opposite poles becoming chromosomes
-Shortest phase

Front 20

Name the phase and describe it.

Back 20

-Chromosomes gather at opposite ends
-Nuclear membrane forms enclosing chromosomes
-Cytoplasm pinches inward to prepare for cytokinesis

Front 21

Effects of Solutions of Varying Tonicity

Back 21

- Isotonic – solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol
- Hypertonic – solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol(cause crenation)
- Hypotonic – solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol (burst/lyse)

Front 22

Cilia
Flagellum

Back 22

- Whip-like, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells
- Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces

Flagellum
Like a cilium, but longer; only example in
humans is the sperm tail. Propels the cell.

Front 23

What is the trigger for cell division

Back 23

Your bodies way of initiating/ starting CELL DIVISION is to increase the volume inside of the cell increasing cytoplasm, organelles, & DNA.

Front 24

The four types of tissues

Back 24

- Epithelial - Coverings and linings/Glandular epithelium
- Connective - support
- Muscle - motion
- Nerve - control

Front 25

Epithelial Tissue

Back 25

- Cellularity – composed almost entirely of cells
- Special contacts – form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
- Polarity – apical and basal surfaces
- Supported by connective tissue – reticular and basal laminae
- Avascular but innervated – contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
- Regenerative – rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division

Front 26

Simple Squamous

Back 26

- Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
- Functions
 Diffusion and filtration
 Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems

Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae

Front 27

Simple Cuboidal

Back 27

- Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
- Function in secretion and absorption
- Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface

Front 28

Simple Columnar

Back 28

- Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia
- Goblet cells are often found in this layer
- Function in absorption and secretion
- Nonciliated type line digestive tract and gallbladder
- Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
- Cilia help move substances through internal passageways

Front 29

Pseudostratified Columnar

Back 29

- Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface
- Nuclei are seen at different layers
- Function in secretion and propulsion of mucus
- Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

Front 30

Stratified Squamous

Back 30

- Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
- Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
- Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells), and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)

Front 31

Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar

Back 31

Stratified cuboidal
- Quite rare in the body
- Found in some sweat and mammary glands
- Typically two cell layers thick

Stratified columnar
- Limited distribution in the body
- Found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
- Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

Front 32

Transitional

Back 32

- Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped
- Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder
- Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

Front 33

Connective Tissue

Back 33

- Found throughout the body; most abundant and widely distributed in primary tissues
--- Connective tissue proper
--- Cartilage
--- Bone
--- Blood

- Connective tissues have:
--- Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
--- Varying degrees of vascularity
--- Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers

- Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
--- Ground substance – unstructured material that fills the space between cells
--- Fibers – collagen, elastic, or reticular
--- Cells – fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells

Front 34

Fibers

Back 34

- Collagen – tough; provides high tensile strength
- Elastic – long, thin fibers that allow for stretch
- Reticular – branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks

Front 35

Special connections between cells

Back 35

- Tight Junctions - Protein molecules in adjacent cell membranes fuse, forming an impermeable connection
--- Keeps enzymes, etc. within the proper tissue (digestive tract)
- Desmosomes - Strands of protein extend and connect adjacent cell membranes; helps resist tearing
--- stresses
--- neck of the uterus
--- Heart muscle
--- skin
- Gap Junctions - Cell membranes connected by hollow cylinders that allow transmission of small molecules (electrically excitable tissue)

Front 36

What is Adipose and what does it do?

Back 36

- Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes
- Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects
- Found under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and in breasts
- Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs

Front 37

Connective Tissue (Function)

Back 37

- Binding and support
- Protection
- Insulation
- Transportation

Front 38

What is the most abundant tissue in the body?

Back 38

Connective

Collagen is most abundant among 3 fibers
Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartillage

Front 39

Connective tissue Cells

Back 39

- Fibroblasts – connective tissue proper
- Chondroblasts – cartilage
- Osteoblasts – bone
- Hematopoietic stem cells – blood
- White blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells

Front 40

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 40

Hyaline Cartilage
- Amorphous, firm matrix with imperceptible network of collagen fibers
- Chondrocytes lie in lacunae
- Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression
- Forms the costal cartilage
- Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx

Front 41

Elastic Cartilage

Back 41

- Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers
- Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility
- Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

Front 42

Fibrocartilage Cartilage

Back 42

- Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers
- Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock
- Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint

