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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 3 organs that are "special" in rabbits?
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1) Small spleen
2) Sacculus rotundus -Lymphoid rich 3) Vermiform appendix -Lymphoid rich |
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**What is the most important disease to remember in rabbits?
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Pasteurellosis "snuffles"
-One of the main reasons rabbits are brought in |
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What is theprimary are of focus to pasteurellosis in rabbits? Clinical signs?
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Upper respiratory tract "snuffles", but causes diverse clinical consequences (+ asymptomatic)
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What are 5 lesions that can result from pasteurellosis in rabbits?
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1) Suppurative (heterophils) bronchopneumonia
2) Fibrinous pleuropneumonia 3) Genital tract infections 4) Acute septicemia 5) Abscesses anywhere |
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In rabbits enterotoxemia caused by _____ or _____ causes diarrhea.
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Clostridium spiroforme
or C. Difficile (iatrogenic) |
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How old are rabbits that usually get diarrhea from endotoxemia?
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1-2 months old
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How is diarrhea from enterotoxemia in rabbits diagnosed?
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Collect fecal material or intestinal content and demonstrate effects of toxin produced by clostridium
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What fungus can cause diarrhea in rabbits?
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Coccidiosis -usually not a major cause of mortality
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What are 3 causes of diarrhea in rabbits other than enterotoxemia and coccidiosis?
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1) Colibacillosis
2) Mucoid enteropathy -Cause unknown but hypersecretion of mucus is seen 3) Proliferative enteropathy |
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What is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy?
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Lawsonia intracellularis
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How do you diagnose colibacillosis as the cause of diarrhea in rabbits?
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Specific serotypes with eae gene must be identified
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How do you diagnose proliferative enteropathy in a rabbit?
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Same way as a pig, do histo of intestine and see bacteria in enterocytes
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What causes Tyzzer's disease?
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Clostridium piliforme
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What age are animals affected by Tyzzer's disease? What's the mortality rate?
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Usually weanlings (6-12 weeks)
High mortality rate |
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If you see a young rabbit with diarrhea and concurrent hepatic necrosis, what's the top differential?
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Tyzzer's disease
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How do you treat Tyzzer's disease?
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Difficult to treat
-Improve sanitation -Decrease stress |
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What is the "triad" of lesions seen on histo of Tyzzer's disease?
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1) Hepatic necrosis
2) Diarrhea 3) Heart affected |
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*What is a coccidial disease important in rabbits?
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Eimeria stiedae
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*What is a protozoal disease important in rabbits?
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Encephalitozoon cuniculi
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What organ does Eimeria stiedae affect in rabbits? What kind of lesions do you see?
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Liver-lives in biliary system and causes hyperplasia so get papillary growths
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How do you diagnose Eimeria in a rabbit?
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Eggs in fecal
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Encephalitozoon is a protozoal disease that usually affects the ____ and _____.
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Kidney and brain
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How do rabbits with encephalitozoon usually present?
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With signs of encephalitis like a head tilt, circling, odd behavior
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A rabbit presents to you scratching at the ears, what's a good differential? Treatment?
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Scirroptic mange
Treatment: topical antibiotics |
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A rabbit presents to you with areas of edema, conjuctival edema, facial edema and eema around the genitals, what's your top differential?
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Myxomatosis
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What will you see upon necropsy of a rabbit that had myxomatosis?
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Destroys lymphoid tissue such as sacculus rotundus
-Other lymphoid rich tissues undergo necrosis and sometimes hemorrhage |
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*What is a reportable disease in rabbits?
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Rabbit hemorrhagic disease
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What causes rabbit hemorrhagic disease?
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Calcivirus that causes high morbidity and mortality
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What rabbits are affected by rabbit hemorrhagic disease?
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Domestic, not wild rabbits or hares
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How is rabbit hemorrhagic disease transmitted?
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Direct contact
Fomites |
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How does an rabbit with hemorrhagic disease present clinically?
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Bloody nose that's frothy
Bleeding all over including lung Liver becomes necrotic |
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What causes "sore hocks" in rabbits?
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Multifactorial-includes genetic factors but has to do with opportunistic Staph aureus infections
-Common in rabbits in wire cages with an abnormal limb conformation Malalignment+ weight on wire + staph--> ulcerative pododermatitis |
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Why are rabbits predisposed to broken backs?
