La Med Iii Ca, Mg, Ketosis, Malnutrition

Front 1

What is required for almost all metabolic pathways?

Back 1

Mg

Front 2

T/F: Ca and Mg are both under endocrine control

Back 2

false: only Ca

Front 3

1% of the magnesium is in the _______

Back 3

extracellular fluid

Front 4

HypoMg causes what 2 ventricular arrythmias in which species?

Back 4

VPC
V-tach
Horses

Front 5

T/F: hypoMg in cattle usually affects more than one animal

Back 5

true

Front 6

Grass tetany is almost always a dz of _____ cattle seen around the time of _____ around ______ time

Back 6

Grass tetany is almost always a dz of GRAZING cattle seen around the time of CALVING around SPRING time

Front 7

HypoMg is noted in animals <______

Back 7

60 days in milk

Front 8

How do you dz hypoMg?

Back 8

Cx/hx
measure blood sample

Front 9

What are the differentials for downer cow syndrome?

Back 9

HypoMg
HypoK
HypoP
HypoCa
Pelvic fractures
Toxic mastitis

Front 10

Tx of HypoMg

Back 10

Ca gluconate w/ 5% Mg hypophosphate
CMPK
MGSO4 IV
MGSO4 enema
Oral epson salts

Front 11

T/F: MgSO4 should be given slowly or else you will stop the heart

Back 11

true

Front 12

Acid pH --> ____ Ca while alkaline pH--> ____ca

Back 12

Acid pH --> increased Ca while alkaline pH--> decreased Ca

Front 13

Where does a Ca absorption occur?

Back 13

proximal half of the small intestine (controlled by PTH and Vit D)

Front 14

What decreases Ca absorption?

Back 14

high phosphate
oxalate
glucocorticoids

Front 15

What affect to glucocorticoids have on Ca

Back 15

decrease GI absorption
decrease bone resorption
decrease available Ca

Front 16

How is Ca eliminated from the body?

Back 16

renal
milk
fetus
sweat
feces

Front 17

T/F: PTH-rp doesn't typically cause problems because it of negative feedback

Back 17

false! no negative feedback

Front 18

What are the causes of hypocalcemia (mostly equine causes)

Back 18

hypoparathyroidism
idiopathic
sepsis
endurance athletes (sweat, exertional rhabdomylysis)
oxalate toxicity
furosemide
tetracycline
bicarb
cantharadiasis

Front 19

What are 5 cx associated with hypoCa in horses?

Back 19

synchronous diaphragmatic flutter
ileus
Colic
hypcalecemic tetany/seizures
retained placenta

Front 20

T/F: cows are more likely to have tetanic/seizure during hypoCa while horses are more likely to become recumbent

Back 20

False: HORSES are more likely to have tetanic/seizure during hypoCa while COWS are more likely to become recumbent

Front 21

What should be given concurrently with ca for tx of hypoCa?

Back 21

MgSO4 as a cardioprotectant

Front 22

What are 4 causes of hypercalcemia in horses? Which is most common

Back 22

primary hyperparathyroidism
Hypervitaminosis D
hypercalcemia of malignancy
renal failure (most common)

Front 23

Milk fever is associated with what things in bovine?

Back 23

metabolic alkalosis
hypoMg
excessive dietary phosphorus
estrogens at freshening

Front 24

Describe stage 1 hypoCa in cattle

Back 24

< 1hr
excitable, nervous, hypersensitive
shift weight/feet shuffle
tachycardic, hyperthermic
Tx: oral CaCl or Ca gluconate

Front 25

Describe stage 2 hypoCa in cattle

Back 25

1-12 hrs
sternal recumbency-flaccid paralysis
fine muscle tremors
"S" neck
tachycardic
cold ears
Tx: pull blood, Ca gluconate IV

Front 26

Describe stage 3 hypoCa in cattle

Back 26

lateral recumbency
progress loss of consciousness-->coma

Front 27

What are 4 ways to prevent hypoCa?

Back 27

low dietary Ca during the dry period
DCAD diet (makes it more acidic)
Prophylactic Ca (when parturition is close, small farms)
Vit D supplementation

Front 28

What spp use more Ca for fetus development

Back 28

sm. ruminants

Front 29

Name the VFA's

Back 29

acetate
butyrate
propionate

Front 30

Name the ketones. Which goes up first, which is tested for and which can you smell

Back 30

acetoacetate (tested for)
acetone (smells)
BHBA (up 1st)

Front 31

Ketosis is all about......

Back 31

a negative energy balance (delayed dry matter intake and high milk production)

Front 32

What do cows lack that is important for getting VLDL our of the liver?

