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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Annelids evolved when and during what period
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570 mya
Cambrian period |
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Annelids evolved from what
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Acoelomate Flatworm
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Coelom evolved from what
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Gonads
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Polychaeta are
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Clamworms
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Oligochaeta are
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Earthworms
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Hirudinea are
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Leeches
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Membrane inside annelida
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Septa
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Skin of annelida
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Cutuicle; tough skin
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Annelida: Nervous system
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Brain (couple of big ganglia)
Two ventral nerve cords Pair of ganglia in each segment |
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Ganglia
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Clumps of nervous tissue
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Prostomium
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First fleshy lobe of the head lying in front of the mouth
Has sensory organs |
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Clamworm: Digestive system
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Pharynx
Esophagus Esophageal Caecum (secretes enzymes and inc surface area for digestion) Stomach/Intestine (Digestion and absorption) Rectum |
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Clamworm: Circulatory System
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Dorsal Blood Vessel (Blood flows anteriorly, above dig. tract)
Ventral Blood Vessel (Blood flows posteriorly, below dig. tract) Lateral Vessels (Connect dorsal and ventral vessels) |
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Clamworm: Nervous System
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Dorsal Ganglion (Bilobed structure that coordinates nervous fxn; in prostomium; the brain)
Ventral Nerve Cord (Carries nerve impulses back and forth from the brain through the length of the worm |
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Clamworm: Excretory System
Location? Clamworm: Reproductive System |
Nephridia
Located in each segment ------- Gonochoristic (both male/female) Reproduce sexually Breeding occurs when gametes released into water |
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Sci. name for earthworm
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Lumbricus terrestris
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Clitellum
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Swollen glandular area that secretes slimy material to form cover for eggs (earthworm)
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Earthworm: Digestive System
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Pharynx
Esophagus Crop (storage chamber) Gizzard (Grinds food) Intestine (Digestion and absorption) Rectum |
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Earthworm: Gas Exchange
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No special gills or lungs
Diffusion mainly |
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Earthworm: Excretory
What are principle extretory products |
Nephridia
Ammonia and urea |
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Earthworm: Nervous System
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Suprapharyngeal ganglion (Mass of nerve cells above the pharynx and connected by nerve chords and subpharygal ganglion
Ventral Nerve Cord (transmits nerve impulses to and from the brain; beneath digestive tract) Segmental ganglia (Small masses of nerve cells in each segment which coordinate activities in each segment) |
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List six characterisitics of the Phylum Annelida.
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Metamerism
Hydrostatic skeleton of coelomic fluid Cuticle Straight digestive tract Closed circulatory system Segmented nervous system |
Seg, skel, skin, digest, circ, nerv
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Describe the external features of the Clamworm
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Prostomium
Eyes Antennae - touch and taste Mouth - under prostomium Parapodia - gas exchange Chaetae - bristles on parapodia, locomotion Anus Cuticle - skin Somites - body segments Cirri - organs of touch near anus |
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What serves as gills in polychaeta?
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Parapodia
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What is the difference between the nerve cords in vertebrates and invertebrates?
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Invertebrates have ventral nerve cords
Vertebrates have dorsal nerve cords |
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What do oligochaeta do for the soil that is important?
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Aerate the soil and break down organic matter.
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What kind of feeders are polychaetes
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Predators, herbivores, or scavengers
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What kind of feeders are polychaetes
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Scavengers
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Earthworm: External Features
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Prostomium
Mouth Chaete Clitellum - Swollen glandular area that secretes a slimy material to form a cover for the eggs during reproduction Anus |
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Earthworm: Circulatory System
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Dorsal Blood Vessel - Major vessel; carries blood anteriorly
Ventral Blood Vessel - Blood posteriorly Lateral Vessels - Supply each segment with blood; connect dorsal and ventral vessels Pseudohearst - 5 pairs of lateral blood vessels specialized to pump the blood |
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Earthworm: Reproductive System
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Hermaphroditic
Two pairs of testes One pair of ovaries Sperm and eggs released via genital pores Two worms fertilize each other via semila vesicles; produce mucus sheath around eggs |
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What were the first animals specialized for land?
When? |
Arthropods!
