La Med Iii Nm Dz, Rabies, Seizures, Etc

Front 1

A horse presents w/ dysphagia, muscle weakness and milk gait changes. You pull the tongue out and they can't get it back in. What gives?

Back 1

botulism

Front 2

What is the MOA of C. botulinum?

Back 2

blocks acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junctions in peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals and post ganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings

Front 3

T/F: you will see CNS and peripheral sensory nerve deficits w/ botulism

Back 3

false: normal mentation

Front 4

What type of environment does clostridium like?

Back 4

anaerobic
alkaline (or neutral)

Front 5

What is commonly the source of botulism for horses? cattle?

Back 5

horse= dead carcass (rodent ground in feed)
cows= decaying vegetable matter

Front 6

What at the two modes of intoxication for botulism? which happens in foals? adults?

Back 6

ingestion of preformed toxin (adults)
toxicoinfectious (ingestion of spores)

Front 7

How can you dx botulism?

Back 7

ID toxin in serum, GI contents, feed
grain test
EMG (not for general practice)
Hx and Cx!

Front 8

Tx for botulism?

Back 8

suppotive (fluids, nutrition, general nursing care, ventilatory support)
ABX
Antitoxin

Front 9

What Abx could be used for botulism? What shouldn't be used?

Back 9

good= metronidzole or cephalosporin
bad= aminoglycosides (cause NM weakness)

Front 10

T/F: The botulism antitoxin should be given as early as possible and is effective once the toxin has entered the synaptic terminal

Back 10

false: ineffective once in the synaptic terminal

Front 11

How can you prevent botulism?

Back 11

Vx (Type B mostly)
Vx mare just prior to foaling
Vs foal at 3-4 months

Front 12

A foal presents with dysphagia, muscle fasiculations and milk coming from it's nose. What gives?

Back 12

shaker foal syndrome (botulism)

Front 13

Px for tetany for horses is better when:

Back 13

vx prior to injury
respond to phenothiazines
did not become recumbent in 24-48 hrs

Front 14

What are the 3 exotoxin associated with tetanus? which is most important

Back 14

tetanolysin
non spasmogenic peripheral nerve paralysis
tetanospamin (most imp)

Front 15

Which of the 3 exotoxins increases tissues necrosis?

Back 15

tetanolysin

Front 16

Tetanospasmin ascend via the _____. What does it block the release of? How long is it bound?

Back 16

Via neurons
blocks GABA and Glycine
bound 3wks

Front 17

What are some of the classic clinical signs associated with tetanus

Back 17

sawhorse stance
protrusion of the 3rd eyelid (fleck of haw)
phonation changes
facial grimice/sardonic grin
exaggerated response to stimuli
unable to masticate "lock jaw"
(others: mild stiffness colic, dyspnea, convulsion, recumbency etc)

Front 18

T/F: if a horse presents with cx for tetanus the tetanus toxoid is the way to go

Back 18

false: TAT otherwise for almost everything else say toxoid

Front 19

Tx of tetanus?

Back 19

Abx: penicillin
supportive
TAT
Wound treatment
keep in dark, quiet stall
muscle relaxation

Front 20

What drugs can you use for muscle relaxation in tetanus?

Back 20

acepromazine
detomidine
xylazine
diazepam
GG
Chloral hydrate

Front 21

What are the complications associated with tetanus?

Back 21

rhadomyolysis
aspiration pneumonia
serum sickness (theiler's dz)

Front 22

How can you prevent tetanus?

Back 22

Vx!!!
Wound care (oxygen is your friend, clean drain flush, lavage)
TAT

Front 23

T/F: hypocalcemic tetany in horses is associated with lactating mares most commonly

Back 23

false: see a lot with prolonged exercise/transport

(also diarrhea, peak laceration)

Front 24

What are the 2 main clinical presentations of hypocalcemic tetany?

Back 24

1) low Ca and Mg: Ca 5-8 mg/dL, tetanic spasms
2) Low Ca and often normal Mg: Ca< 5 mg/dL: flaccid paralysis

Front 25

Dx and Tx for hypocalcemic tetany?

Back 25

Dx: measure Ca (alkaline lowers ionized Ca)
Tx: correct Ca levels, appropriate diet Ca:P04 = 1.3-2:1

Front 26

An owner brings a horse in and tells you she has been head shaking, she doesn't seem to be taking the bit she always does and her chewing looks strange. What gives?

