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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific Method
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is a way of gathering and testing information used by many people but especially in science
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They are evaluated to determine whether or not they support hypotheses
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experimental outcomes
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Operations common to approaching problem scientifically
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observes, hypothesis, experiments
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One does this in a questioning manner
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observes
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What is designed that is repeated to test the hypothesis?
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experiments
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What makes sure all conclusions are supported by data?
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experimental outcomes
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Objective observations
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are those that can be verified-repeated and consistently interpreted by different observers.
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These observations often involve counting or measuring
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objective observations
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What type of observation would be if you observed a flower has six petals and each petal is 3 cm long?
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objective obeservations
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3 requirements of objective observations
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1) verified
2) repeated 3) consistently interpreted by different observers |
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Most observations people make on a daily basis are?
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subjective
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Two characteristics of subjective observations
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1) observer specific
2) may not be interpreted in the same way by different people |
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What type of observation is a person describing a plant as light green or tall?
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subjective
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In collecting scientific observations what must be transformed?
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subjective observations to more objective observations
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What type of observations may require a photograph, drawing, chart to allow people to be sure that the observations are objective?
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qualitative observations
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Examples of qualitative observations?
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"the plant grew quickly"
"solution turned blue" |
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What are the two goals of observations?
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1) to make objective observations
2) to recognize subjective observations made by others |
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It suggest questions such as what, how, why, that can be broken down into "what" and "how" questions that address issues of cause and effect?
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observations
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What happens when you ask how and why?
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You usually have in mind a tentative answer
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The questions and potential answers of observations lead to what?
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hypotheses
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It is a tentative explanation of cause and effect based on underlying observed phenomena
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Hypothesis
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The cause is...
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independent variable
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The effect is...
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dependent variable
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Easily testable hypotheses
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those with only one variable being tested
simplest is best |
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5 things a hypothesis should do:
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1) it should state on independent variable and one dependent variable
2) have fewest causative agents, fewest variables as possible 3) avoid use of terms of human feelings (want, like, desire) 4) avoid use of purpose as an explanation of cause 5) put hypothesis in an "if-then" statement |
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If-then format
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If: independent variable
Then: dependent variable |
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protocol
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description of steps in a scientific investigation
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What leads to the design of an experiment?
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hypothesis
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What is the purpose of the experiment?
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to test a hypothesis
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What factors in an experiment are altered and what remain constant?
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The independent variable (causative agent) is altered
All other factors are kept constant |
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This is where all the factors are the same as the test group, except that the factor being tested is left in its normal, unmanipulated state.
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control group
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This states how the dependent variable will be measured.
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data collection protocol
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What do experimental results compared with?
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predictions
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What word do we refrain from saying when talking about hypothesis?
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proved
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What causes a hypothesis to be rejected?
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When the results are not the same as
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They can be disproved, but we refrain from saying that any hypothesis is proved
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hypothesis
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Can we find that a hypothesis is not true?
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yes it is rejected
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Can we find that a hypothesis is true?
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We can never be absolutely sure it is true
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How do we accept hypothesis (NOT PROVED)?
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because we fail to disprove our hypothesis, we can accept it with some confidence
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Occam's Razor
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There are several explanations that might fit an observation, the simplest is most probable and the best
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What are the necessary preparations before you begin your experiment?
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To have fully planned both your materials and your methods
including how you will collect and present your data |
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What do you do after you make your initial observations and formed a hypothesis?
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you design your experiment
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What do you need to do before you begin your experiment (After observations and hypothesis have been made)?
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-make sure you have all the needed materials on hand
-record all the materials you use |
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What does the materials and methods include? (2)
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1) the preparation of your experimental set-up
2) your data collection protocol (procedure) |
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What do you need to consider when you decide what data to collect? (2)
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1) how you will present it
2) how it will relate to your hypothesis |
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What is included in the data collection?
