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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine |
- directly into bloodstream -secretes hormones -ductless -long term control |
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exocrine |
- directly to target site -secretes enzymes -has ducts -short term control |
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target areas |
where ever the hormone is trying to reach |
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hormonal effects |
direct and indirect effects |
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hypothalamus |
located in forebrain; controls autonomic nervous system, body temperature,sends hungry and thirsty messages, sleep and emotions |
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Thyroid releasing hormone (TRS) |
stimulates secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone hypothalamus |
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Growth Hormone releasing Hormone (GHRH) |
stimulates secretion of growth hormone hypothalamus |
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Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) |
stimulates the release of prolactin hypothalamus |
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Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) |
stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone hypothalamus |
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Gonadotropic releasing hormone |
stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone hypothalamus |
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Prolactin (PRL) |
Stimulates secretion of milk by the mammary glands pituitary gland |
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Growth Hormone (GH) |
Stimulates tissue and organ growth by promoting cellular growth, mitosis, and cellular differentiation pituitary gland |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones pituitary gland |
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH |
Stimulates activity of thyroid gland to release hormones pituitary gland |
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
Stimulates ovarian follicle maturity and spermatogenesis pituitary gland |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation pituitary gland |
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Oxytocin (OXY) |
Stimulates uterine contractions (muscular) and mil-let-down by mammary glands pituitary gland |
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Antidiuretic Hormone /Vasopressin (ADH) |
regulates water reabsorption by kidneys and raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles pituitary gland |
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Melatonin |
produced at night may suppress gonadotropin secretion; seems to be linkage with mood and sleep disorder Pineal gland |
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T4 and T3 |
Increases basal metabolic rate and body heat production Thyroid Gland |
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Calcitonin |
retains calcium in the bones, lowers blood calcium level Thyroid Gland |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
increases release of calcium from bone, raises blood calcium levels Parathyroid gland |
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Thymosin |
stimulates growth of t-cells (immune system) Thymus gland |
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Glucagon |
stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver to increase blood sugar levels pancreas |
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Insulin |
promotes glucose uptake and synthesis of glycogen to lower blood sugar levels pancreas |
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Somatostatin |
inhibits release of GH, insulin, and glucagon pancreas |
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Pancreatic Polypeptide |
Inhibits Somatostatin, gall bladder secretion, and secretion of digestive enzymes pancreas |
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Glucocorticoids |
promotes fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair, inhibits inflammation, made in the zone fasciculate Adrenal Cortex |
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Mineralocorticoids |
Reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in kidneys; maintains blood pressure and volume; made in zone glomerulosa Adrenal Cortex |
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Gonadocorticoids |
Maintians male sexual characteristics; made in the zone reticularis Adrenal Cortex |
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Epinephrine (adrenaline) |
increases awareness through the sympathetic nervous system Adrenal Medulla |
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Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
returns the body to normal function after secretion of epinephrine through the sympathetic nervous system adrenal medulla |
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Estrogen |
enhances female sexual characteristics; also establishes primary sexual characteristics for both males and females ovaries |
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progesterone |
stimulates growth of uterine lining, maintains endometrium when pregnancy occurs (3month term) ovaries |
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Inhibin (ovaries) |
suppresses FSH secretion by anterior pituitary |
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testosterone |
enhances male sexual characteristics testes |
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Inhibin (testes) |
controls FHS secretion to stabilize rate of sperm production |
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GI tract |
tube that runs from the mouth to the anus (9 meters long) |
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primary organs |
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
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accessory organs |
teeth, tongue,salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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layers of the GI tract (in to out) |
1. mucosa 2. submucosa(second thinnest layer) 3. muscularis 4. serosa (superficial) |
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muscularis |
skeletal (voluntary) and smooth (thickest layer) |
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oral cavity |
mouth, accepts food, site of mastication and onset of chemical digestion of starches |
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pharynx |
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esophagus |
starts where the laryngopharynx ends, muscular tube that carries food to the stomach |
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Stomach |
J shaped muscular enlargement of the GI tract, site of mechanical digestion and food storage |
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Cardia |
surrounds the region that the esophagus enters |
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Fundus |
rounded superior region left of the cardia, storage area |
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body |
inferior to fundus, large central churning chamber, mechanical |
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rugae |
large folds in the muscular layer |
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Pylorus |
Region that connects the stomach to the small intestine |
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pylorus sphincter |
valve that opens into the small intestine |
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small intestine |
organ where most chemical digestion occurs and primary site of nutrient absorption |
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parts of the small intestine |
duodenum jejunum iliem villi |
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large intestine |
organ where water is reabsorbed, vitamin k is produced, and formation and expulsion of waste materials |
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parts of large intestine |
cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon rectum anal canal |
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duodenum |
begins at pyloric sphincter |
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jejunum |
middle segment |
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ileum |
last segment, extends to the cecum of the large intestine e |
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villi |
hair like projections lining the lumen,allow for greater surface area goblet cells - white dots inside villi |
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cecum |
pouch-like structure where ileum attaches |
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ascending colon |
the colon that goes up and down |
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transverse colon |
the colon that moves across the abdomen from right to left |
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rectum |
holds waste material |
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anal canal |
last three inches of rectum |
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anal sphincter |
closes the anus except during elimination of waste |
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bolus |
soft round mass of chewed and swallowed food |
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deglutition |
swallowing |
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chyme |
food mixed with digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine |
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visceral peritoneum |
series, membrane that lines organs in abdominal cavity |
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falciform ligament |
connects the two large lobes of the liver |
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greater momentum |
large folds of serosa that hangs down over intestines |
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upper esophageal sphincter |
allows for passage of bolus from laryngopharynx into the esophagus |
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lower esophageal sphincter |
allows for passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach |
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ileoceal sphincter
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closes off the ileum of the small intestine from the cecum of the large intestine |
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parts of the liver |
sinusoid central vein lobule hepatocyte hepatic macrophage bile ductule |
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lobule |
the whole inside meat of the liver |
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sinusoid |
the while squiggles |
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central vein |
central giant white spot |
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hepatocyte |
dots outside of the squiggles |
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hepatic macrophages |
black dots inside the squiggles |
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bile ductule |
white other spots |
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pancreatic inslet |
purple dots and goo surrounded by white lightening like lines |
