Lab: Gross Anatomy Of The Brain

Front 1

What is the neural plate?

Back 1

In the developing embryo, the central nervous system first appears as a specialized, flattened region of cells.

Front 2

What is the neural tube?

Back 2

The neural plate invaginates and folds over to form this.

Front 3

What are the ventricles?

Back 3

The hollow space within the neural tube develops into hollow spaces within the brain called _____, which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 4

What is the central nervous system?

Back 4

It consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 5

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Back 5

It consists of the rest (not the brain and spinal cord) the nerves and ganglia.

Front 6

What is the difference between gray matter and white matter?

Back 6

Gray matter is the seat of the neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses - forms a surface layer called the cortex over the cerebrum and cerebellum, and deeper masses called nuclei surrounded white matter.

White matter lies deep to the cortical gray matter in most of the brain. It is composed of tracts, or bundles of axon, which here connect one part of the brain to another and to the spinal cord.

Front 7

What are sensory neurons?

Back 7

They are specialized to detect stimuli such as light, heat, pressure, and chemicals, and transmit info about them to the CNS. Beginning in almost every organ and end in the CNS.

Front 8

What are interneurons?

Back 8

They lie entirely within the CNS They receive signals from many other neurons and carry out the integrative functions of the nervous system. They process, store and retrieve information and make decisions that determine how the body responds to stimuli.

Front 9

What are motor neurons?

Back 9

They send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells, the effectors. Lead to muscle cells, signal conduction away from the CNS.

Front 10

Back 10

Cerebrum

Front 11

Back 11

Pons

Front 12

Back 12

Pons

Front 13

Back 13

Cerebellum

Front 14

Back 14

Cerebellum

Front 15

Back 15

Cerebellum

Front 16

Back 16

Cerebellum

Front 17

Back 17

Medulla Oblongata

Front 18

Back 18

Medulla Oblongata

Front 19

Back 19

Medulla Oblongata

Front 20

Back 20

Right and Left Hemispheres

Front 21

Back 21

Gyri

Front 22

Back 22

Frontal Lobe

Front 23

Back 23

Frontal Lobe

Front 24

Back 24

Frontal Lobes

Front 25

Back 25

Temporal Lobe

Front 26

Back 26

Temporal Lobe

Front 27

Back 27

Temporal Lobe

Front 28

Back 28

Parietal Lobe

Front 29

Back 29

Parietal Lobe

Front 30

Back 30

Parietal Lobe

Front 31

Back 31

Occipital Lobe

Front 32

Back 32

Occipital Lobe

Front 33

Back 33

Occipital Lobe

Front 34

Back 34

Occipital Lobe

Front 35

Back 35

Lateral Sulcus

Front 36

Back 36

Lateral Sulcus

Front 37

Back 37

Precentral Gyrus

Front 38

Back 38

Precentral Gyrus

Front 39

Back 39

Precentral Gyrus

Front 40

Back 40

Central Sulcus

Front 41

Back 41

Central Sulcus

Front 42

Back 42

Central Sulcus

Front 43

Back 43

Central Sulcus

Front 44

Back 44

Postcentral Gyrus

Front 45

Back 45

Postcentral Gyrus

Front 46

Back 46

Postcentral Gyrus

Front 47

Back 47

Longitudinal Fissure

Front 48

Back 48

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Front 49

Back 49

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Front 50

Back 50

Anterior Cranial Fossa

Front 51

Back 51

Middle Cranial Fossa

Front 52

Back 52

Posterior Cranial Fossa

Front 53

Back 53

Posterior Cranial Fossa

Front 54

Back 54

Middle Cranial Fossa

Front 55

On the cerebrum and cerebellum, the external surface you can see is a highly developed region of gray matter called the _______.

Back 55

Cortex

Front 56

Which part of the brain connects directly to the spinal cord?

Back 56

Medulla Oblongata

Front 57

Which part of the brain rests in the anterior cranial fossa?

Back 57

Frontal Lobe

Front 58

Which part of the brain rests in the middle cranial fossa?

Back 58

Temporal Lobe

Front 59

Which part of the brain rests in the posterior cranial fossa?

Back 59

Cerebellum

Front 60

Based on the size of the sella turcica, the pituitary gland must be about the size and shape of an _______.

Back 60

Apple seed

Front 61

The optic nerves pass through which foramina (holes) between the cranial cavity and the orbits?

Back 61

Optic Foramen

Front 62

The optic chiasm is superior to which bone of the skull?

