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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Science of body structures and relationships among them
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Anatomy
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Science of body functions - ho body parts work
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Physiology
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Levels of Structural Organization
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-Chemical
-Cellular -Tissue -Organ -System -Organismal |
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System? Components:
Skin & structures assoc. w/it. Functions: Helps regulate body temperature, protects the body |
-Integumentary System
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System? Components:
All glands & tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones |
-Endocrine System
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System? Components:
Blood, heart & blood vessels. Functions: Nutrients to cells & Carbon dioxide & waste away from cells. |
-Cardiovascular System
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System?
Protect against disease causing microbes |
-Lymphatic System & Immunity
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System?
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder & urethra Functions: Produces, stores, & eliminates urine; eliminates wastes & regulates bolume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate red blood cell production |
-Urinary System
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Name the 6 Basic Life Processes
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-Metabolism
-Responsiveness -Movement -Growth -Differentiation -Reproduction |
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Life Process:
Sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body CATABOLISM-Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components ANABOLISM Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components |
-Metabolism
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Life Process?
Development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state *Stem Cells give rise to cells that undergo ___________. |
-Differentiation
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A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment.
Narrow range is compatible w/ maintaining live |
-Homeostasis
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Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell
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-Body Fluids
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Fluid within cells
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-Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
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Fluid outside cells
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-Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
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Homeostasis is constatly being disrupted. Primarily controlled by ___________ & ___________ systems.
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-endocrine & nervous
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Anatomical Position:
Standing erect facing observer. Upper limbs to the sides Palms turned________ |
-forward
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Front
Back |
-Anterior
-Posterior |
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Toward the head
Away from the head |
-Superior
-Inferior |
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Nearer to the middle
Farther from the middle |
-Medial
-Lateral |
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Between two structures
On the same side of the body On the opposite side of the body |
-Intermediate
-Ipsilateral -Contralateral |
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Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk |
-Proximal
-Distal |
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Toward or on the surface of the body.
Away from the surface of the body. |
-Superficial
-Deep |
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Sagittal Plane:
_____________ plane divides body into equal right and left sides. |
-Midsagittal
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Sagittal plane:
_____________ plane divides bocy into uneaqual right and left sides. |
-Parasagittal
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Dorsal Cavity
2 parts? |
-Cranial Cavity
-Vertebral (Spinal) Canal |
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The bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body?
# of bones? |
-Axial skeleton
-80 bones |
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The bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the bones formaing the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
# of bones? |
-Appendicular Skeleton
-126 bones |
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Types of Bones;
*Greater length than width *Lower & Upper limbs |
-Long Bones
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Type of Bones:
*Complex shapes *Vertebra, hip bones, some facial bones, calcaneus |
-Irregular Bones
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Forms the posterior part of cranium
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-Occipital Bone
Big O Bone |
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Largest skull foramen
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-Foramen Magnum
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-Articulates w/every facial bone except mandible
-Form the upper jawbone -Form most of the hard palate -Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity |
-Maxillae
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Form the prominences of the cheeks
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-Zygomatic Bones
(Cheekbones) |
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-Forms part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity
-Not part of the ethmoid bone |
-Inferior nasal Conchae
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-Lower jawbone
-The largest, strongest facial bone -Only movable skull bone -Condylar Process forms TMJ |
-Mandible
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Unique Features of the Skull?
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-Sutures, Paranasal sinuses and fontanels
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Immoval joints that unite skull bones
Unites parietal & occipital Unites parietal & temporal |
-Sutures
-Lambdoidal -Squamous |
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Name the skull bones.
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-Frontal
-sphenoid -ethmoid -maxillary |
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Soft spots?
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-Fontanels
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Often fractured during strangulation
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-Hyoid Bone
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Vertebral Column:
Adult has ____ vertebrae. Child has ____ vertebrae. |
-26
-33 |
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___ Cervical are in the neck region.
___ Thoracic in posterior of thoracic cavity ___ Lumbar support lower back ____ 1 sacrum = 5 fused ____ 1 Coccyx - 4 fused |
-7
-12 -5 -1 -1 |
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-Located in center of thoracic wall
-Consists of Manubrium, body, exiphoid process |
-Sternum
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Excessive lumbar curve
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-Lordosis
(Hallow Back) |
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Name the bones of the pectoral girdle.
