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101 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
description: thrush
- a degenerative condition of the frog characterized by a black necrotic odoriferous material
- infrequent cause of lameness
CS thrush
- black odoriferous discharge
- frog may be undermined
- P on the frog causes animal to show pain, do palmar digital nerve block
management of thrush
- trim all abnormal frog and clean foot
- keep animal in clean and dry surroundings
- pick out feet daily
- coppertox is a commonly used medication
- daily wet dressing and bandage

- 10% formalin application if sensitive tissue not involved
description: corns
bruising of the sole at the angle of the wall and the bar (usually front foot)
management of corns
- remove offending shoe
- trim sole so no contact with shoe
- drainage if suppurative
- rest
- shoeing following trimming of involved sole to minimise P on sensitive tissue (wide web shoe or bar shoe)
description: bruised soles
bruising of the sole at any area except at the angle of the wall and bar
management of bruised soles
- rest and NSAIDs
- shoeing to reduce P and trauma to the sole (wide web shoe or pads)
most common cause of lameness
subsolar abscess: must be always ruled out whenever an animal is lame
etiology of subsolar abscess
puncture wounds (sharp objects)
management of subsolar abscess
- MOST IMPORTANT = ventral drainage until corium of sole is healthy
- tetanus prophylaxis
tetanus prophylaxis guidelines
- no history of administration: toxoid + antitoxin
- previous H: only toxoid
side-effects of tetanus prophylaxis
hepatitis secondary to tetanus antitoxin in horses >2 years
etiology of contracted heels
usually the result of animal not bearing adequate weight on the heels
- result of pain
- result of being shod with an overly long foot (gaited horses)
- secondary to non weight-bearing lameness or 2ndary to cast application
management of contracted heels
- proper trimming to reduce length of heel and balance foot
- shoe so that the shoe is slightly wide at the quarters and heels and the heel of the shoe extends to the rear of the foot
- apply slipper shoes (shoe is thicker on the axial sides so that when weight is borne the hoof wall moves slightly abaxial)
- severe cases: thin the quarters and grooves
components of the navicular apparatus
- navicular bone
- collateral ligaments of the navicular bone
- distal sesamoidean ligament (impar ligament)
- navicular bursa
- DDF tendon
- distal annular ligament
description: navicular disease
- complex syndrome involving the navicular apparatus
- most common in 4-9 yr olds
- most common in quarterhorses
- most common in geldings
CS navicular diz
- most always front foot lameness
- bilateral with one foot more severely involved
- short choppy gait "rough riding"
- sore shoulders (brachiocephalicus)
- stumbling
- pointing of the foot
DX navicular dz
- PE: increased reaction to hoof testers on frog and brachiocephalicus, increased lameness on turns
- local anesthetics to define area of involvement: palmar digital nerve block and distal interphalangeal jt
- radiographs help: lollipop and periosteal proliferation
medical therapy of navicular dz
- NSAIDs (phenylbutazone)
- Boswella (herbal anti-inflammatory)
- isoxsuprine hydrochloride (increases blood flow)
- sodium hyaluronate
- intra-articular/intrabursal corticosteroids therapy (into DIP jt)
- decreased nerve conduction: ethyl alcohol, sarapin, cobra venom, coumerol, pentoxyfylline and propentofylline, Adequan, tiludronate
surgical therapy of navicular dz
- palmar digital neurectomy
- desmotomy of the suspensory (collateral) ligaments of the navicular bone
- perivascular sympathectomy and fasciolysis
prognosis navicular dz
- cannot be cured - management just allows animal to perform with condition
- animals can be used for several years following initial diagnosis
- therapy progresses through following steps:
*NSAIDs
*intra-articular or intra-bursal medications
*desmotomy of suspensory ligaments (rare)
*palmar digital neurectomy
management of navicular bone Fx
conservative: elevated bar shoe or fiberglass cast

surgical: insertion of a lag screw
prognosis navicular bone fx
with conservative management: guarded for pleasure horse riding

