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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Portuguese, antagonist of exploration, early 1400s
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motives of exploration
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religious zeal, migration, new opportunities, Renaissance, curiosity, "gold, glory, God," spices, profit, trade routes to east
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King John II
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Portuguese king (1481-1495) established trading posts on Guinea coast – looking for gold, ivory, slaves
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King Manuel
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Portuguese king, finally reached Asia
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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1494 treaty between Spain and Portugal, divided world in two, endorsed by Pope Alexander VI
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Treaty of Alcacovas
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1497 regarding Canary Islands, allowed Spain (Castile) to keep control of, endorsed by Pope Alexander VI
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Keys to Portuguese success
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naval power, no overseas settlements – knew limits, trading bases on coasts, restricted contact to missionary/trade, no efforts to subjugate, profitable as importers of luxury, later suppliers of slaves
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Christopher Columbus
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Italian, found land named for queen of Castile, reached Bahamas after 33 days during attempt to find westward route to Asia, went on to explore more of West Indies
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Aztec Empire
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in Mexico, most language/Gods/legend from Toltec’s; formed high civilization – Tenochitlan like Venice, Huichilopozli, Calpulli, Moctezuma, slaves, human sacrifices
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Hernando Cortez
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Spanish conquistador, led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire to bring large portions of Mexico under the King of Castile in early 16th century
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Panfilo de Narvaez
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sent by Velazquez to Mexico in 1520 to oppose Cortez, failed when surprise attacked, many men joined Cortes in his conquest of Mexico
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Inca Empire
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modern day Peru, centered on Andean mountain ranges, (1438-1533), spoke Quechua, civil war during time of conquest
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Vasco de Balboa
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saw Pacific Ocean from explorations in Central America; “discovered” Pacific for Spain; rekindled notion of westward passage to East India
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Diego Velazquez
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Spanish conquistador, conquered and governed Cuba in 1511; founded Baracoa and then Santiago de Cuba and Havana; authorized expeditions to Yucatan
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Unification of Spain
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marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand, diverse society in language, landscapes, ethnicities – Catholicism only; Castile became language, 1492 finished Reconquest kicked out of Grenada
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Torquemada
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first Inquisitor General of Spain
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Spanish Reconquest
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800 year period beginning in Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian peninsula from the Muslims
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
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married Isabella I of Castile to become the Catholic Monarchs, united Spain
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Limpieza de Sangre
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pure blood; absence of Jewish or Muslim ancestors
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Sedentary settlements in Americas
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Aztecs, Incas, Mayans; civilization/state, stratification of society, separation of religious leaders from political
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Olmecas
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Tabasco river, developed calendar system, numerical system, large stone heads wearing helmets, dropped south into Guatemala, overtaken by Mayans
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Mayan Empire
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in Yucatan, pyramids, worship object shape of snake w/feathers, pictographic/ideograms as writing, sophisticated numeral system, developed urban centers, highly advanced – gave lot to Aztecs
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Toltecs
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city of Tula, Quezaltcoalt, Tezcatlipoca, first to produce written sources
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Nahuatl
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native tongue of Mexico/the Aztecs
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Hernandez de Cordoba
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1517 led expedition to Yucatan under Velazquez commission, met Mayans at Cape Catoche
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Melchor and Julian
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prisoners taken by Cordoba, served as translators
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Juan de Grijalva
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led second expedition to Yucatan, four ships sailed south along the coast of Yucatan to the Tabasco region
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Geronimo de Aguilar
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survivor of shipwreck of 1511, living among Mayans when found by Cortez, returned to Castilian brothers to serve as translator
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Gonzalo Guerrero
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second survivor of shipwreck, refused to return to Spanish
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Dona Marina
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Malinche; Aztec noble living among Mayans, served as translator for Cortez
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La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz
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settlement established by Cortez in attempts to redeem himself with Spanish crown; town council names him adelantado - strategy of Velazquez so isn't in defiance of governor of Cuba
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Royal Fifth
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the King of Spain claim to 20% of all spoils
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Totonacs
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tribe that helped Cortez build La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz; allied with Spanish like the Cempoalans
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Tlaxcala
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Cortez greatest ally, enemy of the Aztecs, confederacy of approx 20 towns, helped Spanish conquer Tenochtitlan
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Cholula
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city under Aztec influence, 2nd largest in Mesoamerica; Cortez and men and Tlaxcaltec marched on and slaughtered, inclined other cultures w/in Aztec empire to submit to Cortez
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Francisco Montejo
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member of Cortez's crew who went to Spain to seek royal acceptance of the cabildo of Villa Rica's declaration
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Pedro de Alvarado
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second in command on Cortez expedition, instigated attack of Templo Mayor
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La Noche Triste
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Spaniards' failed attempt to escape from Tenochtitlan after Moctezuma killed/attack of Templo - save skin; terrible losses for Spanish
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Cuitlahuac
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Aztec tlatoani while Moctezuma in Spanish captivity, led his people against the conquistadors
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Quezaltcoalt
