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Physical development

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is the changes that relate to people’s size and shape and, therefore, body structure.

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Life Expectancy

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is an indication of how long a person can expect live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.’ (AIHW, 2008)

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Health Status

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is the level of health of an individual, community or group where an individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW, 2008)

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Development

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refers to the changes that humans experience from conception until death and includes the predictable, orderly changes that occur and can be physical

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such as growth and motor skill development; social -such as communication skills; emotional

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Adulthood

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a stage of the human lifespan that starts at 19 and ends at death. It can be divided into early, middle and late adulthood.;

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Physical development

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is the changes that relate to people’s size and shape and, therefore, body structure.

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Life Expectancy

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is an indication of how long a person can expect live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.’ (AIHW, 2008)

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Health Status

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is the level of health of an individual, community or group where an individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW, 2008)

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Development

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refers to the changes that humans experience from conception until death and includes the predictable, orderly changes that occur and can be physical -such as growth and motor skill development; social-such as communication skills; emotional -such as learning to control and effectively express emotions; and intellectual -such as changes in thought patterns).

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Adulthood

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a stage of the human lifespan that starts at 19 and ends at death. It can be divided into early, middle and late adulthood.;

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Genetic Predisposition

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an inherited genetic pattern that makes an individual susceptible to disease

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Proximodistal development

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occurs from the centre or core of the body in an outward direction. An example is the way that the spine develops first in the uterus, followed by the extremities and finally the fingers and toes (figure 8.5). In motor development, an infant reaches for a toy by using shoulder and torso rotation in order to move the hand closer to the object. In childhood, the elbow and wrist are responsible for the main movements.

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Cephalocaudal development

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refers to growth and development that occurs from the head down. An infant will gain control over their neck muscles first, which allows them to hold their head steady. Control over their shoulder muscles usually follows, which allows them to roll over. Finally, control over the muscles in their torso allows them to sit. The size of the head of an infant in relation to the rest of the body also illustrates this pattern of development

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Endocrine System

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the system in the body that regulates the production and release of hormones (through the glands)

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Environmental Determinants

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are all external factors that impact on an individual or group including the physical and social factors, situations and surroundings that exert an influence on the development and health of people.

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Biological Determinants

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are factors relating to the body that impact on health, such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels.

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Germinal stage

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starts at fertilisation and ends with implantation. Implantation begins around day five and ends around days 10–12. When fertilised, the newly formed cell (zygote) travels down one of the fallopian tubes while constantly dividing. When it reaches the uterus, it implants itself in the endometrium. At this point, it becomes known as an ‘embryo’.

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Embryonic stage

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starts at implantation and ends at the eighth week. This stage is characterised by cell differentiation. This is when the cells start taking on specialised roles such as heart cells, skin cells and bone cells. This stage is perhaps the most critical for human development. Most internal and external organs and systems are formed during this stage, and the brain and spinal cord are almost complete by the end of it.

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Teratogens

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such as tobacco, alcohol and medication are particularly influential during this stage of development.

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Foetal stage

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starts at the ninth week of pregnancy and continues until birth at around 40 weeks this stage is characterised by rapid growth, all organs and systems mature and are functioning in the early stages of foetal development. The placenta is fully developed and functioning and facilitates the exchange of substances between mother and foetus supplying the foetus with oxygen, nutrients and immune support, and removing wastes such as urine and carbon dioxide. It is connected to the foetus by the umbilical cord.