Kk&s Ch.08 Signs And Sx In Psychiatry

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A ? is a chronic or recurrent nonpsychotic disorder characterized mainly by anxiety, which is experienced or expressed directly or is altered through defense mechanism

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neurosis

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According to the American Psychiatric Glossary of the American Psychiatric Association, the term psychotic means

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grossly impaired reality testing

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A process by which repressed material, particularly a painful experience or a conflict, is brought back to consciousness; in this process, the person not only recalls, but also relives the repressed material, which is accompanied by the appropriate affective response.

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abreaction

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Thinking characterized by the ability to grasp the essentials of a whole, to break a whole into its parts, and to discern common properties. To think symbolically

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abstract thinking

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Reduced impulse to act and to think, associated with indifference about consequences of action. Occurs as a result of neurological deficit, depression, and schizophrenia.

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abulia

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Loss of ability to do calculations; not caused by anxiety or impairment in concentration. Occurs with neurological deficit and learning disorder.

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acalculia

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Disordered speech in which statements are incorrectly formulated. Patients may express themselves with words that sound like the ones intended, but are not appropriate to the thoughts, or they may use totally inappropriate expressions.

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acataphasia

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Lack of feeling associated with an ordinarily emotionally charged subject; in psychoanalysis, it denotes the patient's detaching or transferring of emotion from thoughts and ideas. Also called (). Occurs in anxiety, dissociative, schizophrenic, and bipolar disorders.

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acathexis

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Loss of sensation of physical existence.

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acenesthesia

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dread of high places

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dread of high places

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Behavioral response to an unconscious drive or impulse that brings about temporary partial relief of inner tension; relief is attained by reacting to a present situation as if it were the situation that originally gave rise to the drive or impulse. Common in borderline states.

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acting out

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Nonsense speech associated with marked impairment of comprehension. Occurs in mania, schizophrenia, and neurological deficit.

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ACUlalia

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Inability to perform rapid alternating movements. Occurs with neurological deficit and cerebellar lesions.

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adiadochokinesia

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Weakness and fatigability, characteristic of neurasthenia and depression

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adynamia

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excessive air swallowing
Seen in anxiety disorder

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aerophagia

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The subjective and immediate experience of emotion attached to ideas or mental representations of objects.

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affect

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Lack or impairment of the sense of taste. Seen in depression and neurological deficit

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ageusia

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Forceful, goal-directed action that can be verbal or physical; the motor counterpart of the affect of rage, anger, or hostility. Seen in neurological deficit, temporal lobe disorder, impulse-control disorders, mania, and schizophrenia.

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aggression

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Severe anxiety associated with motor restlessness.

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agitation

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Inability to understand the importance or significance of sensory stimuli; cannot be explained by a defect in sensory pathways or cerebral lesion; the term has also been used to refer to the selective loss or disuse of knowledge of specific objects because of emotional circumstances, as seen in certain schizophrenic, anxious, and depressed patients. Occurs with neurological deficit

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agnosia

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Morbid fear of open places or leaving the familiar setting of the home. May be present with or without panic attacks.

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agoraphobia

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Loss or impairment of a previously possessed ability to write.

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agraphia

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Dread of cats

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ailurophobia

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Subjective feeling of motor restlessness manifested by a compelling need to be in constant movement; may be seen as an extrapyramidal adverse effect of antipsychotic medication. May be mistaken for psychotic agitation.

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akathisia

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Lack of physical movement, as in the extreme immobility of catatonic schizophrenia; can also occur as an extrapyramidal effect of antipsychotic medication.

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akinesia

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Absence of voluntary motor movement or speech in a patient who is apparently alert (as evidenced by eye movements). Seen in psychotic depression and catatonic states

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akinetic mutism

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Loss of a previously possessed reading facility; not explained by defective visual acuity.

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alexia

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Inability or difficulty in describing or being aware of one's emotions or moods

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alexithymia

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Dread of pain.

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algophobia

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Inability to speak because of a mental deficiency or an episode of dementia

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alogia

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Coexistence of two opposing impulses toward the same thing in the same person at the same time. Seen in schizophrenia, borderline states, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs)

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ambivalence

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Lack of the ability to make gestures or to comprehend those made by others

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amimia

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Partial or total inability to recall past experiences; may be organic or emotional in origin.

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amnesia
Partial or total inability to recall past experiences; may be organic (amnestic disorder) or emotional (dissociative amnesia) in origin.

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Disturbed capacity to name objects, even though they are known to the patient.

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amnestic aphasia or anomic aphasia

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Depending on others, especially as the infant on the mother

? depression in children results from an absence of mothering

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anaclitic

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State in which one feels little or no pain. Can occur under hypnosis and in dissociative disorder.

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analgesia

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Repetitious or stereotyped behavior or thought usually used as a tension-relieving device; used as a synonym for obsession and seen in obsessive-compulsive personality

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anancasm

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Combination of culturally determined female and male characteristics in one person

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androgyny

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lack of energy

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anergia

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Loss of interest in, and withdrawal from, all regular and pleasurable activities. Often associated with depression.

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anhedonia

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Inability to recall the names of objects.

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anomia

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Loss or decrease in appetite. In ? nervosa, appetite may be preserved, but the patient refuses to eat

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anorexia

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Inability to recognize a physical deficit in oneself (e.g., patient denies paralyzed limb)

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anosognosia

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Loss of memory for events subsequent to the onset of the amnesia; common after trauma

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anterograde amnesia

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Feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger, which may be internal or external.

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anxiety

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Dulled emotional tone associated with detachment or indifference; observed in certain types of schizophrenia and depression.

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apathy

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Any disturbance in the comprehension or expression of language caused by a brain lesion.