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Their back is only 6% skeleton and 56% muscle
-So much muscle they break their own back |
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Why does ketosis develop in rabbits?
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Caloric issue trying to support too many baby rabbits
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What are the 2 most common neoplasms in rabbits?
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1) Uterine adenocarcinoma
2) Lymphoma |
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What organ do ferrets lack? (3)
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No cecum/appendix, seminal vesicles or prostate gland
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True or false. Ferrets have an os penis.
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True
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What type of glands are unique to ferrets?
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Musk glands
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Why do ferrets have large, plump spleens?
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Extramedullary hematopoiesis is normal in the spleen
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What are 2 causative agents of GI upset in ferrets?
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Lawsonia intracellularis--> proliferative enteropathy
Helicobacter--> gastritis |
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What human virus can ferrets get?
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Human influenza viruses
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What are 3 viruses (other than human influenza) that ferrets can get?
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1) Canine distemper
2) Aleutian disease (parvovirus) 3) Mink viral enteritis |
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How does canine distemper usually manifest in ferrets?
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Dermatitis and respiratory disease
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What can the clinical signs of aleutian disease in ferrets be?
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Weakness and weight loss but sometimes ataxis, paretic
-Slowly progressive -Frequently asymptomatic |
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What do you see on necropsy of a ferret with Aleutian disease?
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Has to do with immune complexes being deposited in the glomerulus and wall of blood vessels--> nephritis & vasculitis
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**What are 3 endocrine diseases that are common in ferrets? What are the clinical signs of each?
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1) Insulinomas
-weakness and hind end difficulties 2) Hyperadrenocorticism -Often presents as alopecie 3) Hyperestrogenemia with prolonged heat |
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*What is the most common neoplasm in ferrets?
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Endocrine neoplasms
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What are 5 neoplasms ferrets can get?
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1) Lymphoma
2) Mastocytomas 3) Ovarian stromal tumors -Can be functional and change behavior 4) Chondroma, chondrosarcoma -Get cartilaginous nodules in tail 5) Endocrine neoplasms |
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What can the clinical signs of aleutian disease in ferrets be?
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Weakness and weight loss but sometimes ataxis, paretic
-Slowly progressive -Frequently asymptomatic |
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What do you see on necropsy of a ferret with Aleutian disease?
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Has to do with immune complexes being deposited in the glomerulus and wall of blood vessels--> nephritis & vasculitis
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**What are 3 endocrine diseases that are common in ferrets? What are the clinical signs of each?
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1) Insulinomas
-weakness and hind end difficulties 2) Hyperadrenocorticism -Often presents as alopecie 3) Hyperestrogenemia with prolonged heat |
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*What is the most common neoplasm in ferrets?
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Endocrine neoplasms
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What are 5 neoplasms ferrets can get?
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1) Lymphoma
2) Mastocytomas 3) Ovarian stromal tumors -Can be functional and change behavior 4) Chondroma, chondrosarcoma -Get cartilaginous nodules in tail 5) Endocrine neoplasms |
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What accessory sex gland is prominent in adult male guinea pigs?
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Seminal vesicles
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Guinea pigs often get abscesses caused by _____ localized in ____.
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Strep localized in lymph nodes
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What kind of pneumonia do guinea pigs get?
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Bordetella pneumonia
-Get when are stressed out and descends to lungs |
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What's the morphologic diagnosis of lesions caused by bordetella pneumonia in guine pigs?
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Hemorrhagic to fibrinohemorrhagic pneumonia
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How does vitamin C deficiency present (happens in guinea pigs)?
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Lameness, painful joints and limbs don't function right
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Why must you be careful using clincamycin (any antibiotics) in a guinea pig?
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Can cause iatrogenic diarrhea because cause imbalance and gram positive bacteria take over and get hemorrhagic colitis and enteritis
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What 2 ectoparasites do guinea pigs get?
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Lice and fur mites
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What are 3 reproductive problems that are common in guinea pigs?
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1) Pregnancy toxemia
-Trying to carry to many babies to term at once 2) Eclampsia -a serious condition related to high blood pressure caused by pregnancy 3) Cystic "ovaries" -Can be remnants of Mesonephric duct |
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What are the 2 most common neoplasms in guinea pigs?