Back 32

apolipoprotein B

Front 33

Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
Time of occurrence

Back 33

Type 1 > 10 DIM
Type 2 < 10 DIM (1-10 days)

Front 34

Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
urine ketones

Back 34

Type 1: severe (very high)
Type 2: moderately elevated

Front 35

Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
Blood glucose

Back 35

Type 1: low
Type 2: normal to low

Front 36

Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
Blood NEFA

Back 36

Type 1 and 2 High

Front 37

Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
Liver fxn tests

Back 37

Type 1: normal
Type 2: High SDH, GGT and bilirubin

Front 38

T/F: GGT is more labile than SDH

Back 38

false: SDH very labile (run sample w/i 30 mins)

Front 39

T/F: biopsy is the best way to differentiate type 1 and 2 ketosis

Back 39

false: all it shows is there is fat in the liver

Front 40

T/F: Type 1 ketosis is due to overconditioned cows

Back 40

false: that describes Type 2
(Type 1 is reduced DMI, high lactation)

Front 41

What are the ddx for a neuro cow?

Back 41

Listeria
Histophilus
lead
Thiamine deficiency
rabies
Ketosis
Vit A deficiency (blindness)

Front 42

How do you test for ketosis? What fluid is has the highest concentrate of ketones?

Back 42

Check the ketones in [urine]>[blood]>[mik]
urine strip for acetoacetate
prussic acid (acetoacetate in milk)

Front 43

What is the tx for a mild ketosis?

Back 43

Propalene glycol (will go straight to kreb cycle)
Make drench w/ Ca Proprionate
Pump cows

Front 44

What is a complication of pumping cows?

Back 44

aspiration pneumonia

Front 45

How do you tx moderate/severe ketosis?

Back 45

Glucose (dextrose)
Vit B complex
Insulin
Dexamethasone (or mineral corticoid Pred F)

Front 46

How do you tx refractory ketosis

Back 46

longer term therapy needed not just a bolus
CRI dextrose
transfaunate

Front 47

What are the side effects of glucose tx?

Back 47

glucose--> increased insulin--> decreased GI motility
renal threshold for glucose is 200 mg/dL and if this is crossed will lead to dehydration

Front 48

How can you precent ketosis?

Back 48

monensin
conditioning (proper BCS)
transition diet
Transition pen management (no overcrowding, usable stalls, monitor fresh cows)

Front 49

Malnutrition is a deficiency of both ____ and ____

Back 49

protein and energy (carbs)

Front 50

Which nutrient is most commonly restricted?

Back 50

energy

Front 51

What is a primary cause of PEM

Back 51

inadequate feed provision for animal in a specific environment

Front 52

What are some secondary causes of PEM

Back 52

parasites
severe lameness (can't get to feed)
dental problems
FMD
M/S problems
Johne's
LSA
Peritonitis
(really anything that will disrupt passage of food. etc)

Front 53

Who is most commonly affected by PEM?

Back 53

beef cattle

Front 54

PEM is common in ____ calving herds when cows are ____ in gestation during the time of year when _____ is scarce

Back 54

PEM is common in SPRING calving herds when cows are LATE in gestation during the time of year when FORAGE is scarce

Front 55

Once recumbent from PEM death usually occurs w/i how many days?

Back 55

7-14

Front 56

T/F: PEM is rare on dairies since that are managed and fed for high production

Back 56

true

Front 57

When is PEM occasionally seen?

Back 57

late term heifers during winter months

Front 58

What may lead to PEM in suckling calves?

Back 58

poor milk replacers
(want 20% fat and protein)

Front 59

What spp is PEM really common in?

Back 59

sheep b/c low economic value

Front 60

In range sheep what is a common secondary cause of PEM?

Back 60

dental attrition

Front 61

What are 6 Cx associated with PEM?

Back 61

Loss of muscle mass (dec insulin, Inc coritsol)
poor rumen motility
diarrhea from flora and digestive enz
repro deficits
slowing/stopping daily gain
immunosuppression

Front 62

Which of these are physiologic causes of increased nutrient demands?
a) weather
b) parasites
c) sepsis
d) prego/lactation
e) burn/trauma
f) exercise

Back 62

a) weather
d) prego/lactation
f) exercise
e) burn/trauma

The following are pathologic:
b) parasites
c) sepsis

Front 63

T/F: when you go a farm you should take the police and a camera

Back 63

yup

Front 64

What should you do to all animals when questioning PEM?

Back 64

BCS (need to touch heavily wooled animals)

Front 65

What samples should be submitted for PEM

Back 65

feed samples
fecal samples
necropsy (bone marrow, heart, rumen fill)
CBC (dec gluthionine peroxidase + lymphopenia and neutrophilia)
Chem (hypoproteinemia, prerenal/renal azotemia, CK/AST elevated)

Front 66

PEM Tx?

Back 66

Fluids IV + glucose and amino acids
High quality legume (avoid concentrates)
Ruminal transfaunation (1 gallon/ day for 3 days)
C-section or induction of parturition in pre go animals
Nursing care for downer cow

Front 67

T/F: dairy cattle have a 1% increase in energy requirement with each 1 degree celius below 20C (68F)

Back 67

false: beef!!! fair cows make more heat because rumen is working hard, they are comfortable at 30-32 F as long as they have some shelter