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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rapid Urban Growth
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-Urban population 7X since post civil war- 1900
-1920- majority of people in cities -unprecedented growth- not from city population itself -mostly growth from immigrants as opposed to urban family reproduction |
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Geographic mobility
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-steam-powered ocean liners
-railroads -cheap and quick transportation provide incentives to move to city |
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African American communities
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-blacks flock to industrial N. to escape violent S.
-not many opportunities-mostly low paying service jobs -substantial population by 1900- >10,000 in 30 major cities |
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Immigration
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-most important source for urban growth- mostly Europeans
-come from Canada, Mexico, Latin America. -west coast- China, Japan -most new immigrants are poor, unskilled, and uneducated |
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Diverse American city
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-by 1890, mostly foreign born people in cities (>80%)
-no single group dominates (see pg 502 chart) -tight knit ethnic communities emerge |
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Benefits of the ethnic communities
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-offer familiar newspaper, language, food, religion
-can stay in touch with native country through post -cultural cohesiveness ensures values are preserved |
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Americanization
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-new immigrants retain dream of becoming *true* American
-2nd generation immigrants work hard to assimilate |
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Changing gender roles
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-immigrant women break from patriarchal European structures and work out of home
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Nativism
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-fear and prejudice among native-born Americans of influx of new immigrants
-economic and cultural concerns-> immigrants will take jobs from natives, and will corrupt American culture |
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Immigration Restriction League
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-founded in 1894 by a sophisticated Harvard graduate
-dedicated to belief immigrants should be screened for literary tests -rely on sophisticated arguments to support restriction cause, in contrast to earlier native movements |
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Advantages of cheap labor
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-cheap and plentiful immigrant labor integral to United States’s industrial development
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Frederich Law Olmstead and Calbert Vaux
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-redesign in late 1850’s NY central park to relieve people from urban congestion
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City beautiful Movement
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-founded by Dan Burnham to impose order and symmetry to city life- call for elaborate reconstruction of cities
-property right disputes halt grandiose plans |
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The Back Bay
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-Boston fills in marshy tidal land area to create a neighborhood
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Growth of suburbs
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-for the moderately well-to-do to flock to edges of cities
-real estate agents try to recreate idyllic country side conditions |
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Tenements
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-by late 19th centuries= slum dwellings, result of landlords miserly attitudes towards poor
-crammed, terrible conditions |
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Jacob Riis
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-Author of How the Other Half Lives (1890)- book of pictures and descriptions of tenement life- shock middle class
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Transportation problems
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-old streets to narrow for heavy traffic
-inadequate paving -mass transportation like horse drawn street cars too slow |
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Mass transit
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-1870- steam powered trains in NY
-Richmond 1888- trolley lines -1897- 1st subways in Boston |
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Steeel girder construction
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-technique that allows for modern sky scraper construction
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Development of professional fire departments
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-great fires bring about fire proof innovations like fire blanket, fire proof buildings
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Inadequate sanitation
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-epidemics spread fast
-officials don’t understand sewage-disease connection |
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Air pollution
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-secure from factories, stoves, and furnaces
-respiratory infection rates far greater in cities than rural areas |
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Public Health Service
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-1912- PHS created to prevent occupational diseases
-create common health standards, but doesn’t have much impact -however, establishes public health as a federal responsibility |
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Salvation Army
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-English founded charitable society to ease poverty
-religious revivalism to provide relief for the homeless and hungry |
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High Crime Rates
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-rise rapidly in late 19th century- 100 murders/ 1million people
-native borns attribute it to ethnic groups -police forces develop |
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Boss Rule
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-political machine
-politicians mobilize power of immigrant voting communities -boss just has to win votes with relief, patronage, opportunities |
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Graft + Corruption
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-politicians enrich themselves
-bribes rampant -G Wa Plunkitt of Tammany Hall coins term "honest graft" -Will Tweed the most famous graft artist of them all |
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Reasons for Boss Rule
