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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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て-form of verbs
The て-form of verbs is used to connect two or more sentences.
Ex. (I) go to the library. (I) borrow books. →
(I) go to the library and borrow books. |
Ex. 図書館に行く。本を借りる。 →
図書館に行って、本を借りる。 |
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て-form of verbs
The て-form is used to connect two or more sentences when the original sentence is in the past tense.
Ex. (I) went to the library. (I) borrowed books. →
(I) went to the library and borrowed books. |
Ex. 図書館に行った。本を借りた。 →
図書館に行って、本を借りた。 |
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て-form of verbs
The て-form expresses the methods/means, or causes/reasons.
Ex. (I) cut a thread using scissors. [methods/means]
Ex. (I) stayed home from school because (I) caught a cold. [causes/reasons] |
Ex. はさみを使って、いとを切る。
Ex. かぜをひいて、学校を休んだ。 |
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て-form of verbs
When connecting sentences in the ます-form, the “て-form” is often used.
Ex. (I) went to the library. (I) borrowed books. →
(I) went to the library and borrowed books. |
Ex. 図書館に 行きました。本を 借りました。 →
図書館に 行って、本を 借りました。 |
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“～ないで”
By adding で to ない-form of verb, the first negative sentence and the next sentence can be connected.
Ex. (I) returned the book to the library without reading (it). |
Ex. 本を読まないで、図書館に返した。 |
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Request Expressions “～をください”
Ex. Coffee, please. |
“ください” is used when someone requests something.
Ex. コーヒーをください。 |
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Request Expressions “～てください”
Ex. (You) put some milk in (it). →
Please put (some) milk in (it).
Ex. (You) show (me) the menu. →
Please show (me) the menu. |
By adding “ください” to the て-form of a verb, it becomes a request.
Ex. ミルクを入れる。 →
ミルクを入れてください。
Ex. メニューを見せる。 →
メニューを見せてください。 |
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Request Expressions “～ないでください”
By adding “ください” to a verb ending with “～ないで”, it becomes a negative request.
Ex. (You) do not put (any) sugar in (it). →
Please do not put (any) sugar in (it). |
Ex. さとうを入れない。 →
さとうを入れないでください。 |
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“どうぞ”
Ex. ”Please show (me) the menu.” “Here you are.”
Ex. “Please take (your) seat over there.” |
“どうぞ” is a polite word used when giving something to someone else.
Ex.「メニューを見せてください。」「はい、どうぞ。」
Ex.「あちらの席へどうぞ。」席 (せき) = seat |
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“～ている” – 1 – In progress
Ex. (We) make a snowman. →
(We) are making a snowman. |
It expresses that the action started in the past is still in progress.
Ex. 雪だるまを作る。 →
雪だるまを作っている。 |
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The negative of “～ている”
Ex. The wind is blowing. →
The wind is not blowing. |
Replace “いる” with “いない” to make the negative of “～ている.”
Ex. 風が吹いている。 →
風が吹いていない。
吹く = ふく 吹いてる = ふいている |
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“～ている” – 2 – Common practice
“～ている” expresses habitual or continuous actions.
Ex. I learn the piano once a week.
Ex. The professor is researching environmental issues. |
Ex. 週一回、ピアノを習っている。
習う = ならう
Ex. その教じゅは、かんきょう問だいを研究している。
教授 = きょうじゅ 研究 = けんきゅう |
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“～ている” – 2 – Common practice
The past tense of “～ている”
Ex. My aunt teaches the piano once a week. →
My aunt used to teach the piano once a week. |
Replace “いる” with “いた.”
Ex. おばは週一回、ピアノを教えている。 →
おばは週一回、ピアノを教えていた。 |
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～ている” – 2 – Common practice
The past negative of “～ている”
Ex. My aunt did not (used to) teach the piano.“ |
Replace “いた” with “いなかった.”
Ex. おばはピアノをおしえていなかった。 |
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“～ている” – 3 – Continuation of the result of an action
“～ている” expresses that the result of an action is still continuing as the current situation.
Ex. Children put on (their) hats. →
Children are wearing (their) hats.