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-Clavicle (Shoulder Blade)
-Scapula(Shoulder Blade) |
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Scapula
-Highest point of the shoulder |
-Acromion
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Scapula
-A protruding projection on the anterior surface just inferior to the lateral aspect of the clavicle (crow's beak) |
-Coracoid Process
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Upper limb consist of ___ bones. Name them and #.
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-30
- 1 humerus (arm) -1 ulna (forearm) -1 radius (forearm) -8 carpal bones (wrist) -5 metacarpals (palm) -14 phalanges (digits) |
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Posterior depression that receives olecranon of the ulna during forearm extension.
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-Olecranon fossa
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Bony projections at distal end of humerus. (funnybone)
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-Medial & Lateral epicondyles
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_______ nerve runs posterior to medial epicondyle.
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-Ulnar nerve
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Medial forearm bone (pinky side)
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-Ulna
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Lateral forearm bone (thumb side)
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-Radius
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The pelvic Girdle consist of these 3 bones.
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-Ilium
-Pubis -Ischium |
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The largest foramen in skeleton formed by ischium & pubis
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-Obturator Foramen
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Deep fossa; forms hip joint
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-Acetabulum
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Serves as origination for hamstrings
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-Ischium
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Largest of the 3 hip bone parts.
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-Ilium
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Longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body.
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-Femur
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Posterior ridge (border) on the Femur.
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-Linea Aspera
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Holds muscle to bone.
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-Tendons
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Holds bone to bone
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-Ligaments
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Lower limb consist of ___ bones. Name them & #.
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-30
-1 Femur (thigh) -1 Patella (kneecap) -1 Tibia (leg bone) -1 Fibula (leg bone) -7 Tarsals (ankle) -5 Metatarsals (foot) -14 Phalanges (digits) |
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Larger, medial weight-bearing leg bone. (Shin bone)
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-Tibia
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Smaller, laterally placed bone of the leg.
Non weight bearing |
-Fibula
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Distal Prominence on lateral surface of ankle
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-Lateral malleolus
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Most proximal tarsal bone.
Articulates with tibia & fibula to form ankle joint |
-Talus
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Heel bone. Largest & strongest.
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-Calcaneus
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Joint classifications:
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-Structural Classification
-Functional Classification |
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Name the 3 types of structural classification
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-Fibrous joints (bones held by dense fibers)
-Cartilaginous joints (bones held by cartilage) -Synovial joints (bones held by articular capsule) |
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3 types of Fibrous joints:
-Lack of synovial cavity -Held by dense fibers -Permit little or no movement |
-Sutures
-Syndesmoses -Interosseous Membrane |
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2 types of Cartilaginous joints
-Connected by cartilage -Allow little or no movement |
-Synchondroses
--Hyaline found in epiphyseal (growth) plate -Symphyses --Fibrocartilage is strongest type ---EX: Pubic Synphysis & Intervertebral Disc |
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Name the 3 types of Functional classification
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-Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
-Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint) -Diarthrosis (freely movable joint) |
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Freely movable joint that is most likely to dislocate.
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-Diarthrosis
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Movements at Synovial Joints
-Back & forth and side to side |
-Gliding
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-Forward motion
-Decreases angle |
-Flexion
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-Usually backward motion
-Increases angle between bones -Back to anatomical position |
-Extension
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-Movement from the midline
-Movement to the midline |
-Abduction
-Adduction |
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-Movement of a body part in a circle.
-Turning head "no" |
-Circumduction
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-Medial movement of sole (in)
-Lateral movement of sole (out) |
-Inversion
-Eversion |
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Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch fingertips on the same hand
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-Opposition
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Six types of Synovial joints
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-Planar
-Hinge -Pivot -Condyloid -Saddle -Ball & Socket |
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_________ joints permit back & forth and side to side movements.
