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Knes 240- midterm exam

Knes 240- Midterm Exam

by karimcdonald, Oct. 2016

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132 Cards in this Set

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	2) What is an Attitude	A learned predisposition to approach or avoid Can be- Negative or Positive ----AFFECTS BEHAVIOUR
	2) List Three Attitude Theories	1)Contact Theory 2)Persuasive Communication Theory 3) Social Cognitive Theories
	2) Contact Theory	Changes attitudes through increased contact The nature of contact is very important: -Relationship of equal status. -Planned and structured interaction. -Meaningful goals that promote respect. -Cooperative activities. -Pleasant, comfortable, fun social climate.
	2) Persuasive Communication Theory	Designed to- 1) catch attention 2) increase understanding 3) promote acceptance Direct persuasion vs. Indirect persuasion
	2) Social Cognitive Theories	1) Group Dynamics Theory 2) Observational Learning Theory
	2) Group Dynamics Theory	- Groups are major determinants of attitudes + or - -Attitudes are strongly influenced by the norms and goals of groups ( to which people belong or aspire to belong) -Pressure toward uniformilitty cause individuals to act, think and feel the same way.
	2) Observational Learning Theory	-learn by doing, observe and imitate -learning can be of both a positive or negative attitude -sometimes is referred to as modeling
	3) What is the social constructionists account of disability?	-" To understand disability in relation to socially establishes standards for socially created tasks"
	3) Normalcy	"The emergence of a nation of normalcy is what, then, creates the "problem" of the disabled person." "The point at which variation from the norm becomes a disability depends on society in which the standards of normality are generated. Large city ie) new York VS small town alberta
	3) What are the intentions of interventions?	Try to make it possible for everyone to engage in a range of similar tasks. " To make available to differently abled individuals conditions as close as possible to that of the group norm."
	3) Why does language matter?	It communicate attitudes and beliefs It communicates respect It can enhance or reduce differences
	3) What does it mean to focus on similarities	refer to disability only when relevant.
	3)How does one Emphasize the Individual	Use first person language( ex A person with a disability, rather than "a disabled person" Avoid Equating the person with their disability- To be disabled To Have a disability Avoid labelling people as groups " The disabled" vs People with disabilities"
	3) Which is correct? "A person with a disability" "a disabled person"	A person with a disability,
	3) Which is correct? To be disabled To have a disability	To Have a disability
	3) Which is correct "The disabled" Vs. "People with disabilities"	People with disabilities
	3)Why should we avoid the use of acronyms?	Except in appropriate context, acronyms can limit understanding of those involved in the conversation.
	3)How can one use language to emphasize ability?	Avoid terms that convey dependency and helplessness. " In a wheel chair", "confined to a wheel char", "Restricted to a wheelchair" VS "Using a Wheel Chair"
	3)When addressing a person with a disability which would be the correct way to address them? Patient Client Participant	either client or participant
	3)What is the idea behind avoiding Emotional Descriptors?	Avoiding language that implies pain and suffering eliminates negative connotation towards a disability ex) victim of afflicted by suffering from survivor of Unfortunate Pitiful
	3)Should we portray people with disabilities as heroic or super himan	No try and avoid
	3)When is labelling neessary	Facilitate communication Access Funding Access Programs Sports classification
	6) Define Adapt	To Make suitable, to adjust or to modify in accordance with individual needs.