Front 43

Axillary

Back 43

Front 44

Brachial

Back 44

Front 45

Antecubital

Back 45

Front 46

Patellar

Back 46

Front 47

Otic

Back 47

Front 48

Olecranal

Back 48

Front 49

Perineal

Back 49

Front 50

Sacral

Back 50

Front 51

Popliteal

Back 51

Front 52

Plantar

Back 52

Front 53

Back 53

Ethmoidal Bone

Front 54

Back 54

Ethmoidal Bone(nose)

Front 55

Back 55

Inferior Nasal Concha

Front 56

Back 56

mandible

Front 57

Back 57

maxilla

Front 58

Back 58

Maxillary sinus

Front 59

Back 59

Middle Nasal Concha

Front 60

Back 60

Nasal Bone

Front 61

Back 61

Optic canal

Front 62

Back 62

Parietal bone

Front 63

Back 63

sphenoid process

Front 64

Back 64

sphenoid sinus

Front 65

Back 65

superior orbital

Front 66

Back 66

temporal bone

Front 67

Back 67

vomer

Front 68

Back 68

cartoid canal

Front 69

Back 69

cartoid canal

Front 70

Back 70

ext accoustic meatus

Front 71

Back 71

foramen lacerum

Front 72

Back 72

foramen magum

Front 73

Back 73

foramen ovale

Front 74

Back 74

jugular foramen

Front 75

Back 75

mastoid process

Front 76

Back 76

maxilla

Front 77

Back 77

maxilla(inferior)

Front 78

Back 78

occipital condyle

Front 79

Back 79

palentine bone

Front 80

Back 80

parietal bone

Front 81

Back 81

sphenoid bone

Front 82

Back 82

styloid process

Front 83

Back 83

temporal bone(petrous part)

Front 84

Back 84

temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Front 85

Back 85

vomer

Front 86

Back 86

zygomatic bone

Front 87

Back 87

manubrium

Front 88

Back 88

sternum body

Front 89

Back 89

sternum xiphoid process

Front 90

Back 90

cervical
3 holes

Front 91

Back 91

C1

Front 92

Back 92

C2

Front 93

Back 93

lumbar

Front 94

Back 94

sacrum

Front 95

Back 95

thoracic

Front 96

Back 96

vertebral arch

Front 97

Back 97

body

Front 98

Back 98

vertebral foramen

Front 99

Back 99

lamina

Front 100

Back 100

pedicle

Front 101

Back 101

spinous process

Front 102

Back 102

Superior articular process and facet

there's an inferior

Front 103

Back 103

transverse process

Front 104

Back 104

greater trochanter

Front 105

Back 105

Lateral Condyle

Front 106

Back 106

Lateral epicondyle

Front 107

Back 107

lesser trochanter

Front 108

Back 108

medial condyle

Front 109

Back 109

Medial epicondyle

Front 110

Back 110

lateral malleolus

Front 111

Back 111

head

Front 112

Back 112

neck

Front 113

Back 113

olecranon process

Front 114

Back 114

radius

Front 115

Back 115

styloid process (radius)

Front 116

Back 116

styloid process ulna

Front 117

Back 117

Trochlear notch

Front 118

Back 118

capitulum

Front 119

Back 119

deltoid tuberosity

Front 120

Back 120

greater tubercle

Front 121

Back 121

lateral epicondyle

Front 122

Back 122

lesser tubercle

Front 123

Back 123

medial epicondyle

Front 124

Back 124

olecranon fossa

Front 125

Back 125

trochlea

Front 126

Back 126

acetabulum

Front 127

Back 127

ilium

Front 128

Back 128

ischium

Front 129

Back 129

pubis

Front 130

Back 130

acromion

Front 131

Back 131

coracoid process

Front 132

Back 132

glenoid cavity

Front 133

Back 133

supraspinous fossa

Front 134

Back 134

lateral condyle

Front 135

Back 135

medial condyle

Front 136

Back 136

medial malleolus

Front 137

Back 137

tibial tuberosity

Front 138

Back 138

blood

Front 139

Back 139

cardiac muscle

Front 140

Back 140

dense irregular

Front 141

Back 141

elastic

Front 142

Back 142

nerveous

Front 143

Back 143

osseous

Front 144

Back 144

reticular

Front 145

Back 145

simple cuboidal

Front 146

Back 146

skeletal muscle

Front 147

Back 147

smooth muscle(pink)

Front 148

Back 148

stratified squamos

Front 149

Back 149

transitional epithelium