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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytokines |
-small secreted proteins released by cells -have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells |
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Fat Metabolism in Healthy Individual |
- first, exogenous CHO and FFA are absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine -excess CHO are converted to FFA in the liver and both are taken up by Adipose tissue for storage as TG -good adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) are released and stimulate fat oxidation in tissues -this state help maintain weight and food is consume to fuel the body |
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Fat Metabolism in Obesity |
-overeating increases sources of exogenous CHO and FFA, causing excess in circulation plus increase storage of FFA in adipose tissue -alters function of adipose tissue , causing decrease in release of good adipokines and increase of bad ones -decrease in FFA metabolism , increase inflow of overeating -resulting in greater storage of excess FFA in form of IMTG in skeletal muscles making it more difficult to lose weight |
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Pancreas in the Endocrine System |
-secretes hormones that maintain substrate |
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Hormonal Control of Substrate Availability |
Insulin and Glucagon |
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Insulin promotes : |
-storage -glucose uptake -glycogen Synthesis -fat synthesis and storage |
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Glucagon promotes: |
-mobilization of CHO -mobilization of fat |
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how is insulin secreted from beta- cells? |
-in response in the pancreas to high blood sugar |
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How is glucose taken up in skeletal muscle? |
-primarily metabolized via glycolysis and aerobic metabolism to produce ATP |
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how is glucose taken up in liver? |
-either stored as glycogen or ultilized in fatty acid synthesis |
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what happens in Adipose tissue? |
-insulin moves both GLUT4 and FAT CD36 to membrane -resulting in uptake of glucose and FFA and increased re-esterification and fat storage |
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what does insulin inhibit ? |
-lipolysis -turns off fatty acids release in adipose tissue, liver and muscle, resulting in the suppression of whole body fatty acid metabolism |
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what is the influence of insulin in the absorptive state ? |
glucose is high and insulin released from beta-cells of the pancreas - increased glucose uptake, metabolism and storage in muscle - increased glucose uptake and glycogen and fatty acid synthesis in liver -increased FFA and glucose uptake in adipose tissue, resulting in TG formation and fat storage -decreased lipolysis in muscle , liver and adipose tissue , decreasing FFA availability |
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Type I Diabetes |
–Autoimmune Disease: body destroys its own β-cells –Pancreas cannot produce insulin –Must take insulin injections to maintain blood glucose |
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Type II Diabetes |
–Cells become resistant to insulin –β-cellsmust produce more insulin to compensate –This eventually puts too much strain on β-cellsand they may die –Treated with drugs (metformin) and lifestyle intervention (exercise anddiet) |
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During the Absorptive State... |
-nutrients are being absorbed -body metabolizes glucose for ATP -FA , Amino acids and glucose taken up by cells, stored - INSULIN IS HIGH |
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During Post-Absorptive State... |
-nutrients are not being absorbed -body metabolizes progressively more FFA to produce ATP -mobilized from storage deposits -INSULIN IS LOW and GLYCOGEN IS HIGH |
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How is glucagon secreted in liver? |
- α-cells of the pancreas in response to low blood sugar |
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Atkins Diet |
•Whenyou eat simple CHO,bloodglucose increases •Insulinincreases as a result •Insulinstimulates storage |
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Glycemic Index |
relative ranking of carbohydrate in foods according to ow they affect blood glucose levels |
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Risks of Atkins Diet |
-headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, constipation |
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Role of Adrenal Medulla |
Secretes catecholamines(Epinephrineand Norepinephrine) Release of catecholamines isunder direct Neural control… Involved in substrate mobilization! |
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Catecholamines |
- excitatory most of the time -stimulate glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver) -stimulate lypolysis (breakdown of fat in muscle and adipose tissue -important in switch to fatty acid metabolism with increasing exercise duration |
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Relations of exercise and ATP |
-increases demand in ATP demand/utilization -associated increase in substrate demand to meet the demand for ATP -hormonal control of substrate delivery |
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Insulin and Glucagon in Exercise |
•Asexercise progresses or gets more intense fuel demand increases •Duringintense exercise insulin (storage) tends to decrease while glucagon(mobilization) increases •Incombination with catecholamine response these changes contribute to providingcontracting muscles with the fuel they require |