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aphasia

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Loss of voice. Seen in conversion disorder.

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aphonia

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Loss of voice. Seen in conversion disorder.

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apperception

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Emotional tone in harmony with the accompanying idea, thought, or speech

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appropriate affect

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Inability to perform a voluntary purposeful motor activity; cannot be explained by paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment

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apraxia

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Inability to stand or to walk in a normal manner, even though normal leg movements can be performed in a sitting or lying down position. Seen in conversion disorder.

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astasia abasia

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Inability to identify familiar objects by touch. Seen with neurological deficit.

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astereognosis

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Disorder of language in which the patient combines unconnected ideas and images. Commonly seen in schizophrenia.

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asyndesis

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Lack of coordination, physical or mental. (1) In neurology, refers to loss of muscular coordination. (2) In psychiatry, the term intrapsychic ? refers to lack of coordination between feelings and thoughts; seen in schizophrenia and in severe OCD.

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ataxia

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Lack of muscle tone.

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atonia

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Concentration; the aspect of consciousness that relates to the amount of effort exerted in focusing on certain aspects of an experience, activity, or task. Usually impaired in anxiety and depressive disorders.

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attention

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False perception of sound, usually voices, but also other noises, such as music. Most common hallucination in psychiatric disorders.

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auditory hallucination

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(1) Warning sensations, such as automatisms, fullness in the stomach, blushing, and changes in respiration; cognitive sensations, and mood states usually experienced before a seizure. (2) A sensory prodrome that precedes a classic migraine headache

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aura

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Thinking in which the thoughts are largely narcissistic and egocentric, with emphasis on subjectivity rather than objectivity, and without regard for reality; used interchangeably with autism and dereism. Seen in schizophrenia and autistic disorder.

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autistic thinking

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Sum total of the psyche that includes impulses, motivations, wishes, drives, instincts, and cravings, as expressed by a person's behavior or motor activity. Also called conation

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behaviour

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Feeling of grief or desolation, especially at the death or loss of a loved one.

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bereavement

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False belief that is patently absurd or fantastic (e.g., invaders from space have implanted electrodes in a person's brain). Common in schizophrenia.

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bizarre delusion

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Amnesia experienced by alcoholics about behavior during drinking bouts; usually indicates reversible brain damage

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blackout

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Abrupt interruption in train of thinking before a thought or idea is finished; after a brief pause, the person indicates no recall of what was being said or was going to be said (also known as thought deprivation or increased thought latency). Common in schizophrenia and severe anxiety.

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blocking

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Disturbance of affect manifested by a severe reduction in the intensity of externalized feeling tone; one of the fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia, as outlined by Eugen Bleuler.

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blunted affect

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Slowness of motor activity, with a decrease in normal spontaneous movement.

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bradykinesia

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Abnormally slow speech. Common in depression.

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bradylalia

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Inability to read at normal speed.

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bradylexia

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Grinding or gnashing of the teeth, typically occurring during sleep. Seen in anxiety disorder.

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bruxism

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Sensation of discomfort or pressure in the head.

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carebaria

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Condition in which persons maintain the body position into which they are placed; observed in severe cases of catatonic schizophrenia. Also called waxy flexibility and cerea flexibilitas

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catalepsy

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Temporary sudden loss of muscle tone, causing weakness and immobilization; can be precipitated by a variety of emotional states and is often followed by sleep. Commonly seen in narcolepsy.

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cataplexy

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Excited, uncontrolled motor activity
erupt into an excited state and may be violent.

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catatonic excitement

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Voluntary assumption of an inappropriate or bizarre posture, generally maintained for long periods of time

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catatonic posturing

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Fixed and sustained motoric position that is resistant to change.

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catatonic rigidity

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Stupor in which patients ordinarily are well aware of their surroundings.

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catatonic stupor

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In psychoanalysis, a conscious or unconscious investment of psychic energy in an idea, concept, object, or person.

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cathexis

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Burning pain that can be organic or psychic in origin.

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causalgia

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Change in the normal quality of feeling tone in a part of the body.

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cenesthesia

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headache

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cephalagia

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Condition of a person who can be molded into a position that is then maintained; when an examiner moves the person's limb, the limb feels as if it were made of wax.

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cerea flexibilitas

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Movement disorder characterized by random and involuntary quick, jerky, purposeless movements. Seen in Huntington's disease.

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chorea

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Disturbance in the associative thought and speech processes in which a patient digresses into unnecessary details and inappropriate thoughts before communicating the central idea. Observed in schizophrenia, obsessional disturbances, and certain cases of dementia

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circumstantiality

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Association or speech directed by the sound of a word rather than by its meaning; words have no logical connection; punning and rhyming may dominate the verbal behavior. Seen most frequently in schizophrenia or mania.

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clang association

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Abnormal fear of closed or confining spaces.

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claustrophobia

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An involuntary, violent muscular contraction or spasm in which the muscles alternately contract and relax. Characteristic phase in grand mal epileptic seizure.

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clonic convulsion

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Any disturbance of consciousness in which the person is not fully awake, alert, and oriented. Occurs in delirium, dementia, and cognitive disorder.

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clouding of consciousness

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Disturbance of fluency involving an abnormally rapid rate and erratic rhythm of speech that impedes intelligibility; the affected individual is usually unaware of communicative impairment.

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cluttering

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Mental process of knowing and becoming aware; function is closely associated with judgment.

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cognition

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State of profound unconsciousness from which a person cannot be roused, with minimal or no detectable responsiveness to stimuli; seen in injury or disease of the brain, in systemic conditions, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and uremia; and in intoxications with alcohol and other drugs. ? can also occur in severe catatonic states and in conversion disorder.

