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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 major parts of the brain?
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– Brain Stem
– Cerebellum – Diencephalon – Cerebrum |
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Continuation of spinal cord that consist of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain?
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Brain Stem
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2nd largest part of the brain?
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Cerebellum
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Thalamus and hypothalamus?
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Diencephalon
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Largest part of the brain?
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Cerebrum
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Protective coverings of the brain?
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Cranial Meninges
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Cranial meninges?
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– Dura Mater
– Arachnoid Mater – Pia Mater |
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3 extensions of the Dura mater _____ parts of the brain?
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Separate
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Name the 3 extensions of the Dura mater?
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– Falx Cerebri
– Falx Cerebelli – Tentorium Cerebelli |
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Which extension of the Dura mater separate the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
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Falx Cerebri
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Which extension of the Dura mater separate the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?
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Falx Cerebelli
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Which extension of the Dura mater separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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The brain receives approximately _____% of the body's oxygen supply at rest?
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20%
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Oxygen deprivation for _____ minutes or longer may cause permanent injury?
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4
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Blood brain barrier (BBB) are formed by _____?
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Astrocytes
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Blood brain barrier protects brain from _____ _____?
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Harmful Substances
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Glucose supplied to the brain must be _____?
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Continuous
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Low levels of _____, may cause dizziness, mental confusion, and loss of consciousness?
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Glucose
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Known as a stroke or brain attack?
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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
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Most common brain disorder?
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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
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CVA risk factors?
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– High Blood Pressure
– High Blood Cholesterol – Diabetes – Smoking – Excessive Alcohol Intake – Obesity |
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Clear ECF fluid that circulates through cavities and brain, spinal cord, and subarachnoid space?
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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CSF functions?
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– Absorbs Shock; Protects Brain and Cord
– Transports Nutrients and Waste between Blood and Nervous Tissue |
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Brain cavities filled with CSF?
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Ventricles
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Types of ventricles?
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– Lateral Ventricles
– Third Ventricle – Fourth Ventricle |
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Which ventricle is the cerebral hemispheres?
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Lateral Ventricles
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Which ventricle is the diencephalon?
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Third Ventricle
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Which ventricle is the brainstem and cerebellum?
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Fourth Ventricle
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With the formation of CSF in ventricles this is capillary networks (blood vessels) located in the ventricles?
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Choroid Plexuses
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With the formation of CSF in ventricles, these are lined by ependymal cells?
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Capillaries
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With the circulation of CSF in ventricles, blood travels through _____ cells into the ventricles producing CSF?
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Ependymal
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With the circulation of CSF, it is continuously recycled, is reabsorbed into the blood by the _____ _____?
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Arachnoid Villi
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What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
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– Medulla Oblongata
– Pons – Midbrain |
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Inferior part of brainstem continuous with spinal cord?
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Medulla Oblongata
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With the brainstem, the medulla oblongata controls?
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– Cardiovascular Center (CV)
– Medullary Rhythmicity Area – Swallowing – Vomiting – Coughing – Hiccuping – Sneezing |
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The medulla oblongata controls the heartbeat which is in what center?
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Cardiovascular Center
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The medulla oblongata controls the breathing rate which is in what area?
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Medullary Rhythmicity Area
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With the brainstem the medulla oblongata's origin of cranial nerves are?
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VIII – XII
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Middle portion of brainstem, origin of the CN's V – VIII?
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Pons
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Superior portion of the brainstem, origin of CN's III – IV?
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Midbrain
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Dark pigmented area containing neurons that control subconscious muscle activities, loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson's disease?
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Substantia Nigra
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2 parts of the diencephalon?
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– Thalamus
– Hypothalamus |
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Which part of the diencephalon is the main relay station for sensory impulses to cerebral cortex?
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Thalamus
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Which part of the diencephalon is the major regulator of homeostasis?
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Hypothalamus
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With the diencephalon, what is inferior to the thalamus?
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Hypothalamus
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Which part of the diencephalon controls thirst, hunger, and body temperature?
