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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two types of exams used to evaluate the eye?
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Light room exam and darkened room exam
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What are the aspects of a lighted room exam?
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evaluate external aspects of the eye
vision response and reflex testing culture and sensitivity testing schirmer tear test cytology |
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What are external aspects of the eye you need to evaluate?
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ocular discharge, size of globe, position of globe, periorbital swelling, drooping of eyelid
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What are the instruments you will need in a darkened room exam?
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transilluminator
direct opthalmoscope indirect hand lens hand-held slit lamp tonopen |
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What are the "outer" parts of the eye that you need to examine in a darkened room exam?
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eyelids
nictitans conjunctiva lacrimal apparatus cornea anterior chamber |
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What do you dilate the pupil with?
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1% tropicamide
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what are the "inner" parts of the eye you are going to examine in a darkened room exam?
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lens, vitrous, retina, optic disk
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What do you use for topical anesthesia in the eye? How do you apply it?
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proparacaine. spray 2-3 times at 5-10 sec intervals
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What is a normal tonometry reading?
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16-22 mmHg
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What are the regional nerve blocks for an eye exam?
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frontal nerve
palpebral nerve retrobulbar blocks |
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what is the frontal nerve provide to the eyelid?
the palpebral nerve? |
frontal nerve is sensory
palpebral nerve is motor |
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how do you block the frontal nerve? block the palpebral nerve?
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2 mL lidocaine into supraorbital foramen for frontal
3-4 mL lidocaine along lateral aspect of zygomatic arch for palpebral |
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how do you do a retrobulbar block?
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it's like four point block- 4-5 mL at 4 points (DVML). Single injections 8-12 mL immediately caudal to zygomatic process of frontal bone, passed to orbital foramen. Hahahah, yeah right. I'll take the hit with this one...
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What procedures of the eye require general anesthesia?
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corneal lacerations
keractectomies plasty procedures enucleation (may also be performed standing) |
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what is entropion?
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inversion of eyelid and eyelashes
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who do you usually see entropions in?
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debilitated foals
(also common in lambs and goats) |
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how do you treat entropions?
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SQ injection of PPG
horizontal or vertical mattress sutures michele (ma belle) clips (not cosmetic) removal of skin only if necessary |
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within what time frame is an eyelid laceration best repaired?
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< 6 hrs. If > 12 hrs, +/- prepare wound with abx ophthalmic ointment for 12-24 hrs
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what are some medical tx for eyelid laceration?
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NSAIDS
systemic abx topical abx Don't forget tetanus prophylaxis |
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where do you want to start when suturing an eyelid laceration?
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at the eye margin
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how many layers do you need to close in an eyelid laceration?
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close in 2 layers
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what type of pattern do you want to use when closing the conjuctiva of the eyelid? the skin?
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conjunctiva= simple continuous (absorbable, 4-0 or 5-0)
skin=interruptied (absorbable or non-absorbable, 3-0 or 4-0) |
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T or F
The equine eye is very reactive and fast to heal |
False.
The equine eye is very reactive and SLOW to heal |
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T or F
The ruminant eye is less reactive and heals faster. |
TRUE
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I'm putting this one in for you guys. I'm not going to worry about it...but...
What are the stages of corneal healing? |
epithelial migration (<1 hr)
cell mitosis (24 hrs) corneal edema, neutrophil invasion (24 hrs) neovascularization (3-6 days) fibroblast invasion (3-6 days) |
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What are the cx of a corneal ulcer?
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edema (bluish color to the eye)
vascularization hyphema epiphora ptosis |
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What are the diagnostic steps in corneal ulcers?
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fluoroscein stain
determine extent of problem corneal cytology culture if microbes on cytology |
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In medical tx of corneal ulcer, you must apply topical abx a minimum of ______. And +/- __________.
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QID.
antifungal (I put this in for Syd) |
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What are some topical medical tx things you can use for a corneal ulcer?
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topical abx
cycloplegic (atropine TID then SID) NSAID ointment Anticollagenase-serum (I put this in for Ashery) |
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what are some systemic NSAIDs you can use for corneal ulcers?
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bute and banamine
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what are some sx options for corneal ulcerations?
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conjunctival flap
tarsorrhaphy third eyelid flap enucleation or exenteration |
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with an enucleation you remove ______________.
with an exenteration you remove______________. |
enucleation you remove just the globe
exenteration you remove everything |
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In a corneal laceration, you should suture if the wound extends to ___________ ____________.
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decemet's membrane
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What is the most common OCULAR tumor of horses?
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SCC
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what is the most common PERI-ocular and skin tumor of horses?
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sarcoid
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What are your Ddx for ocular SCC?
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habronemiasis, oncocerca
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what breeds are predisposed to SCC?
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appaloosas, paints, belgians, clydesdales
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If you see a pink, slightly raised swelling on cornea or conjunctiva with conjuctivitis, mild keratitis and epiphora, what should be on your differentials?
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SCC
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Dx of SCC?
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biopsy or cytology
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What are tx options of SCC?
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surgical excision
beta irradiation radiofrequency hyperthermia cisplatin injections (periocular only) cryotherapy |
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T or F
Equine sarcoids are caused by bovine herpes virus. |
False.
It's the PAP!! (Gross cows...) |
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Sarcoids can be found in _______ wound sites.
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old
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is there an immune issue correlated with sarcoids?
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Yes. MHC haplotype
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Which ones of the following are types of sarcoids:
verrucous flat fibroelastic raised |
verrucous and flat
(the others are Fibroblastic and mixed) |
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which type of sarcoid is:
wart-like tend to be larger occult most common |
wart-like= verrucous
tend to be larger=fibroblastic occult=flat most common=verrucous |
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how do you diagnose sarcoids? what would you see?
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biopsy and you would see picket fence pattern of immature fibroblasts
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what are your tx options for sarcoids?
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excision (debulking
cryotherapy cisplatin injections radiotherapy immunotherapy |
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with sarcoids, what is the success rate of:
excision? cryotherapy? cisplatin? radiotherapy? immunotherapy? |
excision=50%
cryotherapy= 70-90% cisplatin injections=87% radiotherapy=80-90% immunotherapy=60% |
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What is the most common ocular neoplasia in CATTLE?
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SCC
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what are the tx options for early stages of SCC in cattle? Extensive lesions?
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early= surgical removal, hyperthermia, cryotherapy
extensive= exteneration/extirpation of eye and adnexal structures |
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what cattle breed is predisposed to SCC?
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Hereford (white faced breeds)
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Where are common places to see SCC in cattle?
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corneal-scleral junction
lids conjunctiva 3rd eyelid sclera cornea |