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coma

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Coma in which a patient appears to be asleep, but can be aroused (also known as akinetic mutism).

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coma vigil

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Condition associated with catalepsy in which suggestions are followed automatically.

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comman automatism

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False perception of orders that a person may feel obliged to obey or unable to resist.

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comman hallucination

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A feeling-toned idea.

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complex

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A seizure characterized by alterations in consciousness that may be accompanied by complex hallucinations (sometimes olfactory) or illusions. During the seizure, a state of impaired consciousness resembling a dream-like state may occur, and the patient may exhibit repetitive, automatic, or semipurposeful behavior.

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complex partial seizure

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Pathological need to act on an impulse that, if resisted, produces anxiety; repetitive behavior in response to an obsession or performed according to certain rules, with no true end in itself other than to prevent something from occurring in the future.

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compulsion

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That part of a person's mental life concerned with cravings, strivings, motivations, drives, and wishes as expressed through behavior or motor activity.

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conation

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Thinking characterized by actual things, events, and immediate experience, rather than by abstractions; seen in young children, in those who have lost or never developed the ability to generalize (as in certain cognitive mental disorders), and in schizophrenic persons.

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concrete thinking

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Mental process in which one symbol stands for a number of components.

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condensation

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Unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagining experiences or events that have no basis in fact, commonly seen in amnestic syndromes; should be differentiated from lying.

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confabulation

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Disturbances of consciousness manifested by a disordered orientation in relation to time, place, or person.

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confusion

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State of awareness, with response to external stimuli.

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consciousness

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Inability to defecate or difficulty in defecating.

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constipation

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Reduction in intensity of feeling tone that is less severe than that of blunted affect.

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constricted affect

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Inability to copy a drawing, such as a cube, clock, or pentagon, as a result of a brain lesion.

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constructional apraxia

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The development of symbolic physical symptoms and distortions involving the voluntary muscles or special sense organs; not under voluntary control and not explained by any physical disorder. Most common in conversion disorder, but also seen in a variety of mental disorders.

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conversion phenomena

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An involuntary, violent muscular contraction or spasm.

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convulsion

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Involuntary use of vulgar or obscene language. Observed in some cases of schizophrenia and in Tourette's syndrome.

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coprolalia

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Eating of filth or feces.

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coprophagia

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A private written language.

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cryptographia

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a private spoken language

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cryptolalia

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Paralysis of the muscles of accommodation in the eye; observed, at times, as an autonomic adverse effect (anticholinergic effect) of antipsychotic or antidepressant medication.

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cycloplegia

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Deterioration of psychic functioning caused by a breakdown of defense mechanisms. Seen in psychotic states.

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decompensation

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Illusion that what one is hearing one has heard previously

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deja entendu

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Condition in which a thought never entertained before is incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a previous thought.

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deja pense

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Illusion of visual recognition in which a new situation is incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a previous experience.

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deja vu

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Acute reversible mental disorder characterized by confusion and some impairment of consciousness; generally associated with emotional lability, hallucinations or illusions, and inappropriate, impulsive, irrational, or violent behavior.

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delirium

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Acute and sometimes fatal reaction to withdrawal from alcohol, usually occurring 72 to 96 hours after the cessation of heavy drinking; distinctive characteristics are marked autonomic hyperactivity (tachycardia, fever, hyperhidrosis, and dilated pupils), usually accompanied by tremulousness, hallucinations, illusions, and delusions.

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delirium tremens

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False belief, based on incorrect inference about external reality, that is firmly held despite objective and obvious contradictory proof or evidence and despite the fact that other members of the culture do not share the belief.

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delusion

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False belief that a person's will, thoughts, or feelings are being controlled by external forces.

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delusion of control

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Exaggerated conception of one's importance, power, or identity.

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delusion of grandeur

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False belief that one's lover is unfaithful. Sometimes called pathological jealousy.

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delusion of infidelity

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False belief of being harassed or persecuted; often found in litigious patients who have a pathological tendency to take legal action because of imagined mistreatment. Most common delusion.

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delusion of persecution

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False belief that one is bereft or will be deprived of all material possessions.

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delusion of poverty

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False belief that the behavior of others refers to oneself or that events, objects, or other people have a particular and unusual significance, usually of a negative nature; derived from idea of reference, in which persons falsely feel that others are talking about them (e.g., belief that people on television or radio are talking to or about the person)

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delusion of reference

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False feeling of remorse and guilt. Seen in depression with psychotic features.

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delusion of self-accusation /guilt

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Mental disorder characterized by general impairment in intellectual functioning without clouding of consciousness; characterized by failing memory, difficulty with calculations, distractibility, alterations in mood and affect, impaired judgment and abstraction, reduced facility with language, and disturbance of orientation. Although irreversible because of underlying progressive degenerative brain disease, dementia may be reversible if the cause can be treated.

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dementia

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Defense mechanism in which the existence of unpleasant realities is disavowed; refers to keeping out of conscious awareness any aspects of external reality that, if acknowledged, would produce anxiety.

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denial

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Sensation of unreality concerning oneself, parts of oneself, or one's environment that occurs under extreme stress or fatigue. Seen in schizophrenia, depersonalization disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder.

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depersonalization disorder

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Mental state characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, despair, low self-esteem, and self-reproach; accompanying signs include psychomotor retardation or, at times, agitation, withdrawal from interpersonal contact, and vegetative symptoms, such as insomnia and anorexia. The term refers to a mood that is so characterized or to a mood disorder.

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depression

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Gradual or sudden deviation in train of thought without blocking; sometimes used synonymously with loosening of association.

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derailment

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Sensation of changed reality or that one's surroundings have altered. Usually seen in schizophrenia, panic attacks, and dissociative disorders.