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Set of steps you follow to be consistent in making and recording observations (protocol)
You decide what data to collect (which will confirm or deny your hypothesis), how you will present it. |
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What does the protocol do? (2)
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1) allows you and others to repeat your work
2) allows comparison of peoples results |
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What happens if no explicit protocol exists?
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it can be difficult to compare different peoples results
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Where do you tell exactly how and when you made your initial observations and how you will collect your data?
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data collection section
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Where do you think ahead of how you will present your data? such as displaying it on a graph or what will go on the x axis or y axis?
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data collection section
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What is the recording method?
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1) a method for recording observations and follow it
2) where you make sure you understand the function of any equipment you use 3) you make sure your data has proper units 4) create a chart or table for data that is recorded 5) write description of methods |
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What is the purpose of setting up axes for a graph?
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so you can see and discuss trends in the data before you leave the lab
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What four components do you need to have your defined protocol?
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1) materials and methods
2) how measure and observe (including preparation technique or method) 3) timing 4) data recording and presenting method |
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In the microbe lab what are the dual themes?
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1) learning about microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi
2) learning techniques to study them |
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Do authorities agree on how organisms are classified?
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NOPE
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How are bacteria usually examined?
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By streaking a sample of the bacteria on petri plates filled with agar based media. This media allows the bacteria to grow.
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How are you sure that the bacteria in the plate is the bacteria growing from the sample environment?
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A control must be used
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Why do you use a control with bacteria and algar environments?
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You use a control to show that the bacteria growing is the bacteria from the environment
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How was Agar first used? by who?
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It was first used in microbiology when Robert Koch used it in culturing bacteria
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Where did Robert Koch learn of the technique?
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Wife of coworker Frau Lina Hesse, kept her jellies solid in warm weather.
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Where is agar found?
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Polysaccharide compound found in the cell walls of red algae
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Disease producing organisms
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pathogens
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How do we reduce microorganisms in our environment such as disease (pathogens)?
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We wash our hands and our environmental surfaces with various substances
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In the microbe lab what are the dual themes?
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1) learning about microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi
2) learning techniques to study them |
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Do authorities agree on how organisms are classified?
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NOPE
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How are bacteria usually examined?
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By streaking a sample of the bacteria on petri plates filled with agar based media. This media allows the bacteria to grow.
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How are you sure that the bacteria in the plate is the bacteria growing from the sample environment?
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A control must be used
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Why do you use a control with bacteria and algar environments?
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You use a control to show that the bacteria growing is the bacteria from the environment
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How was Agar first used? by who?
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It was first used in microbiology when Robert Koch used it in culturing bacteria
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Where did Robert Koch learn of the technique?
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Wife of coworker Frau Lina Hesse, kept her jellies solid in warm weather.
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Where is agar found?
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Polysaccharide compound found in the cell walls of red algae
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Disease producing organisms
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pathogens
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How do we reduce microorganisms in our environment such as disease (pathogens)?
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We wash our hands and our environmental surfaces with various substances
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In the microbe experiment, we formulate our hypothesis about what?
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the effectiveness of reducing microorganisms using these materials.
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How many agar plates do you contain?
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3 plates, one of them is the control
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In the microbe lab, when do you do the controls before or after you wash your hands?
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before you wash your hands
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Microbe lab, how long did you wash your hands?
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2 minutes
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What is the hand washing process exactly for the first plate?
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Obtain a sample of cleaner you have chosen and wash your left hand for two minutes. Air dry your hand. Then gently touch your cleansed left hand to the experimental side of your plate
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What is the hand washing process exactly for the second plate?
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Obtain a sample of cleaner you have chosen and wash your right hand for two minutes. Air dry your hand. Then gently touch your cleansed right hand to the experimental side of your plate
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What do you seal your plates closed with?
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parafilm
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How to be sure that what grows on your plates is what you intended to sample?
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you need additional control which is a seperate plate
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What two comparisons will you make when viewing the agar plates?
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1) the colonies on the control side versus the ones on the other side
2) what grew on your air control |
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What two groups are prokaryotes?
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Archaea and Bacteria
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Which prokaryote group will you examine?