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Skin tumors
Leukemia disease |
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How does vitamin C deficiency present (happens in guinea pigs)?
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Lameness, painful joints and limbs don't function right
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Why must you be careful using clincamycin (any antibiotics) in a guinea pig?
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Can cause iatrogenic diarrhea because cause imbalance and gram positive bacteria take over and get hemorrhagic colitis and enteritis
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What 2 ectoparasites do guinea pigs get?
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Lice and fur mites
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What are 3 reproductive problems that are common in guinea pigs?
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1) Pregnancy toxemia
-Trying to carry to many babies to term at once 2) Eclampsia -a serious condition related to high blood pressure caused by pregnancy 3) Cystic "ovaries" -Can be remnants of Mesonephric duct |
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What are the 2 most common neoplasms in guinea pigs?
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Skin tumors
Leukemia disease |
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Are male or female hamsters more aggressive?
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Female
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Why do laboratories like to use hamsters?
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Because the cheek pouches are "immune priveleged" meaning they lack immune system in their cheek pouches so you can inject into them w/o immune response
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What is different about a hamster stomach?
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Glandular and non-glandular portions
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What is different about the uterus of hamsters?
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Duplex uterus
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What re the 2 most common neoplastic diseases in hamsters?
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Lymphoma
Endocrine tumors |
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What is the most common cause of diarrhea in hamsters?
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lawsonia --> proliferative enteropathy--> "wet tail"
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When a bacteria such as E. coli, salmonella, Tyzzer's disease or clostridium develop in hamsters, what do you suspect was the cause?
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Antibiotic related
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Gerbils are prone to ______ and we believe there is a genetic component.
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*Epilepsy
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What is the most common disease diagnosed in gerbils upon necropsy?
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Tyzzer's disease
-Clostridium piliforme -Very difficult to diagnose antemortem |
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What is "sore nose" in gerbils associated with?
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Stress, mechanical abrasion and secondary bacterial infections
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What glands are unique to rats? What do they secrete
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Harderian glands in periocular region secrete porphyrin -rich tears
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What is the stomach of rats like?
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Glandular & non-glandular regions
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What kind of uterus do rats have?
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Duplex uterus
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What is the causative age of chronic respiratory disease in rats?
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Mycoplasma pulmonis
-Usually associated with CAR bacillus (cilia-associated respiratory bacillus) |
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What are the clinical signs of chronic respiratory disease in rats? (4)
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Rough hair coat, ocular and nasal discharge, snuffling, sneezing
-May also see otitis media and uterine infections |
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What is the treatment for chronic respiratory disease in rats?
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Control w/ antibiotics but complete recovery unlikely
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What virus is important in lab colonies of rats? What does it predispose rats to?
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Sialodacryoadenitis virus (coronavirus)
-May also predispose to infection w/ other respiratory pathogens |
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What causes ring tail?
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Humidity related-environmental insult
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What are 3 neoplasms that rats tend to get?
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1) Pituitary adenomas
-Usually present w/ neuro signs 2) Various leukemias 3) *Mammary fibroadenomas |
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How can you prevent mammary fibroadenomas in rats?
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Ovariohysterectomy at an early age
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Geriatric rats often die of ________ or _________.
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Progressive glomerulonephrosis
OR Myocardial degeneration |
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What is the most common neoplasm seen in mice?
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Mammary adenocarcinomas
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What are 5 zoonotic bacteria of concern with lab animals?
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-Salmonella spp., campylobacter spp are wide spread
-Streptobacillus moniliformia=rat- bite fever -Leptosporosis -Tularemia, plague, monkey pox |
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What 2 viruses are a zoonotic agent of concern w/ lab animals?
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1) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
2) Hantavirus |
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What tapeworm of lab animals is a zoonotic concern?
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Rodentolepsis nana
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Mice get many of the same problems as _____.
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Rats
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Do mice get ring tail?
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Yes
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What are 3 infections that mice get?
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1) Tyzzer's
2) Salmonellosis 3) Streptococcus pneumoniae causes otitis, upper respiratory problems |
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What 3 conditions do geriatric mice usually die from?
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Atrial thrombosis
Osteoarthrosis Renal disease/ amyloidosis |