Articulated surfaces are flat. |
-Planar (foot)
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________ joints:Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed by another bone
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-Pivot joints
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Pivot joint that rolls out, supination & pronation
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-Radioulnar
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Pivot joint that signifies "no"
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-Atlantoaxial
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_______ joint: Bone fits into oval-shaped depression of another bone.
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-Condyloid Joint
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Condyloid Joint that permits flexion-extension & abduction-adduction.
Give example |
-Biaxial
-Radiocarpal (Wrist) |
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_____ & _____Joints are ball like surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another bone
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-Ball & Socket joint
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________ B&S joint: Permits flexion-extension, abduction-adduction & medial-lateral rotation.
Give example |
-Triaxial
-Shoulder & hip |
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Shoulder & Hip are what type of joint?
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-Triaxial: Ball & Socket Joint
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70% of all severe knee injuries happen here.
Limits hyperextension |
-Anterior Cruciate Ligament
(ACL) |
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Twisting of joint that stretches or tears ligaments.
Considerable swelling from hemorrhaging |
-Sprain
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Joint most often sprained
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-Ankle Joint
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R.I.C.E. therapy
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Rest
Ice Compression Elevation |
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Progressive disease that primarily deteriorates articular cartilage of large weight bearing joints such as knees & hips. "wear & tear" disease
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-Osteoarthritis
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_______ attach muscles to bones.
-Stationary attachment -Attachment to movable bone |
-Tendons
- Origin -Insertion |
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_________ is always pulled towards ________.
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-Insertion
-Orgin |
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Types of Levers:
-See Saw effect (Atlanto-Occipital) -Calf Raises -Forearm Flexion |
-1st Class lever
-2nd Class lever -3rd Class lever |
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____ class lever is the strongest type.
Effort farther away from fulcrum. |
-2nd Class
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_____ class lever is the most common.
Effort is between the fulcrum and load. |
-3rd Class
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Muscle Bundles are known as:
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-Fascicles
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Orbicularis Oculi is what type of fascicle.
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-Circular
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Muscle Coordination:
-Causes Min action |
-Prime Mover/Agonist
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Muscle coordination:
Opposite side, stretches (relaxes) |
-Antagonist
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Muscle coordination:
Assist the prime mover |
-Synergists
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Muscle coordination:
Stabilize the origin of prime mover |
-Fixators
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2 examples of how muscles are named.
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-Location of muscle: temporalis (temporal bone)
-Location of oring & insertion: sterno (sternum) cleido (clavicle) mastoid (mastoid process of temporal bone) SCM |
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__________; Wrinkles forehead
Innervation: _______ nerve |
-Frontalis
-Facial |
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Pouting muscle
Innervation on the ______ nerve. |
-Mentalis
-Facial |
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Neck; depresses (opens) mandible
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-Platysma (Plate to eat)
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Name the 4 Rectus muscles and their action |
-Superior (Elevates)
-Inferior (Depresses) -Lateral (Abducts) -Medial (Adducts) |
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Name the 2 Oblique muscles and their action |
-Superior (depresses/abducts-down& out)
-Inferior (elevates/abducts-up & out) |
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Elevates upper eyelid
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-Levator Palpebrae (eyelid) Superioris (LPS)
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles innervation:
(LR6-S04) 3 + LBS |
Oculomotor nerve except
Lateral Rectus & Superior Oblique |
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All muscles of mastication (chewing) elevate except _________
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-Lateral Pterygoid (depresses)
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Swallowing Muscles:
Suprahyoid Mucscles Most named by O & I |
-Stylohyoid (Styloid Process)
-Mylohyoid -Geniohyoid -Digastric (Anterior & Posterior bellies) |
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Elevate ribs during deep inhalation.
Flex neck & head |
-Scalenes
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-One of the largest & most important neck muscles.
Divides neck into tow major triangles. -___________ flexes neck -Innervation: ________ nerve |
-Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
-Bilaterally -Accessory Nerve |
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Anterolateral Ab. Wall Muscles.