Ex. My father went to the UK. →
My father is in the UK. (My father went to the UK and is now in the UK.) |
Ex. 子どもたちはぼうしをかぶった。 →
子どもたちはぼうしをかぶっている。
Ex. 父はイギリスに行った。 →
父はイギリスに行っている。 |
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“～ている” – 4 – Situations
"～ている" expresses the current situation, which is not the result of a particular action.
Ex. That player [over there] is fat.
Ex. A wide river flows in that town. |
Ex. あのせん手は太っている。
Ex. その町には大きい川がながれている。 |
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“～ていた"
Past tense of "～ている" showing the continuation of the result of an action. The formal style is "～ていました."
Ex. A lady is sitting on the seat. →
A lady was sitting on the seat. |
Ex. 女せいが席にすわっている。 →
女せいが席にすわっていた。
女性 = じょせい 席 = せき |
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"～てある"
"～てある" expresses that the result of someone's actions or behaviors still remains. The formal style is "～てあります."
Ex. The curry is ready. (The curry is made.) |
Ex. カレーが作ってある。 |
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The past tense of "～てある"
Ex. The curry was ready. (The curry was made.)
It was in the past that the curry was found. It is even before that that someone made the curry. |
To change "～てある" to the past tense, replace "ある" with "あった."
Ex. カレーが作ってあった。 |
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Verbs which modify nouns 1 Present (tense)
When a verb modifies a noun, the verb in the informal style is placed just before the noun.
Ex. A boy plays soccer. →
the boy who plays soccer |
Ex. 少年がサッカーをする。→
サッカーをする少年 |
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Verbs which modify nouns 1 Future (tense)
To express the future, the dictionary form of a verb is used.
Ex. I meet my friend at three. →
the friend whom I meet at three |
Ex. 三時に友だちに会う。→
三時に会う友だち |
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Verbs which modify nouns 1 “ている”
When “ている” modifies a noun, “ている” is used as it is.
Ex. A family is eating boxed lunches. →
the family that is eating boxed lunches |
Ex. 家族がおべんとうを食べている。 →
おべんとうを食べている家族 |
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Verbs which modify nouns 1
Sentences in the formal style
Even in sentences in the formal style, a verb in the informal style is used.
Ex. The boy who plays soccer in the playground is my son. |
Ex. 運動場でサッカーをする少年は、私のむすこです。
運動場 (うんどうじょう) = playground |
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Verbs which modify nouns 2
Past
Ex. An exchange student came from China. →
the exchange student who came from China
Ex. I took a photo in Tokyo. →
the photo that I took in Tokyo
Ex. I was traveling in Tokyo →
I, who was traveling in Tokyo
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When the past tense of a verb modifies a noun, use the た-form or "～ていた" as it is.
Ex. りゅう学生が中国から来た。 →
中国から来たりゅう学生
Ex. 私は東京で写真をとった。 →
東京でとった写真
Ex. 私は東京を旅行していた。 →
東京を旅行していた私
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Verbs which modify nouns 2
Sentences in the formal style
Ex. Smith-san who came from the US is tall. |
Even in sentences in the formal style, the た-form or "～ていた" is used.
Ex. アメリカから来たスミスさんは、背が高いです。 |
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" もの " and " の "
" もの " is used to avoid repeating the same nouns.
Ex. my camera → mine
Ex. big doll → big one |
Ex. 私のカメラ → 私のもの
Ex. 大きい人形 → 大きいもの
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" もの " and "の"
"私のもの" can also be said as "私の." This "の" is not a particle but works as a noun.
Ex. big one
Ex. beautiful one |
Ex. 大きいもの → 大きいの
Ex. きれいなもの → きれいなの |
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" こと " and "の"
By adding " こと " right after a verb in the informal style, the verb becomes a noun.
Ex. watch movies →
to watch movies / watching movies |
Ex. えいがを見る →
えいがを見ること
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" こと " and "の"
In a sentence, a verb + " こと " can be replaced with the verb + "の."
Ex. I like to watch movies. |
えいがを見ること →
えいがを見るの
Ex. 私はえいがを見るのが好きです。 |
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Potential expressions
Ex. I play the violin. →
I can play the violin. |
By adding "～ことができる" to the dictionary form of a verb, it becomes a potential expression.