Back 62

Sphenoid Bone

Front 63

Back 63

Corpus Callosum

Front 64

Back 64

Corpus Callosum

Front 65

Back 65

Corpus Callosum

Front 66

Back 66

Thalamus

Front 67

Back 67

Thalamus

Front 68

Back 68

Thalamus

Front 69

Back 69

Hypothalamus

Front 70

Back 70

Hypothalamus

Front 71

Back 71

Gyrus

Front 72

Back 72

Sulcus

Front 73

Back 73

Midbrain

Front 74

Back 74

Midbrain

Front 75

Back 75

Midbrain

Front 76

Back 76

Pons

Front 77

Back 77

Pons

Front 78

Back 78

Pons

Front 79

Back 79

Third Ventricle

Front 80

Back 80

Third Ventricle

Front 81

Back 81

Third Ventricle

Front 82

Back 82

Third Ventricle

Front 83

Back 83

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 84

Back 84

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 85

Back 85

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 86

Back 86

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 87

Back 87

Cerebral Aqueduct

Front 88

Back 88

Fourth Ventricle

Front 89

Back 89

Fourth Ventricle

Front 90

Back 90

Fourth Ventricle

Front 91

Back 91

Fourth Ventricle

Front 92

Which regions of the brain border the third ventricle?

Back 92

Thalamus, hypothalamus

Front 93

Which regions of the brain border the fourth ventricle?

Back 93

Pons, cerebellum

Front 94

Through which region does the cerebral aqueduct pass?

Back 94

Midbrain

Front 95

Which lobes of the cerebrum are visible in midsagittal section?

Back 95

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital.

Front 96

Is any cortex of the cerebrum visible in midsagittal section?

Back 96

Yes

Front 97

Where is the primary motor area located?

Back 97

Frontal lobe

Front 98

What is the function of the primary motor area?

Back 98

Neurons here send signals to the brain stem and spinal cord, which ultimately results in muscle contractions.

Front 99

What is the primary motor area also called?

Back 99

Precentral gyrus

Front 100

Where is the motor association area located?

Back 100

Frontal lobe

Front 101

What is the function of the motor association area?

Back 101

Where we plan our behavior, neurons compile a program for the degree and sequence of muscle contractions required for an action such as dancing, typing, or speaking.

Front 102

Where is the primary somatosensory area located?

Back 102

Parietal Lobe

Front 103

What is the function of the primary somatosensory area?

Back 103

Awareness of stimulation

Front 104

What is the primary somatosensory area also called?

Back 104

Postcentral gyrus.

Front 105

Where is the somatosensory association area located?

Back 105

Parietal Lobe

Front 106

What is the function of the somatosensory association area?

Back 106

Makes cognitive sense of stimulation

Front 107

Where is the primary visual area located?

Back 107

Occipital lobe

Front 108

What is the function of the primary visual area?

Back 108

Visual signals are received here.

Front 109

Where is the visual association area located?

Back 109

Occipital lobe

Front 110

What is the function of the visual association area?

Back 110

Spacial perception, recognize faces and other familiar objects.

Front 111

Where is the primary auditory area located?

Back 111

Temporal lobe

Front 112

What is the function of the primary auditory area?

Back 112

Auditory signals are received here.

Front 113

Where is the auditory association area located?

Back 113

Temporal Lobe

Front 114

What is the function of the auditory association area?

Back 114

Where we become capable of recognizing spoken words, a familiar piece of muscle, or a voice on the telephone.

Front 115

What are the meninges?

Back 115

The three concentric layers of connective tissue which surround the brain and separate it from the skull, protecting it and holding it in place during normal movements of the head.

Front 116

What is meningitis?

Back 116

The infection or inflammation of the meninges.

Front 117

What is the dura mater?

Back 117

The outermost of the meninges (literally: "tough mother"). This is a very strong membrane - you can pull on it with quite a bit for force without tearing it - which is firmly attached to the inside of the skull and contains blood vessels which nourish the bone.

Front 118

What is the falx cerebri?

Back 118

The midsagittal fold of the dura mater, it extends into the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum and prevents lateral or side to side movement of the cerebral hemispheres within the skull.

Front 119

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 119

A horizontal fold of the dura mater, it extends into the horizontal fissure which separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum, supporting the weight of the occipital lobes and limiting the vertical or up and down movement of the brain.

Front 120

What is the arachnoid mater?

Back 120

The middle layer of the meninges, much more delicate and deep to the dura mater. This bridges over sulci of the cerebral cortex, but follows the surface of the brain into larger fissures. ("spiderweb like mother")

Front 121

What is the pia mater?