	6) Define adaption and what it requires	Purposeful Change made to promote the achievement of goals. requires goals requires assessments
	6) Name the five reason to adapt	To Facilitate Learning Participation Success Acceptance Normalization ( not something to focus on)
	6) When adapting what rules to modifications should be implemented?	To the extent necessary On a individual basis Be aware of social criteria Without jeopardizing the integrity of the experience for everyone
	6)Explain the Developmental Approach	Assess participant performance according to developmental level guides skill instructions skills have a documented progression Goals are determined by developmental stages and patters of typical motor development
	6)Describe the differences between the two ways to applying the developmental approach?	1) Developmental Task Analysis (focus on entire tasks changing elements to make it easier to harder) kick small beach ball Kick small soccer ball kick large rubber ball kick regulation soccer ball 2) Hiorarchicial Task Analysis ( focus on the technique and physical application of activity) push stationary ball with straight knee kick stationary ball with bent knee kick stationary ball with bent knee and extended hip follow through
	6) Is their an optimal way of performing a movement?	No based on an individuals stage of motor development an optimal way can look different for everyone.
	6) How is it best to approach learning a Final task?	In smaller subtasks
	6) What is the Proficiency Barrier	"When a participants fails to achieve competence in a pre-requisite skill (fundamental motor skill) they will be unable to perform advanced motor skills successfully)
	6) What can be modified based on the ecological task analysis model?	Task/Activity Person/Individual Environment/ Context
	6) Benefits of using ETA ( Ecological task analysis Model?)	applicable for all populations instructors don't need to know the best movement pattern for each individual ( instead guide students to find what works for them) Incorporates choice
	6) How to modify Temporal Environment Variables	planned vs unplanned Duration of activity Time interval between cues, task performance, correction, reinforcement
	6) What are some examples of physical and environmental variables	space surface lighting sound temperature and humidity allergens, pollens, mold, dirt built in or permanent equipment ( goal posts nets etc)
	6) Give Examples of manipulatable equipment	size weight color surface texture sound shape movement/trajectory
	6) List some examples of social environmental variables/ context	attitudes and feelings cooperative or competitive structured or unstructured Working with people you know or strangers Spectators Choice
	6) List some examples of task/activity variables	Speed Complexity( movement patterns rules etc) Force Height Distance Direction Accuracy Manipulatable equipment
	6) Give examples of a physical individual variable	strength, coordination, range of motion, weight, height, endurance, medical conditions, fine and gross motor control, equipment that the participant brings with them.
	6) Give examples of intellectual individual variables	IQ Learning style previous experience attention span
	6) Give Examples of affective individual variables	Interest/motivation value of the activity mood self-confidence patience willingness to try new things perceived inclusion
	4) Name the four types of service delivery	Relative Isolation Integration Inclusion Empowerment
	4)Describe Relative Isolation	Facilities-based model Ex) institutions residential programs, special schools Strong segregation Physician recommended placement of children in these facilities
	4)Name a few values of segregated programs	Some chose segregated programs Allows for development of skills Allows 1 on 1 or small group instruction
	4)Describe Integration and list the two types	Integration ( having people with disabilities learn, work, and recreate around peers without disabilities The two types are Mainstreaming Least Restrictive Environment
	4)Describe Mainstreaming	Mainstreaming is a form of integration people with disabilities integrated into general programs regular placement but are provided with specialized services originally only suggested for persons with mild intellectual impairment Mainstreaming was supposed to happen on a individual basis after assessment into an appropriate placement
	4)Explain the demise of mainstreaming	Inappropriate implementation lack of specialized staff and services Individuals with much more severe disabilities were being main streamed improperly
	4)Describe Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)	matches abilities with services based on multitude of possible placements movement up or down depending on sucsess designed for all people
	4)What is this an example of Adapted PE in a special school Full time adapted Pe in a regular school adapted pe with regular pe for specific activities where apporptiate part time regular pe part time adapted regular pe with consultation from the adapted physiccal education speacialization full time regular physical education	Least restrictive environment Model for adapted physical education
	6) Name the three visual instructional strategies and briefly explain	Complete Demonstration-accurate exaggerated demonstration of skill Partial Demonstration- Accurately demonstrates component of skill (witout equipment or just beginning/end) Gestural Prompting-( Using gestures to explain) ex) point to fllor to explain jump down to floow
	6)List the three verbal prompts and briefly explain	Skill Cue- statements that focus on participants attention (ex swing your arms) try using familiar analogies such as animal movements Action command-verbal description of the desired skill Action Cue- motivational statement to help person perform skill (Ex, 1...2...3...)
