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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is required for almost all metabolic pathways?
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Mg
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T/F: Ca and Mg are both under endocrine control
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false: only Ca
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1% of the magnesium is in the _______
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extracellular fluid
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HypoMg causes what 2 ventricular arrythmias in which species?
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VPC
V-tach Horses |
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T/F: hypoMg in cattle usually affects more than one animal
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true
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Grass tetany is almost always a dz of _____ cattle seen around the time of _____ around ______ time
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Grass tetany is almost always a dz of GRAZING cattle seen around the time of CALVING around SPRING time
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HypoMg is noted in animals <______
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60 days in milk
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How do you dz hypoMg?
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Cx/hx
measure blood sample |
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What are the differentials for downer cow syndrome?
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HypoMg
HypoK HypoP HypoCa Pelvic fractures Toxic mastitis |
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Tx of HypoMg
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Ca gluconate w/ 5% Mg hypophosphate
CMPK MGSO4 IV MGSO4 enema Oral epson salts |
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T/F: MgSO4 should be given slowly or else you will stop the heart
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true
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Acid pH --> ____ Ca while alkaline pH--> ____ca
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Acid pH --> increased Ca while alkaline pH--> decreased Ca
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Where does a Ca absorption occur?
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proximal half of the small intestine (controlled by PTH and Vit D)
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What decreases Ca absorption?
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high phosphate
oxalate glucocorticoids |
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What affect to glucocorticoids have on Ca
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decrease GI absorption
decrease bone resorption decrease available Ca |
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How is Ca eliminated from the body?
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renal
milk fetus sweat feces |
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T/F: PTH-rp doesn't typically cause problems because it of negative feedback
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false! no negative feedback
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What are the causes of hypocalcemia (mostly equine causes)
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hypoparathyroidism
idiopathic sepsis endurance athletes (sweat, exertional rhabdomylysis) oxalate toxicity furosemide tetracycline bicarb cantharadiasis |
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What are 5 cx associated with hypoCa in horses?
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synchronous diaphragmatic flutter
ileus Colic hypcalecemic tetany/seizures retained placenta |
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T/F: cows are more likely to have tetanic/seizure during hypoCa while horses are more likely to become recumbent
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False: HORSES are more likely to have tetanic/seizure during hypoCa while COWS are more likely to become recumbent
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What should be given concurrently with ca for tx of hypoCa?
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MgSO4 as a cardioprotectant
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What are 4 causes of hypercalcemia in horses? Which is most common
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primary hyperparathyroidism
Hypervitaminosis D hypercalcemia of malignancy renal failure (most common) |
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Milk fever is associated with what things in bovine?
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metabolic alkalosis
hypoMg excessive dietary phosphorus estrogens at freshening |
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Describe stage 1 hypoCa in cattle
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< 1hr
excitable, nervous, hypersensitive shift weight/feet shuffle tachycardic, hyperthermic Tx: oral CaCl or Ca gluconate |
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Describe stage 2 hypoCa in cattle
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1-12 hrs
sternal recumbency-flaccid paralysis fine muscle tremors "S" neck tachycardic cold ears Tx: pull blood, Ca gluconate IV |
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Describe stage 3 hypoCa in cattle
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lateral recumbency
progress loss of consciousness-->coma |
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What are 4 ways to prevent hypoCa?
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low dietary Ca during the dry period
DCAD diet (makes it more acidic) Prophylactic Ca (when parturition is close, small farms) Vit D supplementation |
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What spp use more Ca for fetus development
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sm. ruminants
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Name the VFA's
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acetate
butyrate propionate |
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Name the ketones. Which goes up first, which is tested for and which can you smell
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acetoacetate (tested for)
acetone (smells) BHBA (up 1st) |
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Ketosis is all about......
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a negative energy balance (delayed dry matter intake and high milk production)
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What do cows lack that is important for getting VLDL our of the liver?