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derealization

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Mental activity that follows a totally subjective and idiosyncratic system of logic and fails to take the facts of reality or experience into consideration. Characteristic of schizophrenia. See also autistic thinking.

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dereism

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Characterized by distant interpersonal relationships and lack of emotional involvement.

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detachment

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Defense mechanism in which a person attributes excessively negative qualities to self or others. Seen in depression and paranoid personality disorder.

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devaluation

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Decreased sexual interest and drive. (Increased libido is often associated with mania.)

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diminished libido

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Compulsion to drink alcoholic beverages.

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dipsomania

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(1) Removal of an inhibitory effect, as in the reduction of the inhibitory function of the cerebral cortex by alcohol. (2) In psychiatry, a greater freedom to act in accordance with inner drives or feelings and with less regard for restraints dictated by cultural norms or one's superego.

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disinhibition

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Confusion; impairment of awareness of time, place, and person (the position of the self in relation to other persons). Characteristic of cognitive disorders.

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disoreintation

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Unconscious defense mechanism by which the emotional component of an unacceptable idea or object is transferred to a more acceptable one. Seen in phobias.

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displacement

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Unconscious defense mechanism involving the segregation of any group of mental or behavioral processes from the rest of the person's psychic activity; may entail the separation of an idea from its accompanying emotional tone, as seen in dissociative and conversion disorders. Seen in dissociative disorders.

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dissociation

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Inability to focus one's attention; the patient does not respond to the task at hand but attends to irrelevant phenomena in the environment.

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distractability

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Massive or pervasive anxiety, usually related to a specific danger.

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dread

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Altered state of consciousness, likened to a dream situation, which develops suddenly and usually lasts a few minutes; accompanied by visual, auditory, and olfactory hallucinations. Commonly associated with temporal lobe lesions.

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dreamy state

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State of impaired awareness associated with a desire or inclination to sleep.

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drowsiness

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Difficulty in articulation, the motor activity of shaping phonated sounds into speech, not in word finding or in grammar.

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dysarthria

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Difficulty in performing calculations.

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dyscalculia

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Impaired sense of taste.

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dysgeusia

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Difficulty in writing.

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dysgraphia

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Difficulty in performing movements. Seen in extrapyramidal disorders.

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dyskinesia

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Faulty articulation caused by structural abnormalities of the articulatory organs or impaired hearing.

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dyslalia

Front 153

Specific learning disability syndrome involving an impairment of the previously acquired ability to read; unrelated to the person's intelligence.

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dyslexia

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Impaired ability to gauge distance relative to movements. Seen in neurological deficit.

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dysmetria

Front 155

Impaired memory.

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dysmnesia

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Physical pain in sexual intercourse, usually emotionally caused and more commonly experienced by women; can also result from cystitis, urethritis, or other medical conditions.

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dyspareunia

Front 157

Difficulty in swallowing.

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dysphagia

Front 158

Difficulty in comprehending oral language (reception ?) or in trying to express verbal language (expressive ?).

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dysphasia

Front 159

Difficulty or pain in speaking.

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dysphonia

Front 160

Feeling of unpleasantness or discomfort; a mood of general dissatisfaction and restlessness. Occurs in depression and anxiety.

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dysphoria

Front 161

Loss of normal speech melody (prosody). Common in depression.

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dysprosody

Front 162

Extrapyramidal motor disturbance consisting of slow, sustained contractions of the axial or appendicular musculature; one movement often predominates, leading to relatively sustained postural deviations; acute dystonic reactions (facial grimacing and torticollis) are occasionally seen with the initiation of antipsychotic drug therapy.

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dystonia

Front 163

Psychopathological repeating of words or phrases of one person by another; tends to be repetitive and persistent. Seen in certain kinds of schizophrenia, particularly the catatonic types.

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echolalia

Front 164

Denoting aspects of a person's personality that are viewed as repugnant, unacceptable, or inconsistent with the rest of the personality. Also called ego-dystonia

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ego-alien

Front 165

Self-centered; selfishly preoccupied with one's own needs; lacking interest in others.

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egocentric

Front 166

Morbid self-preoccupation or self-centeredness

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egomania

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Denoting aspects of a personality that are viewed as acceptable and consistent with that person's total personality. Personality traits are usually ego-syntonic.

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egosyntonic

Front 168

Unusually vivid or exact mental image of objects previously seen or imagined.

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eidetic image

Front 169

Mood consisting of feelings of joy, euphoria, triumph, and intense self-satisfaction or optimism. Occurs in mania when not grounded in reality.

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elation

Front 170

Air of confidence and enjoyment; a mood more cheerful than normal but not necessarily pathological.

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elevated mood

Front 171

Complex feeling state with psychic, somatic, and behavioral components; external manifestation of emotion is affect.

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emotion

Front 172

A level of understanding or awareness that one has emotional problems. It facilitates positive changes in personality and behavior when present.

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emotional insight

Front 173

Excessive emotional responsiveness characterized by unstable and rapidly changing emotions.

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emotional lability

Front 174

Involuntary passage of feces, usually occurring at night or during sleep.

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encopresis

Front 175

Incontinence of urine during sleep.

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enuresis

Front 176

Delusional belief, more common in women than in men, that someone is deeply in love with them (also known as de Clérambault syndrome).

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erotomania

Front 177

Abnormal fear of blushing.

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erythrophobia

Front 178

Exaggerated feeling of well-being that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur with drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, and alcohol.

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euphoria

Front 179

Normal range of mood, implying absence of depressed or elevated mood.

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euthymia

Front 180

Act of not facing up to, or strategically eluding, something; consists of suppressing an idea that is next in a thought series and replacing it with another idea closely related to it. Also called paralogia and perverted logic.