	6)What is augmentative and alternative communication	all forms of communication other than oral speech.
	6) what are visual supports and name a few examples	pictures symbols words sequence supports (visual schedules) Procedural Supports Rule Supports Temporal Supports
	6)When are sequence supports visual schedules and activity schedules especially useful	Very useful to prevent problem behavior during transitions between environments and or activities for many individuals
	6)explain a temporal support	used to help students understand the passage of time or predict upcoming events
	4)Describe the least restrictive environment diagram	The object of the diagram is for a student to participate in the LRE: environments could include totally segregated programs Spontaneous Integration Formal Integration Segregated community programs
	4) Explain the downfalls of Least Restrictive Environment	Segregated environments may not prepare the individual from integrated environemnts movement rarely happens legitimizes segregation
	4) Explain inclusion	(Still a form of integration, more focused than just physical placement) more than placement it is an attitude of acceptance placement of people in age-appropriate community programs Different types of inclusion and acceptance(physical social, perceived.
	4) List the four implications of inclusion	All student/People include Regular classroom/ setting as the starting point Merging regular and special education/ settings Supplementary services and aides when needed
	4) List a few benefits on inclusion for children with disabilities children without disabilities teachers	children with more stimulating environment role models improved competence opportunities to make new friends share new exxperiences greater acceptance by peers sense of belonging membership to class Children without more accepting of individuals differences more comfortable around students with become generally more helpful acquire leadership skills improved self-esteem Teachers Awareness/ appreciation of individual differenes in all children access to speacialists/resources learning new techniques
	4) Downfalls of Inclusion	A cause/moral imperative (placement mandate outweighed individual needs Ignore parental preference Problems with quality of education Lack of qualified staff
	4) Describe Empowerment	Assumes individuals with disabilities should: Make choices Reach decidsions Assume Responsibilities Take risks Regulate own learning Live independently as adults
	7)Define a spinal cord injury	:any event or disease or condition which causes ether complete or incomplete paralysis
	7) explain a complete vs an incomplete spinal cord injury	severyity of injury to spinal cord
	7)Explain what it means by an upper or lower and left or right spinal cord injury	upper lower- whether the upper half or lower half were affeted left or right- which side of the cord was affected
	7)what percentage of newly injured spinal cord injuries are male	80%
	7)prevalence of spinal cord injuries among Canadians	36,000 Canadians living with spinal cord injuries
	7)what percentage of spinal cord injuries are paraplegic and quadriplegic	50/50
	7)define quadraplegia	all four limbs and trunk affected by the injury
	7)paraplegia	both legs and trunk are affected by injury
	7)Hemiplegia	lision affecting one side of the body and spinal cord
	7)Name and describe the key health concerns of spinal cord injries	Pressure sores- sores caused by reduces blood flow to area slow to heal easily infected. Autonomic Dysreflexia- When blood pressure rises drastically due to undetected painful stimuli which they cannot feel. Musle Atrophy and Osteoporosis -loosing bone and muscle strength in unused areas
	7)Name a few barriers to participation for people with spinal cord injuries	Health concerns (pressure sores, spasticity, obesity) Accessibility Special terrain challenges money acceptance and tolerance self confidence interest and motivation.
	8) Explain the differences between a traumatic and non-traumatic brain injury	Traumatic- is caused by an external act ex accident non-traumatic- caused by disease or health difficulties
	8)Explain the differences between an open and closed brain injury	closed- internal wound (more likely to affect the larger areas of the brain) more pressure+ more bleeding increased brain damage open-blood leaving injury sight, more likely to affet one area; less damage is bleeding can be controlled.
