Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does Spirometry measure? (2)
|
measures all lung volumes except residual volume; measures flow
|
|
|
What does spirometry require?
|
that individuals execute a forced exhalation maneuver
|
|
|
What is FEV1?
|
the volume of air exhaled in the first second of a maximal exhalation
|
|
|
What is FVC?
|
total volume exhaled during the spirometry maneuver
|
|
|
What is the FEF 25-75%?
|
the average flow rate over the middle half of exhalation
|
|
|
What is the FEV1/FVC, normally?
|
Normally the patient will exhale 80% of the lung volume in 1 second
|
|
|
What are the 2 general types of lung pathology?
|
obstructive (impairment of airflow due to airway narrowing - trouble getting air out; asthma) and restrictive (impairment of distension; - trouble getting air in; fibrosis, scholiosis)
|
|
|
What is reduced in obstructive lung disease, FEV1, FEC, or FEF25%-75%?
|
FEV1 is reduced more than FVC, giving a lower ratio (< 80%); FEF25%-75% is also reduced
|
|
|
What is reduced in restrictive lung disease, FEV1, FEC, or FEF25%-75%?
|
Both the FEV1 and FVC are reduced but to the same degree, giving a normal or elevated ratio
|
|
|
What does the curve look like in obstructive lung disease?
|
(see picture)
|
|
|
What are 3 examples of obstructive lung disease?
|
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma Cystic Fibrosis Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia |
|
|
What is the key problem in COPD?
|
airflow limitation
|
|
|
What is chronic bronchitis?
|
chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years
|
|
|
What is emphysema?
|
abnormal and permanent enlargement of the airspaces that are distal to the terminal bronchioles; accompanied by destruction of airspace walls
(lungs don't naturally collapse back down) |
|
|
What are 4 characteristics of asthma?
|
variable and recurring symptoms;
airflow obstruction; bronchial hyperresponsiveness; underlying inflammation interaction of these features determines severity |
|
|
What is the etiology of asthma?
|
not well understood and likely multifactorial (family history, early virus, inhaled antigens and tobacco smoke); immune development
|
|
|
What are 3 key features of the pathophysiology of asthma?
|
1. inflammation of airway mucosa
2. constriction of airway smooth muscle 3. reversible airflow obstruction |
|
|
How is asthma diagnosed?
|
no confirmative laboratory test, diagnosis based on clinical presentation
|
|
|
What are 3 things symptoms should be?
|
recurrent
in response to trigger reversible with asthma medications |
|
|
What causes cystic fibrosis?
|
mutation in chloride channel gene, CFTR, on delta-f-508, causes sticky mucus to build up on the outside of the cell (no chloride = no water)
|
|
|
What is meconium Ileus?
|
a baby's first bowel movement; can have a bowel obstruction with CF
|
|
|
How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?
|
2 positive sweat tests OR 2 mutations in CF gene OR abnormal nasal potential differences AND clinical findings
|
|
|
What is the "vicious cycle" of CF?
|
obstruction --> inflammation --> infection --> obstruction
|
|
|
What is digital clubbing?
|
a loss of the normal curvature of the fingernail, space between 2 fingernails, due to loss of oxygen
|
|
|
What pulmonary medications are patients with CF on?
|
at least 2 antibiotics; bronchodilators; steroids
|
|
|
What is important for patients with CF in dentistry?
|
surgery is dangerous b/c patients need to be able to cough and their lungs are also more likely to be able to collapse, hospital stay for wisdom teeth
|
|
|
What is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)?
|
immotile cilia syndrome; automosomal recessive disease
|
|
|
What are 4 clinical features of PCD?
|
1. early onset of persistent nasal and paranasal sinus disease
2. recurrent bronchial infection/obstruction 3. infertility 4. 50% have Kartagener syndrome (mirror image reversal of thoracic and abdominal organs) |
|
|
What are 4 key features of restrictive lung disease?
|
1. restricted lung expansion
2. enhanced elastic recoil 3. decreased lung volumes 4. increased work of breathing |
|
|
What does restrictive lung disease look like in graph form?
|
(see picture)
|
|
|
What is OSA?
|
obstructive sleep apnea; partial or complete upper airway obstruction
|
|
|
What is hypopnea?
|
a mini-apnea, 50% decrease in airflow accompanied by desaturation or arousal
|
|
|
What is a mandibular distraction?
|
extending the chin of the mandible
|
