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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of enzymes?
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increase rate of reacton
do not change the nature of the reaction are not consumed by the reaction generally proteins |
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Catalyst
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agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction
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Active site
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location where the reaction takes place
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Substrate
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reactants that bind to the active site
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Enzyme-Substrate complex
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formed when enzyme and substrate bind
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Activation energy
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amount of energy required to get the reaction to start
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Ways to overcome activation energy?
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Add a lot of heat
Use enzymes to lower activation energy |
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Enzymatic activity is affected by what factors?
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Temp
pH Salt concentration |
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Salt concentration is close to zero?
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charged amino acids will attract one another, enzyme denatures, and forms and inactive precipitate
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Salt concentration is too high?
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normal interaction of charged groups is blocked and the enzyme will denature and form an inactive precipitate
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How do inorganic ions interact with active sites?
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disrupt hydrogen bonding and binding to the surrounding ionic residues
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Coenzymes
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transport hydrogen atoms and small molecules between enzymes
organic molecules derived from water-soluble vitamins |
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Cofactors
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help form the active site through conformational change
are metal ions |
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Immune barrier of digestive system?
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Simple columnar epithelium with tight junctions prevents swallowed pathogens from entering the body
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Where does carbohydrate digestion begin and by what?
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Begins in the mouth by salivary amylase
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Where does digestion of proteins begin?
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Begins in the stomach
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Goblet cells secrete?
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Secrete mucus to protect epithelium from autodigestion
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Chief cells secrete?
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Pepsinogen which is a zymogen (inactive form of the enzyme)
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What is pepsinogen activated by?
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HCl and pepsin (postive feedback mechanism)
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What do parietal cells secrete?
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HCl to activate pepsinogen to pepsin
Intrinsic factor which is a glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine |
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Where does lipid digestion begin?
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Begins in the small intestine and completely digested in the small intestine by pancreatic lipase
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Bile is produced in _______ and stored in the ______?
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liver, gallbladder
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What absorption occurs in the large intestine?
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water, electrolytes, vitamkin K, and some B vitamins
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what is produced in the large intestine via microbial organisms?
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Vitamin K
Vitamin B Folic acid |
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An enzyme’s 3D Ultrastructure allows it to bind its appropriate substrate with high affinity based on the elementary principle of ______?
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Complimentary shape
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The main site of nutrient absorption is the ____?
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small intestine
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