	8)how many Canadians each year die as a result to a traumatic brain injury	11,000
	8)what is the most affected age group by traumatic brain injury	18-35
	8)Name a few physical/cognitive/ and behavioral impairments cause by a traumatic brain injury	physical-altered speech, vision and hearing, headaches, decreased coordination, fatigue, spasticity, paralysis, seizure disorders Cognitive- problems with short term and long term memory, slowed thinking, decreased attention span, altered reading writing skills, difficulties planning Behavioral-decreased control over emotions, depression, mood swings, anxiety, agitation ,restlessness, decreased motivation, decreased insight into social situations, inability to self- monitor behavior
	8)what is functional electrical stimulation	a foot drop stimulator or hang function stimulater for people who have experience TBI send low-level electrical impulses to activate specific muscle in your legs arm hands or other areas
	8)Explain the rejoice system	hand arm and shoulder rehabilitation work station turns rehab into a game.
	9) What is a stroke	Sudden loss of brain function due to the interruption of blood flow to the brain.
	9) define an ischemic and thrombotic stroke and there differences	a ischemic stroke is the result of lack of blood flow to the brain due to a blood clot (clot is the buildup of plaque hardening of he arteries) a Thrombotic stroke is a clot forms in an artery in the brain.
	9) What is a Hemorrhagic stroke	caused by uncontrolled bleeding in the brain brain essentially floods killing brain cells.
	9) Explain a transient ischemic attack	a short term lack of blood supply to the brain often called a mini-stroke warning for increased chances stroke
	9) Explain the differences between hemiplegia and a hemiparesis	Hemiplegia =paralysis on 1 side of the body Hemiparesis= weakness on 1 side of the body
	9) What is unilateral neglect and what causes this	the inability for a person to process and perceive stimuli on one side of there environment caused by stroke
	9) Define Aphasia and name what causes this	The inability to form or comprehend language caused by a stroke
	9) define Dysphasia and what it is caused by	trouble in swallowing caused by stroke
	9) What are some effects of strokes	-mood changes, -pain and numbness -unilateral neglect -Aphasia -dysphasia -vision problems -mood changes -hemiplegia -hemiparesis
	9) 3 variables which affect strokes	-location -severity -brain recovery after stroke
	9) List some barriers people who have experiences a stroke may have	-heart health ( cardiovascular disease) -fatigue -strength -balance and coordination -speech and language problems -lack of social acceptance/understanding -lack of motivation
	9) Risk Factors which you can control to reduce risk of stroke	-cholesterol -blood pressure -diabetes -weight -physical activity -smoking -stress
	9) risk factors for stroke you cant control	age gender family history ethnicity prior stroke
	9) List someof the warning signs of a stroke	-weakness -trouble speaking -headache -dizziness -vision problems
	9) what does Fast stand for	F-facial weakness A- Arm weakness S-Speech T- Test all three
	9) What are two adapted/ rehab activities for people who have experienced stroke	kinne-assist designed for loco motor and balance training (robot Constraint induced therapy -trying to reverse the "learned disuse" phenomenon
	10) Define Multiple Sclerosis	A chronic, unpredictable often disabling auto-immune disease which attacks the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve) With ms- the transmission of messages from the brain to the body may be slowed interrupted or blocked
	10) What has been ruled out as causes of MS	Not -mental illness -contagious -muscle disease -herditary -no cure - not fatal for a majority of people.
	10) what is the most common theory as to how one develops ms	a autoimmue disease triggered in genetically susceptible people by some environmental agents ( probably viral)
	10) who is more likely to develop ms males or females	Males
	10) does Canada have a high prevalence of ms	yes canada has one of the highest prevalence's in the world.
	10) List some MS symptoms	-fatigue -sensory -motor function -vision -bladdar dysfunction -bowel dysfunction -pain -behavioural and sexual function -emotional changes -cognitive impairment -speech and swallowing
	10) Is exercise good for people with ms	YES! exercise shows to be one of the most effective interventions
	10) Dangers of exercise for a person with ms	-Contractures ( permanent tightening of a muscle tendon or ligament) -Pressure sores
	10) What is the most crucial factor in exercise for people with ms and explain	Heat stress and nerve Fatigue -an increase in body heat by just 0.5 C can block conduction to axons.
