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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Demographics
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People 85 yrs & older are the fastest growing of all age groups in the country.
4.6 million in 2002, but projected to reach 9.6 million by 2003. |
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Categorizing
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*Young-old: 65 to 75
*Old: 75 to 85 *Old-old: 85 to 100 *Elite-old: over 100 |
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Socioeconomic
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Women out number men. women have a longer life expectancy than men. Education levels are increasing in older generations.
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Ethnicity
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Hispanics are the fastest growing subpopulation group
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Health
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Chronic health problems & disabilities increase as age increases. Disease IS NOT a normal outcome of aging.
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Ageism
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term to describe the deep & profound prejudice in American society against older adults. It is discrimination based soley on age.
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gerontology
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term used to define the study of aging andolder adults
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Care settings for elders
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Older adults are the primary users of healthcare services from acute care facilities to rehabilitation, long-term care and the community.
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Acute care facilities
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Elders are the majority of clients. people 65 & older use the ER at a higher rate than any other age group.
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Nurses in acute care
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focus on protecting the health of theolder adult, with the goal of returning the elder to their prior level of independence
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Long-term facilities
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Include assisted living, intermediate care, skilled care and Alzheimer's units.
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assisted living
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Elders who do not feel safe living alone or require additional help with activities of daily living may desire. This facility meets the needs of the oldr person (wide doorways, grab bars, call light, etc)
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intermediate care
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residents who no longer are able tolive independently. Provides 24 hr direct nursing contact.
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community nursing
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*Home-health
*nurse-run clinics *adult day care |
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Integumentary changes
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Skin: drier, less elastic, more fragile.
Hair: loses color, nails become thickened & brittle, & in women over 60 facial hair increases. |
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Integument health promotion
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maintain helathy skin, avoid sun damage, and prevent skin injury
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sarcopenia
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decrease in mucscle fibers
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neuromusculoskeletal
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gradual reduction in speed and power of skeletal or voluntary muscle contractions and sustained muscular effort. reaction time slows. Loss in stature.
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Neuromusculoskeletal health promotion
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provide information about the risk factors of osteoporosis and the importance of calcium and vit. D intake.
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kyphosis
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humpback of the upper spine
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Osteoporosis
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pathological decrease in bone density. Calcium defficiency.
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pathologic fractures
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spontaneous fractures
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Sensory/Perceptual
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Eachof five senses become less efficient in older adults
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Sensory/Perceptual health promotion
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to teach about risk factors and interventions of them.
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Presbyopia
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inability to focus or accomodate due to a loss of flexibility of the lens, causes a decrease in near vision.
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cataracts
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redustion of visual acuity which causes glare to be a problem
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other conditions resulting in visual impairment
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age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.
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presbycusis
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loss of hearing ability related to aging
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pulmonary
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reduced respiratory efficiency. Tidal volume remains the same, decreased vital capacity. dyspnea occurs frequently. weaker expiratory muscles makes it hard to cough. mucouse secretions collect.
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Pulmonary health promotions
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cessation of amoking, if appropriate.
preventing respiratory infections by hand washing. Ensuring the influenza and pneumonia vaccinations are up to date. |
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cardiovascular
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working capacity of heart diminishes. changes in arteries. slight increase in systolic pressure, diastolic remains the same.
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Cardiovascular health promotions
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detecting and resucing risks for cardiovascular disease. B/P checked. cholesterol levels checked. amoking cessation if appropriate. maintain ideal body weight. avoiding high sodium, fat and eat fruits and vegies. Discuss low dose aspirin therapy
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orthostatic hypotension
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abrupt drop in systolic blood pressure when one quickly stands up from a lying or sitting position.
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gastrointestinal
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periodontal disease. reduced saliva. slowed esophagel emptying process. decreased stomach motility and emptying time. higher pH in stomach. pernicious anemia. decreased intestinal absorption, motility & blood flow.
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gastrointestinal health promotions
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effective oral care andpreventive dental care. Nutrition and sufficient fluid intake. Maintenance of reg. bowel routine. screen for colorectal cancer.
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xerostomia
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dry mouth
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Urinary
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excretory function of the kidney diminishes w/ age.Kidney's filtering abilities may be impaired. Therefore nurses should be aware of medications that are excreted via the kidney or liver. urinary urgency, urinary frequency. nocturia. susceptible to bladder infections.
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urinary helath promotions
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drink sufficient fluids daily, drink fluids even if you don't feel like it. avoid foods that can irritate the bladder. Practice pelvic muscle exercises to stop or control stress incontinence.
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Genitals
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breasts atrophy, vaginal dryness. longer to become sexually aroused.
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disengagement theory
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proposes that aging involves mutual withdrawal (disengagement) between the older person and others in the elderly person's environment
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activity theory
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the best way to age is to stay active physically
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continutiy
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people maintain their values, habits, and behavior in old age.
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Psychosocial aging
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* retirement
* economic changes * grandparenting * relocation *maintaining independence & self-esteem * facing death & grieving |
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perception
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ability to intepret the environment, depends on the acuteness of the senses. with aging, the brain loses mass, blood flow to the brain decreases, meninges thicken and brain metabolism slows.
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cognitive ability
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more often a difference in speed than in ability. Memory loss more prevalent in adults over 85. decline in intellectual ability that interferes with social or occupational functions should always be regarded as abnormal.
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sensory memory
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momentary perception of stimuli from the environment
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short-termed memory
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information held in the brain for immediate use or what one has in mind at a given moment.
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recent memory
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short-term memory also deals with activities or the recent past of minutes to a few hours . Older adults tend to forget the recent past.
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long-term memory
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the repository for information stored for periods longer than 72 hrs. and usually weeks and years. in elders this can be slower.
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Injuries
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falls account for 85% of all fractures among adults 65 & older. Driving reflexes are decrease. Visionis impaired. Fires are hazards for elders with memory impairment. Sensitivity to pain is decreased, must watch for burns from baths and heating pads.
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hypothermia
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body temp below normal
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chronic disabling Illness
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arthritis, osteoporosis, heart disease, stroke, obstructive lung disease, hearing and visual alterations & cognitive dysfunctions
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drug use and misuse
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avg. elder adult takes 4 to 5 prescription drugs and 2 OTC meds. Common discomforts related to aging: constipation, joint pain, sleeplessness. The pharmacodynamics of drugs are altered in older adults.
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dementia
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progressive loss of cognitive function. Most common type is Alzheimer's disease. symptoms are progressive and exhibit a steady decline.
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Elder mistreatment
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approx. 1 million to 2 million Americans over the age of 65 have been abused, neglected, or exploited. The most common victims are women over the age of 75 who are physicall or mentally impaired and dependent for care ont he abuser. Common signs are dehydration, over sedation, and malnutrition.
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Adult day care
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Adult who lives at home can attend a day-care center that provides health and social services to the older adult.
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Adult foster care and group homes
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for individuals who can care for themselves but require some form of supervision for safety purposes.
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