Ex. バイオリンをひく。 →
バイオリンをひくことができる。 (informal)
バイオリンをひくことができます。 (formal) |
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Potential expressions
Ex. I could play the violin. |
For past tense, use "～ことができた"
Ex. バイオリンをひくことができた。 (informal)
バイオリンをひくことができました。 (formal) |
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The negative of potential expressions
Ex. I can eat sashimi. →
I cannot eat sashimi. |
By changing "できる" to "できない," you can get the negative of potential expressions.
Ex. さしみを食べることができる。 →
さしみを食べることができない。 (informal)
さしみを食べることができません。 (formal) |
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The negative of potential expressions
Ex. I could not eat sashimi. |
For the past tense use "～ことができなかった"
Ex. さしみを食べることができなかった。 (informal)
さしみを食べることができませんでした。 (formal) |
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Potential expressions: "～ことも" and "ことは"
Ex. I can also play the piano.
Ex. I cannot play the flute. Emphasize that the person is able to play other instruments, but not the flute. |
"が" in "～ことができる" can also be replaced with "も" or "は."
Ex. ピアノをひくこともできる。
Ex. フルートを吹くことはできない。 "は" is to emphasize that the person is able to play other instruments, but not the flute. |
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Adjectives which modify verbs (AKA adverbs)
Ex. early → get up early |
When an い -adjective modifies a verb, replace "い" with "く."
Ex. 早い → 早く起きる |
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Adjectives which modify verbs (AKA adverbs)
Ex. is good at → play (the violin) well |
When a な -adjective modifies a verb, replace "な" with "に."
Ex. 上手 → 上手にひく |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 1
"when"
Ex. When I was an elementary school student, I was often hospitalized. |
noun + の時
Ex. 小学生の時、よく入院をした。
"時" expresses the time a condition or action happened (or will happen). |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 1
"when"
Ex. When I was very young, I was physically weak. |
adjective + 時
Ex. おさない時、私は体が弱かった。
"時" expresses the time a condition or action happened (or will happen). |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 1
"when"
Ex. When I read books, I wear glasses. |
dictionary form of verb + 時
Ex. 本を読む時、めがねをかける。
"時" expresses the time a condition or action happened (or will happen). |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 1
"when"
Ex. When I became a junior high school student, I joined the kendo club. |
た -form of verb + 時
Ex. 中学生になった時、けん道ぶに入った。
"時" expresses the time a condition or action happened (or will happen). |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 1
"when"
Ex. I have the most fun when I am doing sports. |
"～ている" + 時
Ex. 運動をしている時が、一ばん楽しい。
("が" is used to emphasize that it is the time when the speaker does sports, rather than other activities, that he has most fun.)
"時" expresses the time a condition or action happened (or will happen). |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 1
"when"
Ex. When I was hospitalized, my class friends came (to see me). |
"～ていた" + 時
Ex. 入院していた時、クラスの友だちが来た。
"時" expresses the time a condition or action happened (or will happen).
入院 = にゅういん |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 2
"before" and "after"
Ex. Before meals, I wash my hands. |
Conjunctive Expressions of Time 2
"前" and "後"
noun + "の前に"
Ex. 食事の前に、手を洗う。
食事 = しょくじ |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 2
"before" and "after"
Ex. After meals, I brush my teeth. |
Conjunctive Expressions of Time 2
"前" and "後"
noun + "の後に"
Ex. 食事の後に、はをみがく。 |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 2
"before" and "after"
Ex. Before turning off the heat/fire, I put an egg in. |
Conjunctive Expressions of Time 2
"前" and "後"
dictionary form of verb + "前に"
Ex. 火を消す前に、たまごを入れる。
(The dictionary form of verb "消す" is used even in the past tense and the た -form "消した" is not used.)
Ex. 火を消す前に、たまごを入れた。
火を消す = ひをけす |
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Conjunctive Expressions of Time 2
"before" and "after"
Ex. After putting an egg in, I turn off the heat/fire. |
Conjunctive Expressions of Time 2
"前" and "後"
た -form of verb + "後に"
Ex. たまごを入れた後に、火を消す。
The た -form "入れた" is used even for non-past (present and future) sentences. |
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Supposition Expressions (informal)
” だろう"
Noun sentences / な -adjectives sentences
Ex. It will be cloudy tomorrow. →
It will probably be cloudy tomorrow.