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most important god of Toltecs, represented by serpent with feathers - cyclical idea of religion
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Tezcatlipoca
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other god of Toltecs, represented by smoking mirror meaning bad/evil; always threatening to punish, fatalistic
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Chinampas
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small garden tracts artificially formed in the lakes of the Valley of Mexico, growing corn etc
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Huitzilopochtli
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Aztec god of war, patron of the city of Tenochtitlan; build city where see an eagle perched on a cactus eating a serpent
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Tenochtitlan
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located on Lake Texcoco in the valley of Mexico, seat of Aztec empire in 15th century until captured by Spanish in 1521
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Moctezuma
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ninth tlatonai of Aztec empire, contradictory descriptions between arrogant emperor and humble servant of Quetzalcoatl
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Battle of Otumba
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after La Noche Triste, Aztec's attempt to destroy Spanish; S able to escape to Tlaxcala to recuperate and plan joint attack on Aztecs
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Siege of Tenochtitlan
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lasted 8 months, cut city off from food and water supplies, smallpox ravaged, Cuauhtemoc eventually surrendered to Cortez
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Cuauhtemoc
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last Aztec emperor
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Calpulli
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Indian clan in Mesoamerica, basic social and economic unit; organizational unit below the Altepetl "city-state"
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Tatoani
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Aztec chief/emperor/king
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Antonio de Mendoza
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first viceroy of New Spain
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Casa de Concentracion
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House of Trade; centralized, monopolized, regulated all trade to and from America, controlled directly by Monarchy – 300 year monopoly, Guild system – only 3 ports
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Flota
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the fleet that sailed from Spain to Vera Cruz, only ones allowed to do trade with Americas
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Fonseca
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clergyman, advisor to Charles V; suggested to establish body to rule over the Indies
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Council of the Indies
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highest authority over Americas under king, located in Castile, founded 1524 and lasted 300 years, passed Laws of the Indies
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Functions of the Council of the Indies
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power to nominate officers (not appoint), legislative powers – make laws, judicial functions – highest court of appeals for Indies, censorship, investigations, report writing, codification of laws etc
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Viceroy
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king's alter-ego in Americas, represented power of the king
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Audencias
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high court and advisory body to a regional chief executive in Spanish colonies; also territorial jurisdiction of such a court
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Oidor
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Spanish colonial judge, member of an audencia
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Gobenadores
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under viceroys, govern provinces; exercise very similar powers to viceroy but on smaller level
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Cabildo
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town council in Americas
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Encomienda
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assignment of Indian tribute to individuals/institutions who participated in conquest - given land as well as duty to protect and Christianize Indians
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Fray Bartoleme de las Casas
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denounced mistreatment of Indians, gave lead to debate over how to treat Indians
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Sepulveda
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contrasted with de las Casas; employed papal donation and Aristotle's doctrine of natural slavery to justify conquest and conversion
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Black Legend
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international anti-Spanish sentiment, depiction of Spaniards as “cruel, intolerant and fanatical,” exaggeratedly negative portrayals of Spanish Inquisition and colonization in Americas
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Presidio
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frontier fortress/garrison to protect the colonies from attack by pirates
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Residencia
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judicial review of an official's conduct at the end of his term in office
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Patronato Real
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right of Spanish kings to dispose of all ecclesiastical benefices; patronage over the church
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Levels of Conquest
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physical, legal, religious
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Repartimiento
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(a) the distribution of Indians or land among Spanish settlers during the first years of the Conquest, (b) the periodic conscription of Indians for labor useful to the Spanish community, (c) the mandatory purchase of merchandise by Indians from colonial officials
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Cacique
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Indian chieftain, usually hereditary
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Alcalde
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head of municipal government - mayor
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Corregidor
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governor of a municipal district; administration of Indian communities - protect from extortionate practices; usually biggest offendor
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corregimiento
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territory governed by a corregidor
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capitulacion
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contract between the Castilian Crown and a private citizen, usually outlining terms of exploration, conquest and settlement
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creole
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Spaniard born in the new world
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peninsular
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Spaniard born in Iberia
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Mestizo
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child of mixed Spanish and Indian blood
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Mita
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the colonial forced labor draft that provided Indian workers on a rotational basis
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visita
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an official inspection into the conduct of bureaucrats, usually unscheduled and unexpected
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alcabala
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taxes on sales
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adelantado
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only in early conquest, governor of frontier district in colonial times
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Caja Real
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in administration of the Indies, control revenue/public treasury
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