-8 pack -Forms inguinal ligament -________ _________ -Girdle muscle -Action |
-Rectus Abdominis
-External Oblique -Internal Oblique -Transversus Abdominis -Compress the abdomen |
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-Posterior Ab. Wall Muscle
--Stabilizes 12th ribs during forced exhalation --Unilaterally flexs trunk elevating hip "hip hiker" |
-Quadratus Lumborum
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Dome-shaped muscle separates toracic & abdominal cavities
-Innervation: ________ nerve |
-Diaphragm
-Phrenic nerve |
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Diaphragm:
Contracts (flattens) increasing thoracic cavity |
-During Inhalation (breathing in)
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Diaphragm:
Relaxes moving superiorly decreasing thoracic cavity |
-During exhalation (breathing out)
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Muscles of Breathing:
During forced inhalation; elevates ribs increasing anteroposterior & lateral thoracic cavity dimensions |
-External Intercostals
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Muscles of Breathing:
During forced exhalation; pulls ribs down & in decreasing anteroposterior & lateral thoracic cavity dimensions |
-Internal Intercostals
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Pelvic Diaphragm:
Supports pelvic viscera & resists inferior movement during coughing, vomiting, urination & defecation |
-Ischiococcygeus
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Largest & most important muscle of pelvic floor
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-Levator Ani - 2 components
--Pubococcygeus --Iliococcygeus |
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External/Inferior to Pelvic floor.
No Coccygeus muscles |
-Perineum
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-Two muscles
-Bilaterally: extends head (O below I) -Unilaterally: rotates head to same side (O inside I) |
-Splenius Capitis & Cervicis
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-Largest back muscle; runs parallel to midline
-Main extensors of vertebral column |
-Erector Spinae Muscles
-NOT part of Erector Spinae Muscles |
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-Three groups of Erector Spinae Muscles
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-Iliocostalis (Lateral)
-Longissimus (intermediate) -Spinalis (medial) |
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Transversospinalis Muscles:
5 muscles; -Bilaterally extends head & vertebral column -Unilaterally rotates head & vertebral column to opposite side |
-Semispinalis Capitis
-Cervicis -Thoracis -Multifidus -Rotatores |
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O & I of transversospinalis Muscles
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O - Transverse processes
I - Spinous |
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Common source of headace
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Suboccipital Muscles
-Rectus capitis --Posterior Major --Posterior Minor -Obliquus Capitis --Superior --Inferior |
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3 muscles that move the anterior pectoral girdle
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-Subclavius
-Pectoralis Minor -Serratus Anterior |
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Only muscle to insert on the coracoid process of scapula
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-Pectoralis minor
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Boxer's Muscle
I-Vertebral (medial) border of scapula |
-Serratus Anterior
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4 Muscles that move the Pectoral Girdle: Posterior
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-Trapezius
-Levator Scapulae -Rhomboids: Major & Minor |
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Most superficial upper back muscle
-Elevates & Depresses |
-Trapezius
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Trapezius innervates on the __________ nerve.
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-Accessory Nerve
(Accessorize the neck) |
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Two Axial Muscles that move the Humerus
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-Pectoralis Major
-Latissimus Dorsi |
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Fan shaped muscle that forms axilla anterior wall
-Flex arm (O- anterior to I) |
-Pectoralis Major
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-Swimmer's Muscle
-Most superficial lower back |
-Latissimus Dorsi
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Forms rounded contour of shoulder
-3 sets of fibers (anterior, middle & posterior) |
-Deltoid
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Deltoid inserts on _________
Innervation _________ nerve |
-Deltoid Tuberosity
-Axillary Nerve |
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Deltoid & Coracobrachialis _____ arm (O anterior I)
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-Flex
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Deltoid & Supraspinatus (synergist) ________ arm (O above I)
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-Abduct
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Deltoid, Infraspinatus & Teres Minor _________ rotate (I outside of arm)
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-Laterally
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Name the Rotator Cuff Muscles & their insertion
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-Supraspinatus/Greater Tubercle
-Infraspinatus/Greater Tubercle -Teres Minor/Greater Tubercle -Subscapularis/Lesser Tubercle |
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-Two heads of origin
