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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Auscultation |
The technique used to hear the sounds of the cardiac cycle with the aid of a stethoscope |
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Phonocardiogram |
If a microphone is used to record the heart sounds it produces a phonocardiogram |
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Major sounds emitted by a normally functioning heart |
S1 and s2 S3 and s4 are difficult to hear in a normal heart. |
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S1 |
First heart sound occurs at the onset of ventricular systolic. Due to closer of A-V valves. 2 components to s1 M1 - mitral and T1 - tricuspid |
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S2 |
Occurs when semilunar valve closes and marks end of ventricular systolic 2 components A2 - aortic and P2 - pulmonary |
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Murmers |
Abnormal sounds that may be heard during ventricular systolic or diastolic Systolic or diastolic |
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Systolic murmurs |
Can occur when the tricuspid or mitral valves do not close properly during systolic. Causes blood to regurgitate into corresponding atrium during ventricular systolic and during isovolumetric relaxation. |
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Diastolic murmurs |
Can occur when the aortic or pulmonary valves do not close properly. Allows blood to regurgitate into the ventricles during ventricular diastolic |
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Stroke volume |
Ml/beat End diastolic volume- end systolic volume |
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Pulse pressure |
mm mercury Systolic aortic pressure - diastolic aortic pressure |
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Mean blood pressure not tpr one |
Aka mean arterial pressure mm mercury Diastolic aortic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
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Cardiac output |
Heart rate x stroke volume |
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Total peripheral resistance |
Systemic vascular resistance = mean blood pressure/cardiac output |
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Mean blood pressure tpr one |
Total peripheral resistance x cardiac output
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Ejection fraction |
Stroke volume/end diastolic volume Low ejection fraction under .6 indicated that the heart is pumping inefficiently |
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4 factors that affect cardiac output |
Preload After load Heart rate Myocardial contractility |
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Preload |
Amount of blood returning to the heart. End diastolic volume |
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Starlings law of the heart |
Force of contraction and cardiac output increase with increasing preload until the cardiac muscles in myocardium are over stretched and starlings law fails Ensures heart pumps out same volume of blood that it receives from the veins |
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Afterload |
Resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricles For left ventricle 1. Pressure in aorta 2. Total peripheral resistance 3. Pathological changes that lead to narrowing of aorta or valve |
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Myocardial contractility |
Cardiac inotropic state - strength of contraction at a given fiber length Increased by Norepinephrine and epinephrine Increased extracellular calcium Digitalis which increases intracellular calcium |
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Sphygmomanometer |
Blood pressure measuring thing. Bag inflated to a pressure in excess. Deflated til a small sport of blood escapes through brachial artery when It reaches systolic pressure. Pressure measured by manometer Korotkoff sounds are those spurts. Disappear when if falls under diastolic pressure |
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4 factors that determine blood pressure |
Blood pressure refers to the mean systemic arterial pressure Cardiac output Total peripheral resistance Capacity of venous system Volume of fluid in circulatory system |
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Sinoatrial node |
Rhythmic Depolarization of sinoatrial node triggers contraction of myocardium. Spreads to ventricles via special myocardial cells that make up conduction of system of the heart. |
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Electrocardiogram |
Records the electrical activity if the heart. Can be recorded through any one of 12 leads. 3 standard limb leads - 2 wrists and left leg. 6 chest or preconditions leads attached on the chest wall 3 Augmented leads |
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Components of electrocardiogram |
1. P wave 2. Pause (p-r interval) 3. Qrs complex 4. T wave 5. S-T segment |
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P wave |
Depolarization of atria. Indicates sa node function. Onset precedes the onset of atrial contraction |
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P-R interval |
Indicative of time it takes for impulse to pass through the av node into the ventricles |
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Qrs complex |
Depolarization of the ventricles - the qrs depolarization indicated time which ventricles depolarization occurs. Precedes ventricular contraction |
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T wave |
Repolarization of ventricles at which time they are ready to be stimulated again |
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S-T segment |
Part of electrocardiogram between the s-wave of qrs complex and the t wave. It's elevation or depression with respect to baseline can be important in diagnosing a myocardial infraction |
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Myocardial infarction |
Death of a cardiac muscle tissue following loss of its blood supply |
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Thrombosis |
Blockage of an artery caused by a blood clot |
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Myocardial ischemia |
First consequence of thrombosis. If it is prolonged it leads to myocardial infarction. Which is a heart attack. |
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Changed in the electrocardiogram from a myocardial infarction |
1. St segment can be important diagnostically. And may be elevated 2. T wave may be inverted 3. Q wave may increase in size |
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Cardiac arrhythmias |
Also known as dysrhythmia Abnormal cardiac rate or rhythm Caused by lack of oxygen, drug effects, electrolyte imbalance and damage |
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Path of cardiac depolarization |
S-a > atria > av node > av bundle > bundle branches > purkinje fibers which is the ventricles |
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Sinus tachycardia |
Elevation of heart rate observed at rest. Causes by an increased rate of sa node depolarization and repolarization Rate greater than 100 beats per minute |
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Sinus bradycardia |
Slow heart rate at rest Caused by a decreased rate of depolarization and repolarization of sinus node. Less than 60 beats per minute. Can be normal in trained athletes. Or caused by increase in frequency of nerve impulses from Parasympathetic vagus nerve |
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Atrial flutter |
Can be caused by waves of depolarization circling around bands of atrial muscle fibers. Atria and may beat as fast as 250-300 beats per minute. Not all pass through the av mode. Can progress to atrial fibrillation |
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Av nodal arrhythmias |
Various parts of av node take over the pacemaker duties of sa node possible due to damage of sa node. Ventricle may beat at 40-60 beats per minute |
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Av block and bundle branch block |
Atrial rate is normal but there is a problem with conduction of wave of depolarization from atria to ventricles through one of bundle branches. Caused by damage. Bundle branches block is splitting of ventricles contraction |
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Premature ventricular contraction |
Contraction before it should in a normal series of ecgs. Wide and bizarre qrs complexes that doesn't not have a preceding p wave Caused by ectopic focus on one of the ventricles. |
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Ectopic focus |
Small region of myocardium that decides to depolarize all on its own. |
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Ventricular tachycardia |
If ectopic focus generates a depolarization stimulus during t wave can set up circular waves of depolarization around ventricles walls. Ventricles can beat at 250-350 contractions per minute. Poor pumping efficiency |
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Ventricular fibrillation |
Can result from ventricular tachycardia. Lethal. Rapid and chaotic electric record. Heart no longer pumps blood |