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-power of immigrant voters who care more about services provided than political morality
-wealthy supportive citizens -weak legitimate city governments |
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Middle class culture
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-distinctive culture emerges late 19th century
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Rising income
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-income rising for nearly everyone
-growth + increasing prosperity of the middle class- white collars (professionals like doctors) do very well |
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New Merchandizing techniques
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-industries grow to accommodate consumer demand
-rise of mass market |
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Chain stores
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-sell manufactured goods at lower prices than independent shops
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Social consequences of mail order catalogs
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-rural people gain access to the consumer world
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Impact of department stores
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-shopping becomes glamorous
-bring wide variety of products together -atmosphere of wonder and excitement -sell merchandise for cheaper than small stores |
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National Consumer League
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-founded in the 1890’s to mobilize women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to increase wages and better working conditions
-very important political development of the late19th century |
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New conceptions of Leisure
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-concept of leisure goes from slothful to important component of an individual’s health
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Simon Patten
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-books advocating that society could tailor to wants, as opposed to needs
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Public Leisure
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-people look for public amusement like Coney Island, movies, sports
-often split along class, race, and gender lines |
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Major league Baseball
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-by and of Civil War, leagues develop with standardized rules
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Growth of college football
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-2nd most popular sports
-esp for elites, since it develops from colleges -very violent- average of 20 deaths/year |
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Gambling and Sports
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-sports and gambling connected early on
-“throwing games” scandals ensue -horse racing |
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Ethnic Theater
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-ethnic theaters draw on ethnic traditions
-ie) Italian opera |
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Vaudeville
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-most popular form of entertainment in the early 1900’s
-give blacks access to mainstream |
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Birth of a Nation
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-1915- DW Griffith’s wildly popular silent movie
-notoriously racist |
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Importance of the Saloon
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-leisure time for working-class men
-often ethnically specific -some are dark underworlds of urban life |
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Importance of the 4th of July
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-one of the few full days of leisure at the time
-big celebrations in communities |
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Dime Novels
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-cheaply bound, widely circulated novels and poetry for Americans after the Civil War-
-contain wild west, detective stories, scientific adventure, Horatio Alger stories, Little Women one of them |
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Emergence of Newspaper chains
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-between 1870- 1910- circulation increases 9X
-telegraph helps standardize products -William Randolph Hearst who creates first newspaper chain competes with Joseph Pullitzer -establish yellow journalism by late 19th century |
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Social realism
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-effort to recreate urban social reality
-ex) Red Badge of Courage, Maggie: A Girl of the STreet |
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Ashcan School
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-school of art that explores American culture with startling naturalism
-explore loneliness of big city -glory in ordinary and coarse as opposed to earlier “genteel ideals -artists include John Sloan, George Bellows, Edward Hopper |
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Natural Selection
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-Charles Darwin- humans evolved from earlier forms of life
-survival of the fittest -create schism between cosmopolitan, intellectual city that was OK with Darwin’s ideas, and provincial towns that vehemently rejected them |
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Pragmatism
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-modern society should rely for guidance on science, not ideals and morals
-no idea/institution is valid unless it worked and stood the test of experience |
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Growth of Anthropology
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-Darwinism encourages scholars to examine other cultures
-start to look at Native Americans as a different culture with perhaps worthy ideals (but doesn’t result in concrete pro-NA policies) |
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Spread of Public Education
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-# public high schools X60 between 1860-1900, but education far from universal, especially in rural areas, and especially for blacks in the south
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Land-Grant Institutions
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-colleges spring up with land grant funds
-others come from personal fortunes (Carnegie-Melon, Vanderbilt) |
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Women’s colleges
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-by 1865, only 3 coed colleges
-after civil war, Cornell and Wesleyan and such colleges begin to admit women -Holyoke is 1st college, but it’s only a seminary -also, larger universities create women colleges (Barnard for Columbia, Radcliffe for Harvard) -7 sisters emerge- women not second class citizens there -distinctive women’s community |