Ex. Towns during Christmas time are busy. →
Towns during Christmas time are probably busy. |
Supposition Expressions (informal)
” だろう"
Change " だ" at the end of sentences to " だろう"
Ex. 明日はくもりだ。→ 明日はくもりだろう。
Ex. クリスマスの町はにぎやかだ。→
クリスマスの町はにぎやかだろう。 |
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Supposition Expressions (informal)
" だろう"
い -adjectives sentences / verb sentences
Ex. It will be colder tomorrow than today. →
It will probably be colder tomorrow than today.
Ex. It will rain. → It will probably rain. |
Supposition Expressions (informal)
" だろう"
Add " だろう" at the end of sentences.
Ex. 明日は今日より寒い。→
明日は今日より寒いだろう。
Ex. 雨が降る。→ 雨が降るだろう。 |
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Supposition Expressions (informal)
Negative sentences
" だろう"
Ex. It won't be cloudy tomorrow. →
It probably won't be cloudy tomorrow. |
Supposition Expressions (informal)
Negative sentences
" だろう"
Add " だろう" to the " ない " of the negative.
Ex. 明日はくもりではない。→
明日はくもりではないだろう。 |
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Supposition Expressions (formal)
～でしょう
Ex. It will probably be cloudy tomorrow.
Ex. It probably won't be cloudy tomorrow. |
Supposition Expressions (formal)
Replace "～だろう " with "～でしょう ."
Ex. 明日はくもりだろう。→ 明日はくもりでしょう。
Ex. 明日はくもりではないだろう。→
明日はくもりではないでしょう。 |
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Invitation Expressions 1 (formal)
" ～ましょう"
Ex. We will go to Japan. → Let's go to Japan.
Ex. We will go skiing. → Let's go skiing. |
Invitation Expressions 1 (formal)
" ～ましょう"
By replacing the "～ます" of ます -form verbs with "～ましょう ," it becomes an invitation expression in the formal style.
Ex. 日本に行きます。→ 日本に行きましょう。
Ex. スキーをします。→ スキーをしましょう。 |
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Invitation Expressions 1 (formal)
" ～ませんか "
Ex. We will go to Japan. → Shall we go to Japan? |
Invitation Expressions 1 (formal)
" ～ませんか "
"～ませんか " can be used be used as a casual invitation.
Ex. 日本に行きます。→ 日本に行きませんか。 |
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" に行きます "
In some cases, " に行きます " expresses a purpose, instead of a place.
Ex. We go on a trip.
Ex. We go sightseeing at the festival.
Ex. We go on a factory tour. |
" に行きます "
In some cases, " に行きます " expresses a purpose, instead of a place.
Ex. 旅行に行きます。
Ex. 祭りの見物に行きます。
Ex. 工場の見学に行きます。
祭り = まつり 見物 = けんぶつ 工場 = こうじょう 見学 = けんがく |
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Invitation Expressions 2 (informal)
Group 1 verbs
Ex. go → let's go
Ex. spend time → let's spend time
Ex. invite/call out → let's invite/call out |
Invitation Expressions 2 (informal)
Group 1 verbs
Change the last letter of the dictionary form to 'お' form, and then add う.
Ex. 行く → 行こう
Ex. すごす → すごそう
Ex. 呼ぶ → 呼ぼう
呼ぶ = よぶ |
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Invitation Expressions 2 (informal)
Group 2 verbs
Ex. eat → let's eat
Ex. get up → let's get up
Ex. make (plans) → let's make (plans) |
Invitation Expressions 2 (informal)
Group 2 verbs
Replace "る" of the dictionary form with "よう."
Ex. 食べる → 食べよう
Ex. 起きる → 起きよう
Ex. 立てる → 立てよう |
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Invitation Expressions 2 (informal)
Irregular verbs
Ex. do → let's do
Ex. come → let's come |
Invitation Expressions 2 (informal)
Irregular verbs
Ex. する → しよう
Ex. 来る → 来よう (こよう) |
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"～て行く" and "～て来る"
Ex. go running
Ex. bring
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"～て行く" and "～て来る"
Adding "行く" or "来る" to the "て -form" of verbs, expresses the direction of actions or situations.
Ex. 走って行く
Ex. 持って来る |