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Hypothalamus
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2nd largest part of the brain?
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Cerebellum
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Functions of the cerebellum?
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Coordinates and Regulates Movements, Posture and Balance
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With the cerebellum, a disruption in muscle coordination is called?
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Ataxia
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Seat of intelligence?
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Cerebrum
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With the cerebrum, what is the outer gray matter?
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Cerebral Cortex
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With the cerebrum, these are folds?
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Gyri (convolutions)
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With the cerebrum, this is shallow groups?
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Sulci
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The longitudinal fissure is in what part of the brain?
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Cerebrum
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The cerebrum is in what hemispheres?
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
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– Frontal
– Parietal – Temporal – Occipital |
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The cerebrum portion not seen at the surface?
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Insula
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Primary motor area of the cerebrum?
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Precentral Gyrus
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Primary somatosensory area of the cerebrum?
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Post Central Gyrus
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3 types of cerebral white matter?
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– Association Tracts
– Commissural Tracts – Projection Tracts |
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Which cerebral white matter transmit impulses with in the same hemisphere?
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Association Tracts
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Which cerebral white matter transmit impulses between hemispheres, and are larger in females?
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Commissural Tracts
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_____ , The inability to understand or speak words, is less likely to happen in females from a stroke because the commissural tract is larger?
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Aphasia
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Which cerebral white matter transmit impulses to/from sensory and motor tracts?
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Projection Tracts
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3 nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere make up the _____ _____?
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Basal Ganglia
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What are the 3 nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere that make up the basal ganglia?
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– Globus Pallidus
– Putaman – Caudate Nucleus |
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What initiates and suppresses skeletal muscular movements subconsciously (automatically) and regulate muscle tone?
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Basal Ganglia
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Progressive disorder that destroys dopamine (DA) producing neurons?
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Parkinson's Disease
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What is the most common symptom of Parkinson disease?
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Resting Tremor
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Parkinson disease causes increased muscle tone, causing rigidity which is called?
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Hypertonia
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Parkinson disease causes slowness of movements which is called?
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Bradykinesia
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Parkinson disease causes decreased range of motion which is called?
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Hypokinesia
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A ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon?
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Limbic System
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With the limbic system, this controls emotional aspects of behavior such as pain, pleasure, affection and anger?
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Emotional Brain
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With the limbic system, this is involved in memory?
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Hippocampus
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With functional organization of the cerebral cortex, what are the primary sensory areas?
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– Primary Somatosensory Area
– Primary Visual Area – Primary Auditory Area – Primary Gustatory Area – Primary Olfactory Area |
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Vision is in what sensory area?
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Primary Visual Area
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Hearing is in what sensory area?
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Primary Auditory Area
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Taste is in what sensory area?
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Primary Gustatory Area
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Smell is in what sensory area?
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Primary Olfactory Area
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Within the cerebral cortex, what functional area is the precentral gyrus that controls voluntary contractions?
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Primary Motor Area
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Within the cerebral cortex, what motor area control speech?
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Broca's Area
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Within the cerebral cortex, what area stores past and present experiences?
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Association Area
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What are the areas of Association?
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– Somatosensory Association Area
– Visual Association Area – Auditory Association Area |
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The inability to speak or understand words (spoken or written)?
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Aphasia
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Recording of electrical activity in adult brain waves?
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Awake EEG waves are called?
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Alpha Waves
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Activity EEG waves are called?
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Beta Waves
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Stress EEG waves are called?
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Theta Waves
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Damage EEG waves are called?
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Delta Waves
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Functional differences between the 2 cerebral hemispheres is called?
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Hemispheric Lateralization
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Which hemisphere receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on the right side of the body?
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Left Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on the left side of the body?
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Right Hemisphere
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Which hemisphere is reasoning?
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Left Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere is musical and artistic awareness?
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Right Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere is numerical and scientific skills?
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Left Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere is space and pattern perception?
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Right Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere has the ability to use and understand sign language?