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evasion

Front 181

Feeling of intense elation and grandeur.

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exaltation

Front 182

Agitated, purposeless motor activity uninfluenced by external stimuli.

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excited

Front 183

Expression of feelings without restraint, frequently with an overestimation of their significance or importance. Seen in mania and grandiose delusional disorder.

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expansive mood

Front 184

Disturbance of speech in which understanding remains, but ability to speak is grossly impaired; halting, laborious, and inaccurate speech (also known as Broca's, nonfluent, and motor aphasias).

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expressive aphasia

Front 185

Difficulty in expressing verbal language; the ability to understand language is intact.

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expressive dysphasia

Front 186

More general term than projection that refers to the tendency to perceive in the external world and in external objects elements of one's own personality, including instinctual impulses, conflicts, moods, attitudes, and styles of thinking.

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externalization

Front 187

State of one's energies being directed outside oneself.

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extroversion

Front 188

A person's recollection and belief of an event that did not actually occur. In false memory syndrome, persons erroneously believe that they sustained an emotional or physical (e.g., sexual) trauma in early life.

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false memory

Front 189

Daydream; fabricated mental picture of a situation or chain of events. A normal form of thinking dominated by unconsciousness material that seeks wish fulfillment and solutions to conflicts; may serve as the matrix for creativity. The content of the fantasy may indicate mental illness.

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fantasy

Front 190

A feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or irritability after a period of mental or bodily activity. Seen in depression, anxiety, neurasthenia, and somatoform disorders.

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fatigue

Front 191

False recognition, a feature of paramnesia. Can occur in delusional disorders.

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fausse reconnaissance

Front 192

Unpleasurable emotional state consisting of psychophysiological changes in response to a realistic threat or danger.

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fear

Front 193

Absence or near absence of any signs of affective expression.

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flat affect

Front 194

Rapid succession of fragmentary thoughts or speech in which content changes abruptly and speech may be incoherent. Seen in mania.

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flight of ideas

Front 195

Aimless plucking or picking, usually at bedclothes or clothing, commonly seen in dementia and delirium.

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floccillation

Front 196

Aphasia characterized by inability to understand the spoken word; fluent but incoherent speech is present. Also called Wernicke's, sensory, and receptive aphasias

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fluent aphasia

Front 197

Mental illness shared by two persons, usually involving a common delusional system; if it involves three persons, it is referred to as folie à trois, and so on. Also called shared psychotic disorder.

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folie a deux

Front 198

Disturbance in the form rather than the content of thought; thinking characterized by loosened associations, neologisms, and illogical constructs; thought process is disordered, and the person is defined as psychotic. Characteristic of schizophrenia.

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formal thought disorder

Front 199

Tactile hallucination involving the sensation that tiny insects are crawling over the skin. Seen in cocaine addiction and delirium tremens.

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formication

Front 200

Severe, pervasive, generalized anxiety that is not attached to any particular idea, object, or event. Observed particularly in anxiety disorders, although it may be seen in some cases of schizophrenia.

Back 200

free-floating anxiety

Front 201

Dissociative disorder characterized by a period of almost complete amnesia, during which a person actually flees from an immediate life situation and begins a different life pattern; apart from the amnesia, mental faculties and skills are usually unimpaired.

Back 201

fugue

Front 202

Abnormal discharge of milk from the breast; may result from the endocrine influence (e.g., prolactin) of dopamine receptor antagonists, such as phenothiazines.

Back 202

galactorrhea

Front 203

Generalized onset of tonic-clonic movements of the limbs, tongue-biting, and incontinence followed by slow, gradual recovery of consciousness and cognition; also called grand mal seizure.

Back 203

generalized tonic-clonic seizure

Front 204

Combination of grossly nonfluent aphasia and severe fluent aphasia.

Back 204

global aphasia

Front 205

Unintelligible jargon that has meaning to the speaker but not to the listener. Occurs in schizophrenia.

Back 205

glossolalia

Front 206

Exaggerated feelings of one's importance, power, knowledge, or identity. Occurs in delusional disorder and manic states.

Back 206

grandiosity

Front 207

Alteration in mood and affect consisting of sadness appropriate to a real loss; normally, it is self-limited

Back 207

grief

Front 208

Emotional state associated with self-reproach and the need for punishment. In psychoanalysis, refers to a feeling of culpability that stems from a conflict between the ego and the superego (conscience). ? has normal psychological and social functions, but special intensity or absence of ? characterizes many mental disorders, such as depression and antisocial personality disorder, respectively. Psychiatrists distinguish shame as a less internalized form of ? that relates more to others than to the self.

Back 208

guilt

Front 209

Hallucination primarily involving taste.

Back 209

gustatory hallucination

Front 210

Female-like development of the male breasts; can occur as an adverse effect of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs because of increased prolactin levels or anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse.

Back 210

gynecomastia

Front 211

False sensory perception occurring in the absence of any relevant external stimulation of the sensory modality involved. For types of hallucinations, see the specific term.

Back 211

hallucination

Front 212

State in which a person experiences hallucinations without any impairment of consciousness.

Back 212

hallucinosis

Front 213

Hallucination of touch.

Back 213

haptic hallucination

Front 214

Complex of symptoms, considered a form of schizophrenia, characterized by wild or silly behavior or mannerisms, inappropriate affect, and delusions and hallucinations that are transient and unsystematized. ? schizophrenia is now called disorganized schizophrenia.

Back 214

Hebephrenia/ic

Front 215

Using a single word to express a combination of ideas. Seen in schizophrenia.

Back 215

holophrastic

Front 216

Increased muscular activity. The term is commonly used to describe a disturbance found in children that is manifested by constant restlessness, overactivity, distractibility, and difficulties in learning.

