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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood Type A
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Antigen A and Antibodies B. Can only get A blood or O
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Blood Type B
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Antigen B and Antibodies A. Can only bet B blood or O
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AB Blood type
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Antigen AB no Antibodies Universal recipient (can get ALL blood types)
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Blood Type O
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no antigens and anti A and Anti B Universal doner - can give to all but only GET more O
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Antibodies
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immunoglobulin is a large Y shaped protein produced by plasma cells that it used by the immune system who identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
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Antigens
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a toxin or other foreign substance that induces and immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
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Rh antigen (D antigen)
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Turns blood type + or - depending on if you have the Rh antigen. Not born with it - needed prior exposure. ex: B ag + A ag + no Rh = AB- blood type With = + without = -
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ECG
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a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of your heart. An EKG shows the heart's electrical activity as line tracings on paper. The spikes and dips in the tracings are called waves
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Amplitude
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the wave - periodic variable is a measure of its change over a single period.
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What is Normal Cardiac output
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5 to 6 liters of blood every minute when a person is resting.
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Normal Cardiac output formula
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CO = HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume= is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat)
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Cardiovascular benefits of exercise
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Increase in exercise tolerance.Reduction in body weight.Reduction in blood pressure.Reduction in bad (LDL and total) cholesterol.Increase in good (HDL) cholesterol.Increase in insulin sensitivity.
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How does blood flow through the heart?
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superior vena cava (inferior) - coronary sinus - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary trunk/arteries - to the lungs (picks up O and CO2) - back via pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid mitral valve - to the left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta coronary artery (coronary circulation) or aorta = systemic circulation
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Instinsic conduction system pathway
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basic rhythm of the beating heart - auto rhythmic cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses throughout the heart.
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Systolic
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The top number refers to the amount of pressure in your arteries during contraction of your heart muscle.
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cardiac cycle
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heart rate
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Artery used to take bp?
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brachial artery
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How does BP change in response to exercise?
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heart rate cardiac output increases - blood flow to the lungs do to the increase activity. Heart must work harder to pump more blood with each contraction to keep your muscles supplied with oxygen.
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Pulse - what does it represent?
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the rate at which your heart beats, the number of time your heart beats per minute
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What are normal, at rest heart rate?
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60 to 100 beats a minute. Generally, a lower heart rate at rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. For example, a well-trained athlete might have a normal resting heart rate closer to 40 beats a minute.
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MAP - calculate Mean Arterial Pressure |
[ (2 x diastolic) + systolic ] divided by 3.
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Normal tidal volume
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tidal volume is approximately 500 mL
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Respiratory rate
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12–20 breaths per minute. Average resting respiratory rates by age are: birth to 6 weeks: 30–60 breaths per minute. 6 months: 25–40 breaths per minute.
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How to calculate vital capacity
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Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. A person's vital capacity can be measured by a wet or regular spirometer. IRV+TV+ERS=Vital capacity |
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Internal respiration
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transfer of gas between the blood and cells.
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What muscles are used in normal inspiration, expiration, and forced expiration?
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diaphragm and intercostals
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How does surfactant affects air flow?
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It decreases surface tension in the alveoli making it easier for the alveoli to increase surface area for gas exchange. Premature infants don't produce surfactant or produce a very small amount.
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Pneumothorax
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collapsed lung
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Atelectasis
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Complete or partial collapse of a lung or a section (lobe) of a lung.
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obstructive respiratory disorder
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obstructive lung diseases, including asthma and COPD, show a normal or increased total lung capacity (TLC)
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Normal solutes in urine
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electrolytes, urea, creatinine, uric acid, metabolic end products |
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What happens to specific gravity of urine with increase water intake?
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It decreases
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vital capacity
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3-5 liters
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restrictive respiratory disorder
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associated with a decreased total lung capacity. Measures of expiratory airflow are preserved and airway resistance is normal.
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abnormal solutes in urine
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protein
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external respiration
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also known as breathing refers to a process of inhaling oxygen from the air into the lungs and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs to the air. Exchange of gases both in and out of the blood occurs simultaneously.
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diastolic
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The bottom number refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats.
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P wave
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depolarization of atria in response to SA node triggering
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T wave
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ventricular repolarization
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