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Left Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere has recognition of faces and emotional content of facial expressions?
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Right Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere is spoken and written language?
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Left Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere generates emotional content of language?
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Right Hemisphere
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Which Hemisphere generates mental images to compare spatial relationships?
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Right Hemisphere
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Which hemisphere is identifying and discriminating among odors?
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Right Hemisphere
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There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves?
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12
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What type of neurons are in cranial nerves?
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– Sensory
– Motor – Mixed |
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Cranial nerves are designated with _____ _____ (anterior to posterior) and _____?
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– Roman Numerals
– Names |
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What type of nerve is the olfactory (I) nerve?
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Sensory Nerve
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The olfactory (I) nerve controls?
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Sense of Smell
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Loss of smell is called?
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Anosmia
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What type of nerve is the optic (II) nerve?
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Sensory Nerve
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The optic (II) nerve controls?
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Vision
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Loss of vision is called?
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Anopia
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What type of nerve is the oculomotor (III) nerve?
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Motor Cranial Nerve
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The oculomotor (III) nerve originates in the?
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Midbrain
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Which cranial nerve supplies extrinsic eye muscles and controls movement and elevates upper eyelid?
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Oculomotor (III) Nerve
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What is it when you have damage to the oculomotor (III) nerve and have drooping of the eyelid?
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Ptosis
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What type of nerve is the trochlear (IV) nerve?
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Motor Cranial Nerve
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The trochlear (IV) nerve originates in the?
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Midbrain
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The trochlear (IV) nerve controls the?
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Eye Movements
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What is the largest cranial nerve?
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Trigeminal (V) Nerve
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What type of nerve is the trigeminal (V) nerve?
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Mixed
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Where does the trigeminal (V) nerve originate from?
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Pons
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What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal (V) nerve?
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– Ophthalmic
– Maxillary – Mandibular |
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What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
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Trigeminal (V) Nerve
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What type of nerve is the abducens (VI) nerve?
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Motor Cranial Nerve
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The abducens (VI) nerve originates in the?
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Pons
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The abducent (VI) nerve does what to the eye?
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Abducts
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What type of nerve is the facial (VII) nerve?
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Mixed Cranial Nerve
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The facial (VII) nerve originates in the?
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Pons
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What cranial nerve supplies facial expression muscles?
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Facial (VII) Nerve
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Facial paralysis is called?
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Bell's Palsy
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What type of nerve is the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve?
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Sensory Cranial Nerve
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The vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve originates from the?
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Pons and Medulla
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Branches of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve?
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– Vestibular Branch
– Cochlear Branch |
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The vestibular branch is for?
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Equilibrium (balance)
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The cochlear branch is for?
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Hearing
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Damage to the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve can cause?
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– Tinnitus
– Vertigo – Ataxia |
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Tinnitus is _____, vertigo is _____, and ataxia is _____?
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– Ringing in Ears
– Rotation – Lack of Coordination |
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What type of nerve is the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve?
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Mixed Cranial Nerve
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The glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve originate from the?
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Medulla
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The glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve controls?
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Swallowing
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What type of nerve is the vagus (X) nerve?
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Mixed Cranial Nerve
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The vagus (X) nerve originates from the?
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Medulla
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The vagus (X) nerve controls most?
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Organs in the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities
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What type of nerve is the accessory (XI) nerve?
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Motor Cranial Nerve
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The accessory (XI) nerve originates from the?
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Medulla
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What cranial nerves supplies the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles?
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Accessory (XI) Nerve
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What type of nerve is the hypoglossal (XII) nerve?
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Motor Cranial Nerve
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The hypoglossal (XII) nerve originates from the?
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Medulla
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What cranial nerve supplies, tongue muscles?
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Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
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State of wakefulness?
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Consciousness
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Permanent or progressive loss of intellectual abilities and impairment of memory that is associated with Alzheimer's disease?
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Dementia
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Unresponsive and only aroused briefly by vigorous and repeated stimulation?
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Stupor
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