400 MYA |
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Arthropods eveloved from what Class?
What simliaries do they show? |
Polychaetes
-- Metamerism Placement of appendages Basic plan of nervous system |
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First land arthropods were early relatives of what ?
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Scorpions
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What are 7 general characterisitcis of Arthropoda?
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Jointed appendages
Metamerism Regional specialization Chitinous exoskeleton Open circulatory system Segmented nervous system Sexual Dimorphism |
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What do crayfish eat?
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Small freshwater organisms
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What are the sections of the crayfish called?
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Cephalothorax and Abdomen
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Crayfish: External Structures
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Carapace - hard shell covering exterior of cephalothorax
Cervical groove - separates dorsal and ventral srufaces Telson - central flap on tail Uropods - side flaps on tail Antennae - sensory organs for taste and touch (big) Antennules - smaller sensory organs for taste and touch Rostrum Eyes - compound Opening of green glands - pores through which urine is excreted Mouth Mandibles - sturdy jaws surrounding mouth Maxillae - small, feathery appendages that manipulate food, cover mandibles Maxillipeds - large appendages that manipulate food Chilipeds - claws for feeding and fighting Walking Legs - 4 legs for locomotion Swimmerets - 5 appendages aid in respiration and reproduction Anal opening - |
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Crayfish: Digestive System
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Esophagus
Cardiac Stomach - grind food, has calcified teeth Pyloric stomach - digestion Intestine - absorption Digestive gland - secretes enzymes and abosrbs food (takes up majority of body cavity) |
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Crayfish: Gas Exchange
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Gills
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Crayfish: Circulatory System
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Heart - pumps blood; dorsally in cephalothorax
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Crayfish: Musculoskeletal System
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Mandibular Muscle - Controls mandible
Carapace |
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Crayfish: Excretory System
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Green glands - secrete urine as ammonia
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Crayfish: Nervous System
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Supraesophagel Ganglion - "brain"
Subesophageal Ganglion - Coordinating center for mouth, esophagus, green glands, and anterior muscles Ventral Nerve Cord - Transmits posteriorly Segmental Ganglia - each segment, transmit nerve impulses from nerve cord |
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Crayfish: Reproductive System
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Gonochoristic
Gonads - produce gametes, anterior and slightly below heart |
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Grasshopper: External Features (Head)
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Antennae - sensory for taste, smell, touch
Compound Eyes Ocelli - 3 simple eyes Mandibles - jaws on lateral side of head Mouth Clypeus - protective structure over mouth Labrum - upper lip hinged to clypeus for eating Maxillae - Manipulate food Sensory palps - feel and taste food |
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Grasshopper: External Features (thorax and abdomen)
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Walking legs - 6
Wings - 2 pair Spiracles - gas exchange Tympanum - Ear drum (1st segment of Abdomen) Ovipostor - lay eggs (males don't have) |
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Grasshopper: Digestive System
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Esophagus
Crop (store) Stomach - digestion Gastric Caeca - 6 double finger-shaped pouches connecting to gut after crop; secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs food Intestine - absorption Rectum Anus |
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Grasshopper: Gas Exchange System
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Through tracheae
Air enters through spiracles and passes through the tracheas directly to body cells Blood does not carry CO2 or O2 |
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Grasshopper: Excretory System
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Main waste is uric acid; removed by:
Malpighian Tubules - remove waste from body fluids and empty into digestive tract |
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Grasshopper: Circulatory System
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Heart - tubular organ for pumping blood posterior to anterior
Perivisceral Sinus - space around organs where colorless blood bathes tissues; blood is sucked back into heart through ostia |
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Grasshopper: Nervous System
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Supraesophageal ganglia - "brain", to eyes, antennae, and head
Subesophageal ganglia - to mouth Ventral nerve cord - extends form above ganglia Segmental Ganglia |
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Grasshopper: Reproductive system Female
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Ovary - egg producing
Oviduct - carry eggs from ovary to vagina Spermatheca (Seminal vesicle) - sac attached to vagina which recieves sperm and stores Vagina - Chamber accepts penis Ovipositor - lay eggs |
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Grasshopper: Reproductive system Male
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Testes - sperm producing, above intestine
Vas deferens - carry sperm from testes to seminal vesicle Seminal vesicle - store sperm Ejaculatory duct - Tube from seminal vesicles and carrying sperm to penis Penis - reproductive organ |
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Trilobites common during what era?
