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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Society
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Group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture.
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Social Groups
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Consistency of two or more people who interact and identify with one another.
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Societies Boundaries
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They do not have to be geographical.
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Interaction
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Members of society must come in contact with one another.
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Culture
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Refers to language, values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that constitute a peoples way of life; it's a defining element of society.
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Pluralism
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The United States is a society composed of many groups of people, some of whom belong to other societies.
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Pluralistic Society
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Society built of many groups.
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Assimilation
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Groups seeking to become part of a pluralistic society; often giving up their traditions in order to fit in.
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Hunting and Gathering Societies
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Primary institution is family. Decide how food is shared. Small, fewer than 50 members. Nomadic, move when food supply exhausted. Display high levels on interdependence. Labor division by sex; men hunt, women gather.
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Pastoral Society
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Relies on domestication and breeding of animals for food.
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Second Social Revolution
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Came from agriculture and the invention of the plow.
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General Sequence of Agricultural Societies
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Animals used to plow, leading to larger areas of land being cultivated. Soul aerated from plowing yielding more crops over time. Productivity increased from plentiful food source. People did not have to move so towns would turn in cities. High crop yield meant not everyone had to be farmers, thus people developed new skills and jobs making a more complex economy.
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Third Social Revolution
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The invention of the steam engine. Took humans from agricultural to industrial society.
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Industrial Society
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Uses advanced sources of energy rather than humanpower to run machinery. Began in mid 1700's when Great Britain used them as a means to run other machines.
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Folkways
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Normally for everyday behavior people follow out of convenience or tradition.
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Mores
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Normally based on mortality, or definitions of right and wrong. The moral significance, and strong feelings about them results in disapproval when they are violated.
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Laws
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A norm that is written down and enforced by an official agency. Violation involves specific punishment.
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Taboos
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A norm that if violated results in extreme disgust. Violator viewed as unfit to live in society.
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Deviant
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Anyone who does not follow a norm in either a good or bad way.
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Social Control
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Refers to methods that society devises to encourage people to observe norms.
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Sanctions
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Socially constructed expressions of approval or disapproval. Can be positive or negative.
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Positive Sanctions
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Rewards someone for following a normal and serves to encourage the continuance of a certain type of behavior.
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Negative Sanctions
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Communicates to society that it does not approve of a particular behavior. The optimal effect is to discourage the continuance of said behavior.
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Role
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Set of norms, values, behavior,and personality characteristics attached to a status. An individual may occupy the statuses of student, employee, and club president and play one or more roles with each one.
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Role Conflict
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Results from competing demand of two or more roles that vie for our time and energy. The more we take on to more likely to experience a role conflict.
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Material Culture
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Consistency of concrete, visible parts of a culture, such as food, clothing, cars, weapons, and buildings.
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Nonmaterial Culture
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Consist of intangible aspects of a culture such as values and beliefs. The concepts and ideas that shape who we are and make us different from the rest of society.
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Value
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Culturally approved idea of right and wrong. A cultures principles on how things should be that differ from society to society.
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Beliefs
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Specific ideas that people feel to be true. Values support beliefs.
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Dominant Culture
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Group whose members are in the majority with more power than other groups.
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Subculture
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Group that lives differently from, but not opposed to the dominant culture.
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Counterculture
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Subculture that oppose dominant culture (like hippies of the 60's). Some are nonviolent, others are not.
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Ethnocentrism
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Tendency to judge another culture by standards of one's own culture. Entails the notion of a superior culture.
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Culture Shock
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The surprise, disorientation, and fear people can experience when they encounter a new culture.
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Culture Lag
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Coined by William Ogburn, tendency for changes in material and nonmaterial culture to occur at different rates. Nonmaterial tends to lag behind material.
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Cultural Diffusion
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The process whereby an aspect of culture spreads throughout a culture from one culture to another.
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First Social Revolution
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The domestication of plants and animals led to the birth of the horticultural and pastoral societies.
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Fourth Social Revolution
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Information and the invention of modern computers.
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Postindustrial Society
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Type of society that has developed over the last few decades. Features an economy based on services and technology, not production.
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Focus On Ideas
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Element of Postindustrial Society: Tangible goods no longer drive the economy.
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Need For Higher Education
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Element of Postindustrial Society: Factory workers does not require advanced training, and the new focus on information and technology means that people must pursue greater education.
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Shift In Workplace From Cities To Homes
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Element of Postindustrial Society: New communications technology allows work to be performed from a variety of locations.
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Norm
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A guideline or an expectation for behavior.
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William Ogburn
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Coined phrase "culture lag."
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