Back 216

hyperactivity

Front 217

Excessive sensitivity to pain. Seen in somatoform disorder.

Back 217

hyperalgesia

Front 218

Increased sensitivity to tactile stimulation.

Back 218

hyperesthesia

Front 219

Exaggerated degree of retention and recall. It can be elicited by hypnosis and may be seen in certain prodigies; also can be a feature of OCD, some cases of schizophrenia, and manic episodes of bipolar I disorder.

Back 219

hypermnesia

Front 220

Increase in appetite and intake of food.

Back 220

hyperphagia

Front 221

Excessive thinking and mental activity. Generally associated with manic episodes of bipolar I disorder.

Back 221

hyperpragia

Front 222

Excessive breathing, generally associated with anxiety, which can reduce blood carbon dioxide concentration and can produce lightheadedness, palpitations, numbness, tingling periorally and in the extremities, and, occasionally, syncope.

Back 222

hyperventilation

Front 223

Excessive attention to, and focus on, all internal and external stimuli; usually seen in delusional or paranoid states.

Back 223

hypervigilance

Front 224

Diminished sensitivity to tactile stimulation.

Back 224

hypesthesia

Front 225

Hallucination occurring while falling asleep, not ordinarily considered pathological.

Back 225

hypnagogic hallucination

Front 226

Hallucination occurring while awakening from sleep, not ordinarily considered pathological.

Back 226

hypnopompic hallucination

Front 227

Artificially induced alteration of consciousness characterized by increased suggestibility and receptivity to direction.

Back 227

hypnosis

Front 228

Decreased motor and cognitive activity, as in psychomotor retardation; visible slowing of thought, speech, and movements. Also called hypokinesis.

Back 228

hypoactivity

Front 229

Exaggerated concern about health that is based not on real medical pathology, but on unrealistic interpretations of physical signs or sensations as abnormal.

Back 229

hypochondria

Front 230

Mood abnormality with the qualitative characteristics of mania, but somewhat less intense. Seen in cyclothymic disorder.

Back 230

hypomania

Front 231

Misinterpretation of incidents and events in the outside world as having direct personal reference to oneself; occasionally observed in normal persons, but frequently seen in paranoid patients. If present with sufficient frequency or intensity or if organized and systematized, they constitute delusions of reference

Back 231

idea of reference

Front 232

Thinking containing erroneous conclusions or internal contradictions; psychopathological only when it is marked and not caused by cultural values or intellectual deficit.

Back 232

illogical thinking

Front 233

Perceptual misinterpretation of a real external stimulus.

Back 233

illusion

Front 234

Reproduction, recognition, or recall of perceived material within seconds after presentation

Back 234

immediate memory

Front 235

Diminished ability to understand the objective reality of a situation.

Back 235

impaired insight

Front 236

Diminished ability to understand a situation correctly and to act appropriately.

Back 236

impaired judgment

Front 237

Ability to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform some action.

Back 237

impulse control

Front 238

Emotional tone out of harmony with the idea, thought, or speech accompanying it. Seen in schizophrenia.

Back 238

inappropriate affect

Front 239

Communication that is disconnected, disorganized, or incomprehensible

Back 239

incoherence

Front 240

Primitive unconscious defense mechanism in which the psychic representation of another person or aspects of another person are assimilated into oneself through a figurative process of symbolic oral ingestion; represents a special form of introjection and is the earliest mechanism of identification.

Back 240

incorporation

Front 241

Increase in sexual interest and drive.

Back 241

increased libido

Front 242

Ecstatic state in which persons insist that their experience is inexpressible and indescribable and that it is impossible to convey what it is like to one who has never experienced it.

Back 242

ineffability

Front 243

Falling asleep with difficulty; usually seen in anxiety disorder

Back 243

initial insomnia

Front 244

Conscious recognition of one's own condition. In psychiatry, it refers to the conscious awareness and understanding of one's own psychodynamics and symptoms of maladaptive behavior; highly important in effecting changes in the personality and behavior of a person.

Back 244

insight

Front 245

Difficulty in falling asleep or difficulty in staying asleep. It can be related to a mental disorder, a physical disorder, or an adverse effect of medication; or it can be primary (not related to a known medical factor or another mental disorder).

Back 245

insomnia

Front 246

Knowledge of the reality of a situation without the ability to use that knowledge successfully to effect an adaptive change in behavior or to master the situation

Back 246

intellectual insight

Front 247

Capacity for learning and ability to recall, integrate constructively, and apply what one has learned; the capacity to understand and to think rationally.

Back 247

intelligence

Front 248

Mental disorder caused by recent ingestion or presence in the body of an exogenous substance producing maladaptive behavior by virtue of its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The most common psychiatric changes involve disturbances of perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, emotional control, and psychomotor behavior; the specific clinical picture depends on the substance ingested.

Back 248

intoxication

Front 249

Turning anger inward toward oneself. Commonly observed in depressed patients.

Back 249

intropunitive

Front 250

Contemplating one's own mental processes to achieve insight.

Back 250

introspection

Front 251

State in which a person's energies are directed inward toward the self, with little or no interest in the external world.

Back 251

introversion

Front 252

Answer that is not responsive to the question.

Back 252

irrelevant answer

Front 253

Abnormal or excessive excitability, with easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience.

Back 253

irritability

Front 254

State in which one is easily annoyed and provoked to anger

Back 254

irritable mood

Front 255

Paramnestic phenomenon characterized by a false feeling of unfamiliarity with a real situation that one has previously experienced.