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Cambrian and ordovician
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State fossil of NYS
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Eurypterus remipes
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Why are mollusks important to neurophysiology?
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Discovery of magnetic sense in a smail with giant neurons has provided clues about the cellular mechanisms underlying magnetic field detection
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Mollusks share a common ancestor with what?
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Polychaete annelids
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Mollusca: General Characteristics
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Shell - made of calcium carbonate; provides protection from predators
Soft-bodied (boneless) Four bodily divisions -Head -Mantle -Visceral Mass -Foot |
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Mollusk shell recycled how
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Shelter
Limestone |
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What are the body divisions of Insecta in order
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Head
Thorax Abdomen |
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Describe the Four bodily divisions of Mollusca
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Head - brain, sense organs
Mantle - lining of the body wall; covers organs; produces calcium carbonate of shell Visceral Mass (digestive, excretory, circulatory, reproductive organs) Foot - muscular, locomotion; important for classification of mollusks into different classes |
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Describe the Visceral Mass in detail
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Digestive - complete, ciliated cells
Circulatory - chambered heart has ventricle(pump blood out of heart) and one or two atria(recieve blood); open except cephalopods Reproduction - Gonochoristic Respiration - Aquatic(gills) & Land (lungs) Nervous system - ganglia in head food and visceral mass |
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Simplest Mollusks?
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Chitons
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Chiton: External Features
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Shell - Calcium carbonate w/ 8 plates(valves); Cephalic(1st) Anal(last) plates
Head - ventral mouth surrounded by labial palp; houses radula; no eyes Mantle - fleshy skin secretes shell Girdle - heavy mantle tissue surrounding eight plates Gills - in pallial groove between mantle and foot; diffuse cases; capture food particles Foot - entire lower surface |
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Chiton: Digestive
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Mouth
Radula - tongue scape algae off rocks Esophagus - mouth to stomach Stomach - digestion Digestive gland - "liver", adds enzymes Intestine - digestion, absorption; posterior intestine undigested waste mixed w/ musucs into fecal pellets Anus |
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Chiton: Excretory
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Kidneys (Nephridia) - 2 near heart
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Chiton: Circulatory
Chiton: Gas Exchange |
Heart - 2 auricles, pass into ventricle
-- Water drawn into pallial groove Gills - feathery structures dangle into water from pallial groove |
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Chiton: Nervous System
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Primitive
4 ventral nerve cords Sense organs - no eyes or tentacles Mantle is sensitive to touch chemicals and light |
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Chiton: Reproductive system
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Gonad - single large gonad, release into water
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What are the second largest group of mollusks?
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Pelecypoda
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Pelecypoda have how many shells?
Therefore they are called what? |
2 shells; bivalves
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What kind of feeders are Pelecypoda?
They lack what? |
Filter-feeders
Lack a radula |
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Sedentary Pelecypods cling via what...
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Byssal threads
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Clam: External Features
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Shell - 2 halves (valves); three layers (tough outer layer, middle layer of ca co3, inner layer of nacre or mother-of-pearl(calcium oxide)
Hinge - unite valves Umbo - dome elevation, oldest part Growth rings - represent period of rapid growth |
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Clam: General Internal
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Head - poorly developed; lacks distinct eyes or tentacles
Mantle - fleshy skin inside shell; secrete Ca CO3; bilobed Adductor muscles - control opening and closing |
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Clam: Digestive
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Mouth - just behind anterior adductor muslce and between two labial palps
Labial palps - soft fleshy flaps that bring food into mouth Esophagus - lead from mouth to stomach Stomach - Enzymes released Liver - 2 digest. glands into stomach; secrete enzymes and absorb food Intestine - secrete enzymes and absorb food Rectum - fecal pellets formed Anus |
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Clam: Excretory
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Kidney - 2 tublular kidneys; filter fluids form around heart and excrete urine
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Clam: Gas Exchange
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Incurrent siphon - ventral surface; water enters
Excurrent siphon - dorsal surface, water leaves Gills - 2 feather respiratory structures, covered w/ ciliated cells |
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Clam: Circulatory
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Open
Heart - 2 auricles & 1 ventricle. Auricle recieve lood form gill and mantle -> ventricle -> body Ventricle folded around rectum |
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Clam: Nervous System and Sense Organs
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Sense Organs - light sensitive cells along mantle and siphon, touch and tatse receptors, balance orgnas (statocysts)
Three pair of ganglia |
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Clam: Reproductive
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Gonads - 2 in each clam(M or F)
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What are statocysts?
