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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Psychoneuromuscular Theory?
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Physiological explanation for imagery, low grade muscle innervation
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What is the Symbolic Learning Theory?
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Cognitive explanation for imagery, advanced planning/relevant cues
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What is attention and arousal set theory?
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Combination of Symbolic Learning Theory and Psychoneuromuscular Theory.
Cognitively aids in selective attention Physiologically adjusts arousal level |
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What are 4 factors associated with imagery?
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- Vividness
- Controlability - Triggers - I.D. differences in imagery ability |
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What are the 4 conclusions to imagery research?
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- Cognitive load
- Imagery vs physical practice - Skill level - Amount of mental practice/rehearsal |
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What is the conclusion for cognitive load in imagery?
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Imagery more effective with higher cognitive load tasks
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What is the conclusion for imagery vs physical practice?
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Combination results in greater learning and attention
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What is the conclusion for skill level in imagery?
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Higher skilled performers benefit more from imagery
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What is the conclusion for the amount of mental practice/rehearsal prior to execution in imagery?
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Too long can disrupt performance, "1 to 2 times"
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What is the definition for motivation?
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Anything that impels an individual into action
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What are the 4 Motivation Theories?
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- Achievement Theory
- Competence Theories - Attribution Theories - Intrinsic Motivation Theories |
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What do Achievement Motivation Theories state about an individual?
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Predisposition to approach or avoid competitive performance
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In this motivation theory, whether someone avoids or approaches the situation is determined by whether motivation for success or motivation to avoid failure is greater:
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Need Achievement Motivation Theory
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To foster Motivation for success what two things should be done?
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- Increase probability of success
- increase incentive value |
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What are the 5 Competency Theories?
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- Self Efficacy Theory
- Competence Motivation Theory - Sport Confidence Theory - Goal Setting Theory - Goal Perspective Theory |
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What are the competency theories based on?
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Self perception of ability
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How does the Self Efficacy Theory work?
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Id to execute task => efficacy expectations => behavior => outcome => then back to efficacy expectations
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How does Competence Motivation work?
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Mastery Experience => Success/Failure => Increased/Decreased Competency => Increased/Decreased motivation
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For the Self Efficacy Theory, what 2 things can foster self efficacy?
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- Experience Success
- Participant Modeling |
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What are 3 key points of Competence Motivation Theory?
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- Innate motivation to prove competence
- Situation specific belief -Mastery experiences |
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How do we foster experience with the Competence Motivation Theory?
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- Experience success
- Focus on process not outcome |
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What is the Sport Confidence Theory?
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- Belief in ones ability to be successful in sport
- Situation specific belief or general global |
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What are the 2 key points to Sport Confidence Theory?
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- Self talk
- Psychological momentum |
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What is psychological momentum?
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a positive or negative change that results in a shift in performance and outcome
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How do we foster sport confidence?
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- Experience success
- Achievement improvement |
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What is the Goal Setting Theory?
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Goal attainment energizes performers in selection, persistence and effort
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What is the Goal Perspective Theory?
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Theory provides framework to understand motivation across the lifespan
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This theory is an expansion of Self Efficacy Theory and Competence Motivation Theory:
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Goal Perspective Theory
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What are two key points of the Goal Perspective Theory?
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- Task oriented - mastery
- Ego oriented - out performing others |
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How do we foster task orientation?
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TARGET - Tasks, Authority, Rewards, Grouping, Evaluation, Timing
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What are Attribution Theories?
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Perceptual beliefs for success and failure
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Is the only attribute that is internal, unstable, and controllable
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Effort
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What are Intrinsic Motivation Theories based on?
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Self determination
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The Cognitive Evaluation Theory is:
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Perception of extrinsic rewards/Re
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How do we foster intrinsic motivation?
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- Experience success
- Positive reinforcement for I.D. behaviors |
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Causal Attribution Theory summary:
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Event occurs => strive to explain => formulate attributions => influence motivation
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What is aggressive behavior?
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Intent => to do harm
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What is assertive behavior?
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Intent => play/perform with high energy within the rules of the game
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What is the intent of hostile aggression and what drives it?
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Intent => to harm and cause suffering
Drive => anger |
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What is instrumental aggression and what drives it?
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Intent => to harm
Drive => no anger, done for positive reinforcement |
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What does the Instinct Theory say aggression is and what should be done?
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- Innate biological drive
- Catharsis |
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What is the research conclusion to Instinct Theory?
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Physical activity increases aggression
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What does the Social Learning theory say Aggression and what affects it?
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- Learned behavior
- +/- Reinforcement |
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According to the Social Learning theory how does one learn the behavior
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Through modeling
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What is the research conclusion to the Social Learning Theory?
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Aggression can be learned and unlearned
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What does F-A-D from the Reformulated F-A-D Theory stand for?
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F - frustration
A - aggression D - Displacement |
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According to the F-A-D theory where does frustration come from?
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a blocked goal
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According to the F-A-D theory where does aggression come from?
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result from frustration
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According to the F-A-D theory where does displacement come from?
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aggression stimulus similarity/dissimilarity
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What is different about the Reformulated F-A-D Theory compared to the original?
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Combines both learned and innate behaviors
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The Moral Reasoning Theory States:
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willingness to aggress is determined by level of moral reasoning
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What is a key to the Moral Reasoning Theory?
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Sport participation can retard moral development
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What is the relationship between aggression and performance?
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as aggression increases performance decreases
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What are 3 perspectives to describe the relationship between aggression and performance?
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- Attention perspective
- Arousal perspective - Cognitive perspective |
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What is collective aggression?
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a group that exhibits aggression as a group
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Do stylized and realistic aggression have the same affect?
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yes
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Research conclusions regarding collective aggression. Collective aggression increases when? 4 things
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- Observe sport aggression
- fans develop sense of anonymity - fans observe aggressive athlete NOT receiving -Reinforcement - fans become disinhibited |
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The Mere Presence model states that the presence of others is:
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psychologically arousing
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2 factors that influence social facilitation:
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- skill level
- nature of task |
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The Evaluation Apprehension model states that:
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Evaluative audience => social facilitation
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Birging is:
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basking in reflective glory
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2 image enhancement tactics:
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- Wear team paraphernalia
- Use term "we" |
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CORFing is:
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Cutting off reflected failure
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Image protection tactics:
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distance ourselves from unsuccessful people/teams
- use the term "they" |
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The proposition for team cohesion is:
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the need to belong is a fundamental human motive
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