Back 255

jamais vu

Front 256

Aphasia in which the words produced are neologistic; that is, nonsense words created by the patient

Back 256

jargon aphasia

Front 257

Mental act of comparing or evaluating choices within the framework of a given set of values for the purpose of electing a course of action. If the course of action chosen is consonant with reality or with mature adult standards of behavior, ? is said to be intact or normal; ? is said to be impaired if the chosen course of action is frankly maladaptive, results from impulsive decisions based on the need for immediate gratification, or is otherwise not consistent with reality as measured by mature adult standards.

Back 257

Judgement

Front 258

Pathological compulsion to steal.

Back 258

kleptomania

Front 259

Inappropriate attitude of calm or lack of concern about one's disability. May be seen in patients with conversion disorder.

Back 259

la belle indefference

Front 260

Affective expression characterized by rapid and abrupt changes, unrelated to external stimuli.

Back 260

labile affect

Front 261

Oscillations in mood between euphoria and depression or anxiety.

Back 261

labile mood

Front 262

Condition characterized by a reduction in the quantity of spontaneous speech; replies to questions are brief and unelaborated, and little or no unprompted additional information is provided. Occurs in major depression, schizophrenia, and organic mental disorders. Also called poverty of speech.

Back 262

laconic speech

Front 263

Momentary forgetting of a name or proper noun

Back 263

lethologica

Front 264

Visual sensation that persons or objects are reduced in size; more properly regarded as an illusion

Back 264

Lilliputian hallucination

Front 265

Partial loss of memory; amnesia restricted to specific or isolated experiences.

Back 265

localized amnesia

Front 266

Copious, pressured, coherent speech; uncontrollable, excessive talking; observed in manic episodes of bipolar disorder.

Back 266

logorrhea

Front 267

Reproduction, recognition, or recall of experiences or information that was experienced in the distant past. Also called remote memory.

Back 267

long-term memory

Front 268

Characteristic schizophrenic thinking or speech disturbance involving a disorder in the logical progression of thoughts, manifested as a failure to communicate verbally adequately; unrelated and unconnected ideas shift from one subject to another. See also tangentiality.

Back 268

loosening of associations

Front 269

False perception that objects are larger than they really are.

Back 269

macropsia

Front 270

A form of dereistic thought; thinking similar to that of the preoperational phase in children (Jean Piaget), in which thoughts, words, or actions assume power (e.g., to cause or to prevent events).

Back 270

magical thinking

Front 271

Feigning disease to achieve a specific goal, for example, to avoid an unpleasant responsibility.

Back 271

malingering

Front 272

Mood state characterized by elation, agitation, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and accelerated thinking and speaking (flight of ideas).

Back 272

mania

Front 273

Maneuvering by patients to get their own way; characteristic of antisocial personalities.

Back 273

manipulation

Front 274

Ingrained, habitual involuntary movement.

Back 274

mannerism

Front 275

Severe depressive state. Used in the term involutional melancholia as a descriptive term and also in reference to a distinct diagnostic entity.

Back 275

melancholia

Front 276

Process whereby what is experienced or learned is established as a record in the CNS (registration), where it persists with a variable degree of permanence (retention) and can be recollected or retrieved from storage at will (recall).

Back 276

memory

Front 277

Psychiatric illness or disease whose manifestations are primarily characterized by behavioral or psychological impairment of function, measured in terms of deviation from some normative concept; associated with distress or disease, not just an expected response to a particular event or limited to relations between a person and society.

Back 277

mental disorder

Front 278

Subaverage general intellectual functioning that originates in the developmental period and is associated with impaired maturation and learning, and social maladjustment.

Back 278

mental retardation

Front 279

Speech disturbance common in schizophrenia in which the affected person uses a word or phrase that is related to the proper one but is not the one ordinarily used; for example, the patient speaks of consuming a menu rather than a meal, or refers to losing the piece of string of the conversation, rather than the thread of the conversation.

Back 279

metonymy

Front 280

Condition in which the head is unusually small as a result of defective brain development and premature ossification of the skull.

Back 280

microcephaly

Front 281

False perception that objects are smaller than they really are. Sometimes called lilliputian hallucination.

Back 281

micropsia

Front 282

Waking up after falling asleep without difficulty and then having difficulty in falling asleep again

Back 282

middle insomnia

Front 283

Simple, imitative motion activity of childhood.

Back 283

mimicry

Front 284

Mental state characterized by preoccupation with one subject.

Back 284

monomania

Front 285

Pervasive and sustained feeling tone that is experienced internally and that, in the extreme, can markedly influence virtually all aspects of a person's behavior and perception of the world. Distinguished from affect, the external expression of the internal feeling tone.

Back 285

mood

Front 286

Delusion with content that is mood appropriate (e.g., depressed patients who believe that they are responsible for the destruction of the world).

Back 286

mood-congruent delusion

Front 287

Hallucination with content that is consistent with a depressed or manic mood (e.g., depressed patients hearing voices telling them that they are bad persons and manic patients hearing voices telling them that they have inflated worth, power, or knowledge).

Back 287

mood-congruent hallucination

Front 288

Delusion based on incorrect reference about external reality, with content that has no association to mood or is mood inappropriate (e.g., depressed patients who believe that they are the new Messiah).

Back 288

mood-incongruent delusion

Front 289

Hallucination not associated with real external stimuli, with content that is not consistent with depressed or manic mood (e.g., in depression, hallucinations not involving such themes as guilt, deserved punishment, or inadequacy; in mania, not involving such themes as inflated worth or power).

Back 289

mood-incongruent hallucination

Front 290

Oscillation of a person's emotional feeling tone between periods of elation and periods of depression.

Back 290

mood swings

Front 291

Aphasia in which understanding is intact, but the ability to speak is lost. Also called Broca's, expressive, or nonfluent aphasias.