with surgical management: guarded for athletic competition
CS hoof cracks
- with superficial cracks there is just a slight crack in the hoof wall with no indication of pain
- perforating cracks routinely cause a lameness
description: keratoma
- tumorous mass that develops in the dorsal aspect of the hoof wall
- consists of poor quality horn
CS keratoma
- bulging of the hoof wall beginning at the coronary band
- usually not painful initially, becoming painful as the mass grows and puts P on lamina
- sometimes associated with chronic laminitis
- occasionally associated with the development of conical plugs of abnormal horn extending from the sole surface
management of keratoma
- removal of hoof wall over keratoma and complete debridement of abnormal tissue
- anesthetise patient or foot
- apply Eschmarch bandage
- use cast cutter to make vertical cuts into hoof wall on either side of involved area
- grasp distal surface of the hoof wall with hoof nippers and apply P to elevate the strip of hoof wall and completely remove it
- thoroughly debride depths to remove all traces of abnormal tissue
- bandage tightly to control hemorrhage
- remove eschmarch bandage
- apply bar shoe with clips to stabilise hoof wall
- maintain wound under bandage until healthy
- reset shoe every 6 weeks until hoof grows down to bearing surface (9mo)
description: infection of the navicular bursa
condition in which there has been a wound that involved the navicular bursa
CS infection of navicular bursa
often associated with subsolar abscess: check bursa if animal with subsolar abscess that has drained is still significantly lame
Dx infection of navicular bursa
- evidence of a puncture wound through or in close proximity to the frog
- persistent and severe lameness following the drainage of a subsolar abscess in the area of the frog
management of infections of the navicular bursa
- drainage via classic dissection and flushing, arthroscopy or regional limb perfusion
does the navicular bursa have a large amount of exudate?
no, bursa is quite small
6 types of fractures of the 3rd phalanx
- abaxial fx without jt involvement
- abaxial fx with jt involvement
- axial fx with jt involvement
- fractures of the extensor process
- multifragment fx with jt involvement
- solar margin fx
management of 3rd phalanx fractures
- Type I: palmar digital neurectomy
- Type I and II: stabilization with fiberglass cast
- Type III <3 yrs: bar shoe, clips and stall rest
- Type III >3 yrs: compression screw
- Type IV: fragment removal
- Type VI: stall rest
synonyms for periostitis of extensor process of P3
- Low Ring Bone
- Buttress Foot
- Pyramidal Dz
description: side bones
ossification of the lateral cartilages
CS side bones
- usually incidental finding on rads and no lameness
- occasionally lame during process of ossification
- occasionally ossified lateral cartilage fractures
Dx side bones
- lameness
- pain
- rads show ossification
- scintigraphy showing uptake of radiopharmaceutical plus pain and radiographic evidence of ossification is DEFINITIVE
management side bones
- ossification cannot be stopped
- examine feet for balance and correct imbalance
- trim toe so that breakover pt is moved caudally
- remove small fractures
- rest large fractures
Px side bones
animal usually sound or at least less lame when ossification is complete: just wait for it to stop (tends to continue)
description: quittor
infection and then necrosis of the lateral cartilage
management of quittor
infected cartilage will not heal because of minimal blood supply so must be completely removed while preserving the coronary band. Can infuse methylene blue into draining tracts to identify diseased cartilage.
etiology: equine corns
usually improper shoeing or leaving shoes on for too long a time
etiology: bruised soles
trauma caused by rough terrain, sharp rocks or excessive use
Dx bruised soles
sound with foot blocks
CS pedal osteitis
usually front foot pbm (more weight)
usually bilateral if result of excess work
short choppy gait
Dx pedal osteitis
- increased rxn to hoof testers
- evidence of chronic bruising as discoloured areas on sole
- lameness improves with palmar digital nerve block
- sound with foot block
- lack of density of P3 and roughening of P3 distal border on radiographs

(increase in kV setting will mimic pedal osteitis)
management pedal osteitis
manage primary problem and protect the foot (upto a year)
- wide web shoe
- axial border trimmed
- pads