	10) Explain how one would help combat nerve fatigue	-Cooling the body once over heated - Pre- cooling and cooling before and during and after exercise
	10) What are some of the factors of participating in exercise when being medicated for ms	medications can impact exercise tolerance or physiological response to exercise important for individual with ms to monitor signs and symptoms during and after exercise
	10) Can people with ms expeience bladder and bowel issues	Yes
	10) Describe MS fatigue and how one could build a exercise plan around this	Will affect time of day best for exercising fatigue from MS worsens later in the day -CRUCIAL- to form a balanced plan between rest and exersice in order to prevent becoming overly fatigued.
	10) Explain a MS relapse/Attack	Ms attack occurs when symptoms worsen when a new ones develop can last FROM A COUPLE DAYS TO WEEKS some times leaving permanent effects ALL STRENUOUS ACTIVITY SHOULD BE STOPPED UNTIL ATTACK IS COMPLETE
	11) explain cerebral palsy	a chronic neurological disorder of movement and posture caused by lesion in the immature brain
	11) When is someone at risk for Cerebral Palsy	Prenatal, Perinatal Postnatal (up to three years) From fetus to three years old
	11) List the three movement disorders associated with Cerebral Palsy and explain	-Spasticity ( scissors gait knees locked together or arms locked in position) most common hypertonic muscle tone -Athetosis (dystonia) lack of controlled/coordinated movement involuntary movement variable muscle tone in different muscles -Ataxia Balance and coordination problems low postural tone ( test for ataxia pacing lid on a pen)
	11) Qudriplegia	all four limbs inolved
	11) Diplegia	All four limps but both legs more severely
	11) Hemiplegia	One side of the body
	11) Triplegia	three limbs involved generally both arms and 1 leg
	11) monoplegia	one limb affect generally arm
	11) What are some health conditions associated with cerebral palsy	-contractures -chronic pain -fatigure -poor control of the muscles of the throat mouth and tongue -abnormal sensation -visual impairments -hearing impairments -seizures -learning disability -difficulty understanding language
	11) What to consider around physical activity for cerebral palsy	medication consideration of limb weakness lack of coordination lack of balance and postural control consideration of assistive devices consideration of limited range of motion
	11) What are good suggestions for someone with cerebral palsy give examples which are both muscular and cardio	muscular -resistance training -aquatic-based training Cardio -interval training, walking running, stationary cycling, swimming, aqua fit
	12) What are factors of visual acuity	how well you see clarity sharpness
	12) What are factors of someone's visual field	-peripheral visions -what you would see if you were looking ahead
	12) What two factors define visual impairments	1. visual acuity 2.Visual Field
	12) List a few major causes of visual impairment	-macular degeneration -traumatic eye injury -Glaucoma -Cataracts
	12) Explain Macular Degeneration	affectts central vision risk factors aging smoking hereditary degeneration of macula blurry in center of screen
	12) Explain Glaucome	-progressive -increase in pressure due to build up of fluid in the eye -damages the optic nerve Tunnel vision
	12) Explain cataracts	-film develops over eye - decreased vision as film enlarges -blurry where film is covering -blocks ligh from reaching the retina
	12) What is Stramismus	- the inability to focus both eyes. -Affects people with Cerebral Palsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury
	12) Factors which influence participation in physical activity	Age of onset acquired vs congenital (formation of visual concepts/ past experiences) Communication Methods ( Large print or braille, descriptive language, physical guidance, tactile modeling) Sporting opportunities
	12) Is integrated placement acceptable for people with visual impairment	yes
	12) What are some equipment modifications we could make for someone who is visually impaired so they can participate in PE	Auditory cues Color Texture Lighting Noise

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