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Balance organs in Mollusks
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Largest class of Mollusca are?
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Gastropoda
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Snail shell..
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Calcareous
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Snail: External
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Shell - Ca CO3; twisting of the body and shell is called torsion
Foot - attached to head, mucous glands to assist in locomotion Tentacles - 2 pairs (touch, taste, olfactory) Eyes - tip of tentacles |
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Snail: Internal General
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Mantle - External coiled shell
Visceral Mass - Containing internal organs |
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Snail: Digestive
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Mouth - food moved by cilia
Pharynx - Dorsal horny "jaw" and ventral radula Radula - tounge used to scrape food off rocks Esophagus Crop - chamber Stomach - digestion Liver - High in the shell; digest juicees and absorb food Intestine - dig. and absorption Anus |
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Snail: Excretory
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Kidney - "nephridium"; apex of shell; surrounds heart and drains fluid from pericardial cavity
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Snail: Respiratory
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Lung - Chamber formed by mantle cavity; ventilation when walls of mantle expand and contract; air leaves via pneumostome
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Snail: Nervous and sense organs
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pairs of ganglia
Eyes - cornea and lense (rhabdomeric eye) Tentacles - touch, taste, olfactory, statocysts |
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Snail: Reproductive
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Hermaphrodites
Ovotestes - produce eggs and sperm, apex Albumen gland - nourishment for eggs Oviduct - carries eggs to vagina Vas deferns - parallel to oviduct; sperm passes to penis Dart sac - secretes calcium spicules; creats darts which help in stimulation |
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Squid feeding
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Predaceous; eaten by sperm whale
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Importance of Squid...
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Largest nerve fibers, used to develop safer anesthetics and drugs for neruological disorders
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Jet Propulsion
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Pumps sea water into mantle which becomes inflated. then mantle contracts and water is ejected through sipon which can be swiveled to change direction.
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Squid: External
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Mantle: skin, highly muscularized
Chromatophores: Dark spots, pigment cells, allow squid to change color instantly(used predator/prey, courtship, and agression) Head: Jaws, beak and radula Eye: Example of convergent evolution, camera-like lens Siphon: Extension of mantle cavity Foot: "head footed", head is by teh foot. Foot is circle of 8 arms and 2 tentacles w/ suckers Fins: Used for swimming |
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Squid: General Internal
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Pen: translucent, flexible, blade of supporting tissue along back of the squid; composed of chitin; vestigal
Ink sac: above rectum; smoke screen to confuse predators |
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Squid: Digestive
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Mouth: Sharp jaws, beak, radula
Esophagus Stomach: preliminary digestion Caecum: Food absorption, digestive side chamber Liver: Multi-chambered organ produce digestive enzymes Intestine: Elimination of wastes Anus |
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Squid: Excretory
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Kidney: Nephridium, drains fluids form pericardial chamber and forms urine
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Squid: Circulatory
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Closed unlike other mollusks
Heart: Contractile organ pumping blood; 2 atria drain blood form gills and pass to ventricle Gill Hearts: 2 acessory hearts just b4 2 glls |
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Squid: Respiratory
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Gills (Ctenidia): 2 feather gills
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Squid: Nervous and Sense
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Nervous system most complex of all invertebrates
Brain: Encircle esophagus |
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Squid: Reproductive
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Gonad: One organ in posterior of body
Male: sac like testes pass sperm via vas deferens, this joins seminal vesicle where sperm are rolled into a mass called spermatophore Females: single sac-like ovary in posterior of body; oviduct carries eggs to mantle where they appear in strings and are fertilized |
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