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apolipoprotein B
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Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
Time of occurrence |
Type 1 > 10 DIM
Type 2 < 10 DIM (1-10 days) |
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Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
urine ketones |
Type 1: severe (very high)
Type 2: moderately elevated |
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Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
Blood glucose |
Type 1: low
Type 2: normal to low |
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Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
Blood NEFA |
Type 1 and 2 High
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Describe for type 1 and type 2 ketosis:
Liver fxn tests |
Type 1: normal
Type 2: High SDH, GGT and bilirubin |
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T/F: GGT is more labile than SDH
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false: SDH very labile (run sample w/i 30 mins)
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T/F: biopsy is the best way to differentiate type 1 and 2 ketosis
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false: all it shows is there is fat in the liver
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T/F: Type 1 ketosis is due to overconditioned cows
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false: that describes Type 2
(Type 1 is reduced DMI, high lactation) |
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What are the ddx for a neuro cow?
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Listeria
Histophilus lead Thiamine deficiency rabies Ketosis Vit A deficiency (blindness) |
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How do you test for ketosis? What fluid is has the highest concentrate of ketones?
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Check the ketones in [urine]>[blood]>[mik]
urine strip for acetoacetate prussic acid (acetoacetate in milk) |
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What is the tx for a mild ketosis?
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Propalene glycol (will go straight to kreb cycle)
Make drench w/ Ca Proprionate Pump cows |
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What is a complication of pumping cows?
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aspiration pneumonia
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How do you tx moderate/severe ketosis?
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Glucose (dextrose)
Vit B complex Insulin Dexamethasone (or mineral corticoid Pred F) |
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How do you tx refractory ketosis
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longer term therapy needed not just a bolus
CRI dextrose transfaunate |
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What are the side effects of glucose tx?
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glucose--> increased insulin--> decreased GI motility
renal threshold for glucose is 200 mg/dL and if this is crossed will lead to dehydration |
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How can you precent ketosis?
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monensin
conditioning (proper BCS) transition diet Transition pen management (no overcrowding, usable stalls, monitor fresh cows) |
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Malnutrition is a deficiency of both ____ and ____
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protein and energy (carbs)
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Which nutrient is most commonly restricted?
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energy
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What is a primary cause of PEM
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inadequate feed provision for animal in a specific environment
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What are some secondary causes of PEM
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parasites
severe lameness (can't get to feed) dental problems FMD M/S problems Johne's LSA Peritonitis (really anything that will disrupt passage of food. etc) |
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Who is most commonly affected by PEM?
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beef cattle
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PEM is common in ____ calving herds when cows are ____ in gestation during the time of year when _____ is scarce
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PEM is common in SPRING calving herds when cows are LATE in gestation during the time of year when FORAGE is scarce
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Once recumbent from PEM death usually occurs w/i how many days?
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7-14
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T/F: PEM is rare on dairies since that are managed and fed for high production
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true
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When is PEM occasionally seen?
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late term heifers during winter months
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What may lead to PEM in suckling calves?
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poor milk replacers
(want 20% fat and protein) |
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What spp is PEM really common in?
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sheep b/c low economic value
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In range sheep what is a common secondary cause of PEM?
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dental attrition
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What are 6 Cx associated with PEM?
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Loss of muscle mass (dec insulin, Inc coritsol)
poor rumen motility diarrhea from flora and digestive enz repro deficits slowing/stopping daily gain immunosuppression |
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Which of these are physiologic causes of increased nutrient demands?
a) weather b) parasites c) sepsis d) prego/lactation e) burn/trauma f) exercise |
a) weather
d) prego/lactation f) exercise e) burn/trauma The following are pathologic: b) parasites c) sepsis |
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T/F: when you go a farm you should take the police and a camera
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yup
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What should you do to all animals when questioning PEM?
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BCS (need to touch heavily wooled animals)
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What samples should be submitted for PEM
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feed samples
fecal samples necropsy (bone marrow, heart, rumen fill) CBC (dec gluthionine peroxidase + lymphopenia and neutrophilia) Chem (hypoproteinemia, prerenal/renal azotemia, CK/AST elevated) |
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PEM Tx?
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Fluids IV + glucose and amino acids
High quality legume (avoid concentrates) Ruminal transfaunation (1 gallon/ day for 3 days) C-section or induction of parturition in pre go animals Nursing care for downer cow |
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T/F: dairy cattle have a 1% increase in energy requirement with each 1 degree celius below 20C (68F)
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false: beef!!! fair cows make more heat because rumen is working hard, they are comfortable at 30-32 F as long as they have some shelter
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