-Crosses shoulder & elbow joints -Flexes Arm & Foreman |
-Biceps Brachii
(Anterior Arm Compartment) |
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Biceps Brachii inserts on the ___________ __________
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-Radial tuberosity
(Rad to have big biceps!) |
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-Three heads (long, lateral & medial)
-Crosses shoulder (extends arm) & elbow Joints |
-Triceps Brachii
(Posterior Arm Compartment) |
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Synergist to Triceps
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-Anconeus
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Triceps Brachii and Aconeus Insertion
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-Olecranon Process (elbow prominence
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Supinate foreman
(Rolls radius out) |
-Supinator
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Pronates foreman
(Rolls radius in) |
-Pronator teres
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Abducts wrist
(I - radial side) |
-Flexor Carpi Radialis
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Absent 10% of individuals
Used for tendon repairs |
-Palmaris Longus
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Adducts hand
(I - ulnar side) |
-Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)
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Flexes thumb
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-Flexor Pollicis Longus
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Flexes digits 2-5 (hand)
-Insertion |
-Flexor Digtorum Profundus
-Distal Phalanges 2-5 |
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Extends digits 2-5 (hand)
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-Extensor Dititorum
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Extends little finger
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-Extensor Digiti Minimi
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Extends Index finger (digit 2)
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-Extensor Indicis
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Anterior Pelvic Compartment: 2 muscles that make up the Iliopsoas & their O & I
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-Psoas Major / O-Lumbar Vertebrae
-Iliacus / O-Iliac fossa -I - Lesser Trochanter |
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One muscle in the Lateral Thigh Compartment and it's insertion
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-Tensor Fasciae Latae (lateral)
-I Lateral tibia by iliotibial (IT Band) band |
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Name the 5 muscles in the Medial Thigh Compartment
|
-Pectineus
-Adductor Brevis -Adductor Longus -Adductor Magnus -Gracilis *All adduct & Flex the thigh |
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Name the muscles of the Superficial Poster Pelvic Compartment
|
-Gluteus Maximus
-Gluteus Medius -Gluteus Minimus |
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Main thigh Extensor
Lateral Thigh Rotator |
-Gluteus Maximus
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Common site intramuscular injection
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-Gluteus Medius
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2 Medially rotators of the thigh
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-Gluteus Medius
-Gluteus Miimus |
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Deep Posterior Pelvic Compartment
Name the 6 Deep Hip Lateral Rotators *Quilt Muscles |
-Piriformis (above Sciatic Nerve
-Gemellus (Superior) -Obturator Internus -Gemellus (Inferior) -Obturator Externus -Guadratus Femoris |
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Anterior Thigh:
Largest Muscle in the body |
-Quadriceps Femoris
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Muscles that make up the Quadriceps Femoris
|
-Rectus Femors
-Vastus Lateralis -Vastus medialis -Vastus Intermedius |
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Which quadricep femoris muscle flexes femur at hip joint
|
-Rectus Femoris
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Quadricep femoris that O- on Linea Aspera
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-Vastus Lateralis
-Vastus Medialis |
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Quadricep femoris muscle that O- on Body of femur & forms the pulge on the front of the thigh
|
-Vastus Intermedius
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Tailor's Muscle:
Longest muscle in the body O- |
-Sartorius
-O - ASIS (Hip Pointer) |
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Posterior Thigh:
Muscles that make up the Hamstrings and their action |
-Biceps Femoris
-Semimembranosus -Semitendinosus -Action/All extend thigh & flex leg |
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Anterior Leg:
Extends Great Toe upward *other action |
-Extensor Hallucis Longus
*Dorsiflex foot (on heels) |
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Extends toes (2-5)
*other action |
-Extensor Digitorum Longus
*Dorsiflex foor (on heels) |
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Muscles that plantar flex & evert the foot.
(Pull foot down and out) |
-Peroneus/Fibularis Longus
-Peroneus/Fibularis Brevis *Lateral Leg |
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Superficial Posterior Leg:
Calf muscles -Action -Insertion |
-Gastrocneuius (Butt Cheeks=Gas)
-Soleus -Plantaris (Sometimes absent) -All plantar flex foot @ ankle joint -Calcaneus via Achilles tendon |
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Which Deep Posterior leg muscle does NOT Plantar Flex and where is it?
|
-Popliteus
-Back of knee |