rest from forced exercise (not in stall)
CS subsolar abscess
wounds close to the white line drain at the coronary band = "gravel"
wounds of frog or close to frog drain at heel
Dx subsolar abscess
- hoof testers
- rxn to tapping
- increased pulse in digital arteries
- remove the shoe and pare the sole surface
- wet bandage for several days
- if still no abscess after wet bandage rads for P3 fx
management sheared heels - wry heels
- no lameness: shoe the horse
- lameness: trim hooves to balance foot, bar shoe and trim elevated hoof
types of navicular bone fx
- avulsion
- frontal
- comminuted
- simple body
etiology hoof cracks
- poor horn quality
- thin hoof walls
- abnormal hoof angles
- long hooves (gaited)
description: periostitis extensor process of P3
periosteal proliferation secondary to fractures of the extensor process or hard work on hard surfaces
description: pedal osteitis
inflammatory condition involving P3 that has resulted in loss of bone density
etiology: thrush
- no specific organism involved
- filthy conditions
- failure to clean foot regularly
- lack of frog pressure interfering with natural cleaning
prevention: thrush
- proper foot care: daily picking out of feet of stalled horses
- frequent cleaning of stalls
classification of corns
- dry: reddened area of sole
- moist: serum under the sole
- suppurating: secondary infection as a result of bruising
CS corns
lameness with a tendency to protect the heel
Dx corns
bruising at the angle of the wall and the bar
- trimmed foot will have a reddened area there
- rxn to hoof testers when applied there
- significant decrease in lameness following a palmar digital nerve block
prognosis bruised soles
- good with proper treatment and rest (sometimes up to a year)
- excessive trauma for long periods will result in pedal osteitis
prevention bruised soles and pedal osteitis
- proper foot care and foot protection for animals that are prone to develop the problem: animals worked on rough terrain & animals used in endurance competition that are ridden a large number of miles
etiology pedal osteitis
chronic inflammatory process involving P3
- severe sole bruising (repeated concussion from work on hard surfaces)
- lamitis
- chronic subsolar abscess
description: sheared heels - wry heels
marked difference in the length of the hoof wall at the heels resulting in variation of the pressure applied to each side of the foot
etiology: sheared/wry heels
improper foot wear and/or trimming
Dx sheared/wry heels
- visual appearance
- only of significance if there is a lameness
- hoof tester application
prevention sheared/wry heels
proper shoeing to allow equal weight bearing on the entire surface of the foot
description/CS contracted heels
heels are closer than they should be
prevention contracted heels
- proper trimming and weight bearing
- in horses that need to have a long foot (gaited horse) one can use a Chadwick spring inserted in the sulcus of the frog under a pad which provides continual pressure in an abaxial direction
etiology: navicular disease
- number of causative factors and pathological mechanisms
- abnormal mechanical forces: hard work, small feet in proportion to body size, upright pasterns and shoulders
- circulatory disturbances minimal significance
general management: navicular disease
- animals can only maintain pasture soundness with this diz (no treatment if not athletic)
- evaluate foot for balance and conformation and shoe (egg bar shoes)
- reduce exercise to lessen stress on navicular area
chars fractures of navicular bone
- rare
- occur more commonly in the forelimbs
etiology: fx of navicular bone
- most are traumatic
- result of excessive and repetitive loading
- sometimes associated with chronic navicular diz
Dx fx of navicular bone
- marked increase in pain and lameness on turning
- marked rxn to normal physical diagnostic tests for navicular diz
- nerve blocks
- radiographs are definitive: careful of artifacts and 2 ossification centers
description: hoof cracks
- fissures that usually run parallel to the laminae
- described according to their location and direction: toe, quarter, heel and transverse
- some are just surface cracks without lameness
management superficial hoof cracks
- shoeing and trimming must be evaluated to be sure that feet are properly managed
- superficial cracks treated with either cutting a horizontal groove extending to the white line proximal to the crack, drilling a hole to the white line at the proximal extension of the crack or cross-nailing (nails parallel to bearing surface across crack)
management perforation hoof cracks
- hoof wall adjacent to crack is carefully cleaned out with burr and dremel
- crack is stabilised by lacing wire/fiberglass, hoof acrylic (+/- drain), metal/leather patch to each side of crack, bar shoe and trimming the hood caudally
prognosis hoof cracks
- perforating cracks associated with a defect in the coronary band sometimes persist for the life of the horse
- generally good but require considerable effort to manage
etiology: keratoma
thought to start as an inflammatory reaction possibly due to trauma at the coronary band
diagnosis keratoma
- abnormal swelling of the hoof wall
- sometimes abnormal formation of white line
- radiographs sometimes show lytic area involving P3
etiology infection of the navicular bursa
puncture wounds through or close to the frog
prognosis infection of the navicular bursa
fairly good prognosis if surgery performed early and using arthroscopic technique and flushing
etiology fracture of the third phalanx
- acute trauma such as a kick against a hard non moveable structure
- excessively hard or fast work
CS fx of third phalanx
- front foot most commonly involved
- acute severe lameness
- odds are usually for abscess but keep fracture in mind
prognosis of fractures of the third phalanx
- good with proper management in animals <3 yrs (except for type V: multifragment with joint involvement)
- guarded in older animals for return to competition
description: fracture of extensor process of P3
type IV fracture (involving the extensor process) of P3
etiology: fx of extensor process of P3
possibilities:
- hyperextension
- avulsion as a result of stress by the extensor tendon
- separate center of ossification
CS fx of extensor process of P3
- some animals have no CS: incidental findings on rads
- more commonly animal is lame
Dx fx of extensor process of P3
- distal lameness localised with the aid of local anesthesia
- confirmation by radiographs
management fx of extensor process of P3
- small fragments removed with arthroscope
- large chips/fragments can be rested or stabilised with a screw (difficult)
etiology: periostitis of extensor process of P3
- trauma resulting in fx of the extensor process
- inflammation of the attachments of the jt capsule to the extensor process and/or the 2nd phalanx and secondary periostitis
CS periostitis of extensor process of P3
- chronic lameness problem
- boney proliferation that sometimes is extensive which causes bulging of the anterior hoof wall (buttress appearance)
Dx periostitis of extensor process of P3
- chronic lameness
- lameness decreased with foot block
- radiographs show bony proliferation
management of periostitis of extensor process of P3
no effective treatment
prognosis periostitis of extensor process of P3
- poor for return to athletic performance
- animal should be pasture sound with no therapy
prevention periostitis of extensor process of P3
- early removal of any chip fractures of the extensor process
- refrain from hard work on hard surfaces if possible
etiology: side bones
- usually thought to be associated with hard work in heavy horses and part of the natural aging process
- sometimes present in young animals
- more common in mares than stallions/geldings
- lateral lateral cartilage more commonly affected than medial lateral cartilage
etiology: quittor
- most commonly a result of a wound involving the lateral cartilage
- possible but unlikely complication of a subsolar abscess
CS quittor
chronic draining tract associated with an infection of the lateral cartilage
Dx quittor
- quite obvious involvement of the lateral cartilage
- enlargement of the areas with draining tract or tracts from the infected cartilage
etiology: quittor
- most commonly a result of a wound involving the lateral cartilage
- possible but unlikely complication of a subsolar abscess