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Bacterial group
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Members of eukarya are called what? they have membrane bound organelles and true nuclei.
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eukaryotes
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The most abundant organisms in the world and found in vitrtually every known habitat.
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prokaryotes
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Unicellular organisms that lack membrane bound organelles
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prokaryotes
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How is reproduction of prokaryotes?
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asexual
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How is feeding of prokaryotes?
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absorption
but there are some photosynthetic and chemosynthetic species |
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What two groups are in the bacteria group that you examine in the microbe lab?
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bacteria and cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria is also called?
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blue green algae
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Converting nitrogen from the atomosphere into forms that can be used by plants.
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nitrogen fixiation
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Who does nitrogen fixation and decomposers?
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bacteria
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Break down dead plants and animals, and return the organic materials to the system to be used by other organisms
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decomposers
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Who is responsible for the food spoilage and for many diseases of plants and animals?
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bacteria
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who is responsible for pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diphtheria?
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bacteria
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They are used in the production of cheese and yogurt?
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bacteria
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What are the two types of autotrophic bacteria?
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photosynthetic and chemosynthetic
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This autotropic bacteria use light as their energy source in a process similar to photosynthesis in plants
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photosynthetic
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What is the differences between photosynthetic bacteria and photosynthetic plants?
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1) do not use water as a source of electrons for the process
2) photosynthetic pigments are different in structure 3) lack chloroplasts |
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Obtain their energy from the OXIDATION of INORGANIC substances
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chemosnthetic bacteria
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Based on shape bacteria can be placed in three major groups?
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1) bacili-rodshaped
2) cocci-small spheres 3) spirilla- corkscew shapped |
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bacili
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rodshaped
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cocci
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small spheres
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spirilla
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corkscew shaped
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How is biochemical and ultrastructural information required by use of?
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Gram stain and electron microscope analysis
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Living bacteria can be seen in what cultures?
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yogurt cultures
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The bacterium that uses milk sugar (lactose) and converts milk to yogurt
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lactobacillus
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Cynobacteria (blue green algae) are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic?
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all are photosynthetic
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What pigment do blue green algae possess?
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chlorophyll a
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Do blue gree algae (cynobacteria) use water in their photosynthetic process?
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yes, producing O2 as a by product
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What two forms do cynobacteria take?
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unicellular form and colonial form
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Can cyanobacteria do nitrogen fixiation or is just bacteria?
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some can do it
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What is used to observed the unicellular form of cyanobacteria?
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gloeocapsa
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What surrounds the cells in the unicelluar form of cyanobacteria (gloeocapsa)?
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gelatinous sheath
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What is used to observe the colonial form of cyanobacteria?
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osillcatoria
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Colonial blue green algae may occur as filaments, plates, or spheres
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osillatoria
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3 main characteristics of kingdom fungi
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eukaryotic, heterotriphic, multicellular
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What is an easily viewed fungus?
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yeast
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In the microbe lab what are the dual themes?
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1) learning about microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi
2) learning techniques to study them |
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Do authorities agree on how organisms are classified?
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NOPE
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How are bacteria usually examined?
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By streaking a sample of the bacteria on petri plates filled with agar based media. This media allows the bacteria to grow.
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How are you sure that the bacteria in the plate is the bacteria growing from the sample environment?
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A control must be used
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Why do you use a control with bacteria and algar environments?
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You use a control to show that the bacteria growing is the bacteria from the environment
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Most common genera of decomposers
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bacillus
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Large colonies
off white waxy looking stains are large, gram positive spores may be visible |
bacilius
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These bacteria are very common in nose and mouth?
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streptococcus
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Gram positive cocus
found in mouth scrapings disappear in plate cultures |
streptococcus
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A hemolytic species, able to lyse red blood cells
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streptococcus lactis
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The cause for strept throat
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streptococcus pyogenes
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yellow colonies
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staphylococcus aureus
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The most common genus isolated from skin is?
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straphoyloccus epidermis
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