Back 26

temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (TOA)

Front 27

What are the 2 clinical syndromes associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (TOA)?

Back 27

1) abnormal behavior
2) acute/subacute facial and vestibular nerve deficits

Front 28

What is the most likely pathogenesis for TOA?

Back 28

DJD of the stylohyoid/petous temporal bone joint --> fracture and bony proliferation

Front 29

T/F: TOA is seen more commonly in young animals

Back 29

False: OLD

Front 30

Which CN is more commonly affected with TOA?

Back 30

facial 88%
vestibulocochlear 70%

Front 31

Which of the following are associated with the CN deficits of TOA?
a) corneal ulceration/KCS
b) loss of sympathetic innervation
c) weakness
d) ataxia
e) ear droop/muzzle deviation

Back 31

a) corneal ulceration/KCS
b) loss of PARAsympathetic innervation
c) NO NORMAL STRENGTH weakness
d) ataxia
e) ear droop/muzzle deviation

Front 32

How can you dx TOA?

Back 32

PE and Neuro Exam
Romberg response
painful at bast of ear
Ophtho Exam
Schirmer tear test
skull rads (VD)
endoscropy
CT
nuclear scintigraphy

Front 33

What is the current recommended tx for TOA?

Back 33

ceratohyoidectomy (full recovery in 6 mo - 1 year)

Front 34

A horse presents with fasiculations of facial and neck muscles, flaccid paralysis in multiple limbs and is showing pelvic limb ataxia. What gives/

Back 34

West Nile Virus (flavivirus)

Front 35

What are the ddx for west nile?

Back 35

alphavirus (EEE, WEE, VEE)
rabies
EPM
EHV-1
Bacterial meningitis
CVM
EDM

Front 36

What is the best way to dx WNV?

Back 36

IgM capture ELISA (MAC ELISA)

Front 37

Tx for WNV?

Back 37

NSAIDs (do it)
Dexamethasone (schilff says no)
Hyperimmune serum
interferon
(mannitol, detomidine, acepromazine)

Front 38

WNV prevention?

Back 38

Vx
Vector control!!!!
Keep horses in at night
Put fans on em

Front 39

WNV cx are mostly _____ while the alpha viruses are _____

Back 39

WNV cx are mostly SPINAL CORD while the alpha viruses are CEREBRAL CORTEX (CENTRAL)

Front 40

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... incubation 1-8 days

Back 40

EEE

Front 41

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... horse is an amplifying host

Back 41

VEE

Front 42

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... birds are the reservoir

Back 42

EEE, WEE

Front 43

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... mortality 90%

Back 43

EEE

Front 44

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE......rodent is the reservoir

Back 44

VEE

Front 45

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... mortality 40-80%

Back 45

VEE

Front 46

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... death w/i 4 days of Cx

Back 46

EEE

Front 47

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... prairie dog, black tailed jack rabbit

Back 47

WEE

Front 48

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... mortality 20-50%

Back 48

WEE

Front 49

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... in utero transmission results in abortion, still birth

Back 49

VEE

Front 50

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... dx with IgM capture ELISA

Back 50

all of em

Front 51

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... can do a paired sera rising titer

Back 51

VEE

Front 52

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... can do virus isolation from CSF in acute cases

Back 52

WEE

Front 53

Pick EEE, WEE or VEE...... can be Vx for

Back 53

all of em (don't usually do VEE here in 'merica)

Front 54

What is pretty much the main goal (other than vx) when trying to prevent EEE, WEE, VEE

Back 54

avoid stagnant water so mosquitos can lay babies

Front 55

T/F: cerebellar abiotrophy results in a smaller cerebellum

Back 55

nope: no gross changes

Front 56

What breeds are associated with cerebellar abiotrophy

Back 56

arabians, gotland ponies, oldenburg light breeds

Front 57

What is considered 'pathognomonic" for cerebellar abiotrophy

Back 57

lack of menace
ataxia
intention tremors

Front 58

On his to what are you going to see with cerebellar abiotrophy?

Back 58

marked reduction and degeneration of perkinje cells in the cortical cerebellum

Front 59

A horse presents with weakness trembling, constant weight shifting and is reluctant to pick up it's head. You go to take a temp and notice the tail is slightly elevated. The owner reports normal appetite. what gives

Back 59

equine motor neuron dz