Back 121

The deepest of the three layers of meninges. This is firmly attached to the nervous tissue of the brain and follows all of its convolutions into and out of sulci and fissures. ("delicate mother")

Front 122

What is the epidural space?

Back 122

It lies between the bone of the skull and the dura mater. Contains no fluid.

Front 123

What is the subdural space?

Back 123

It lies between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. Contains no fluid.

Front 124

What is the subarachnoid space?

Back 124

It lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. Contains cererospinal fluid in which the brain is floating.

Front 125

List the three layers of meninges and the three related spaces in the correct order, starting with the bone of the skull and moving toward the brain.

Back 125

Skull - epidural space - dura mater - subdural space - arachnoid mater - subarachnoid space - pia mater - brain.

Front 126

The meninges are composed of which one of the four basic tissue types?

Back 126

Connective tissue.

Front 127

Which part of the brain is superior to and rests on the tentorium cerebellum?

Back 127

Occipital lobe/cerebrum

Front 128

Which part of the brain is inferior to the tentorium cerebellum?

Back 128

Cerebellum

Front 129

Which parts of the brain are separated by the falx cerebri?

Back 129

The cerebral hemispheres

Front 130

Back 130

Dura Mater

Front 131

Back 131

Arachnoid Mater

Front 132

Back 132

Pia Mater

Front 133

Back 133

Subdural Space

Front 134

Back 134

Subarachnoid Space

Front 135

Back 135

Optic Chiasm

Front 136

Back 136

Optic Chiasm

Front 137

Back 137

Optic Chiasm

Front 138

Back 138

Olfactory Tract

Front 139

Back 139

Olfactory Tract

Front 140

Back 140

Infundibulum

Front 141

What is the choroid plexus?

Back 141

The cerebrospinal fluid is constantly being produced/secreted in the ventricles by this specialized tissue.

Front 142

Back 142

Lateral Ventricle

Front 143

Back 143

Lateral Ventricle

Front 144

Back 144

Lateral Ventricle

Front 145

Back 145

Interventricular Foramen

Front 146

Back 146

Interventricular Foramen

Front 147

Back 147

Choroid Plexus

Front 148

Back 148

Choroid Plexus

Front 149

Back 149

Median Aperture

Front 150

Back 150

Median Aperture

Front 151

Back 151

Median Aperture

Front 152

Back 152

Lateral Aperture

Front 153

Back 153

Lateral Aperture

Front 154

Back 154

Lateral Aperture

Front 155

Back 155

Arachnoid Granulations

Front 156

Back 156

Subarachnoid Space

Front 157

Starting with the lateral ventricle, describe the flow of cerebral spinal fluid through all the ventricles and spaces until it is reabsorbed into the blood:

Back 157

1. CSF is secreted by choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle

2. CSF flows through interventricular foramina into third ventricle

3. Choroid plexus in third ventricle adds more CSF

4. CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle

5. Choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more CSF

6. CSF flows out two lateral apetures and one median aperture

7. CSF fills subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of brain and spinal cord

8. At arachnoid granulations, CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood of dural venous sinuses

Front 158

Describe Cranial nerve I

Back 158

Olfactory Nerve

Cribiform foramina of ethmoid bone

Sensory - Smell

Front 159

Describe cranial nerve II

Back 159

Optic Nerve

Optic Foramen

Sensory - Vision

Front 160

Describe cranial nerve III

Back 160

Oculomotor Nerve

Superior Orbital Fissure

Front 161

Describe cranial nerve IV

Back 161

Trochlear Nerve

Superior Orbital Fissure

Motor - Eye movements

Front 162

Describe cranial nerve V

Back 162

Trigeminal Nerve

Superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum and infraorbital foramne, foramen ovale

Front 163

Describe cranial nerve VI

Back 163

Abducens Nerve

Superior Orbital Fissure

Motor - lateral eye movement

Front 164

Describe cranial nerve VII

Back 164

Facial Nerve

Internal Acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen

Front 165

Describe cranial nerve VIII

Back 165

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Internal acoustic meatus

Front 166

Describe cranial nerve IX

Back 166

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Jugular foramen

Front 167

Describe cranial nerve X

Back 167

Vagus Nerve

Jugular Foramen

Front 168

Describe cranial nerve XI

Back 168

Accessory Nerve

Jugular Nerve

Front 169

Describe cranial nerve XII

Back 169

Hypoglossal Nerve

Hypoglossal canal