Back 291

motor aphasia

Front 292

Syndrome following loss of a loved one, consisting of preoccupation with the lost individual, weeping, sadness, and repeated reliving of memories. See also bereavement and grief.

Back 292

mourning

Front 293

State in which the muscles remain immovable; seen in schizophrenia.

Back 293

muscle rigidity

Front 294

Organic or functional absence of the faculty of speech. See also stupor.

Back 294

mutism

Front 295

Dilation of the pupil; sometimes occurs as an autonomic (anticholinergic) or atropine-like adverse effect of some antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs.

Back 295

mydriasis

Front 296

?, the early infantile phase of object relationship development, when the child has not differentiated the self from the outside world, and all sources of pleasure are unrealistically recognized as coming from within the self, giving the child a false sense of omnipotence;

Back 296

primary narcissism

Front 297

when the libido, once attached to external love objects, is redirected back to the self.

Back 297

secondary narcissism

Front 298

The persistent, intense, pathological fear of receiving an injection.

Back 298

needle phobia

Front 299

In schizophrenia: flat affect, alogia, abulia, and apathy.

Back 299

negative signs

Front 300

Verbal or nonverbal opposition or resistance to outside suggestions and advice; commonly seen in catatonic schizophrenia in which the patient resists any effort to be moved or does the opposite of what is asked.

Back 300

negativism

Front 301

New word or phrase whose derivation cannot be understood; often seen in schizophrenia. It has also been used to mean a word that has been incorrectly constructed but whose origins are nonetheless understandable (e.g., headshoe to mean hat), but such constructions are more properly referred to as word approximations.

Back 301

neologism

Front 302

loss of ability to comprehend sounds or speech

Back 302

auditory amnesia

Front 303

loss of ability to judge the shape of objects by touch.

Back 303

tactile amnesia

Front 304

loss of ability to remember words.

Back 304

verbal amnesia

Front 305

loss of ability to recall or to recognize familiar objects or printed words

Back 305

visual amnesia

Front 306

Delusion of the nonexistence of the self or part of the self; also refers to an attitude of total rejection of established values or extreme skepticism regarding moral and value judgments.

Back 306

nihilism

Front 307

Depressive delusion that the world and everything related to it have ceased to exist.

Back 307

nihilistic delusion

Front 308

Revelation in which immense illumination occurs in association with a sense that one has been chosen to lead and command. Can occur in manic or dissociative states.

Back 308

noeisis

Front 309

Aphasia characterized by difficulty in giving the correct name of an object

Back 309

nominal aphasia

Front 310

Abnormal, excessive, insatiable desire in a woman for sexual intercourse.

Back 310

nymphomania

Front 311

Persistent and recurrent idea, thought, or impulse that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by logic or reasoning; obsessions are involuntary and ego-dystonic.

Back 311

obsession

Front 312

Hallucination primarily involving smell or odors; most common in medical disorders, especially in the temporal lobe.

Back 312

olfactory hallucination

Front 313

State of awareness of oneself and one's surroundings in terms of time, place, and person.

Back 313

orientation

Front 314

Abnormality in motor behavior that can manifest itself as psychomotor agitation, hyperactivity (hyperkinesis), tics, sleepwalking, or compulsions.

Back 314

overactivity

Front 315

False or unreasonable belief or idea that is sustained beyond the bounds of reason. It is held with less intensity or duration than a delusion, but is usually associated with mental illness.

Back 315

overvalued idea

Front 316

Acute, intense attack of anxiety associated with personality disorganization; the anxiety is overwhelming and accompanied by feelings of impending doom.

Back 316

panic

Front 317

Overwhelming fear of everything.

Back 317

panphobia

Front 318

Gesticulation; psychodrama without the use of words.

Back 318

pantomime

Front 319

Disturbance of memory in which reality and fantasy are confused. It is observed in dreams and in certain types of schizophrenia and organic mental disorders; it includes phenomena such as déjà vu and déjà entendu, which can occur occasionally in normal persons.

Back 319

paramnesia

Front 320

Rare psychiatric syndrome marked by the gradual development of a highly elaborate and complex delusional system, generally involving persecutory or grandiose delusions, with few other signs of personality disorganization or thought disorder.

Back 320

paranoia

Front 321

Includes persecutory delusions and delusions of reference, control, and grandeur.

Back 321

paranoid delusions

Front 322

Thinking dominated by suspicious, persecutory, or grandiose content of less than delusional proportions.

Back 322

paranoid ideation

Front 323

Abnormal speech in which one word is substituted for another, the irrelevant word generally resembling the required one in morphology, meaning, or phonetic composition; the inappropriate word may be a legitimate one used incorrectly, such as clover instead of hand, or a bizarre nonsense expression, such as treen instead of train.

may be seen in organic aphasias and in mental disorders such as schizophrenia

Back 323

paraphasia

Front 324

Faulty act, such as a slip of the tongue or the misplacement of an article

Back 324

parapraxis

Front 325

Weakness or partial paralysis of organic origin.

Back 325

paresis

Front 326

Abnormal spontaneous tactile sensation, such as a burning, tingling, or pins-and-needles sensation.

Back 326

paresthesia

Front 327

Conscious awareness of elements in the environment by the mental processing of sensory stimuli; sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to the mental process by which all kinds of data, intellectual, emotional, and sensory, are meaningfully organized.

Back 327

perception

Front 328

(1) Pathological repetition of the same response to different stimuli, as in a repetition of the same verbal response to different questions. (2) Persistent repetition of specific words or concepts in the process of speaking. Seen in cognitive disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental illness.

Back 328

perseveration

Front 329

False sensation that an extremity that has been lost is, in fact, present.

Back 329

phantom limb

Front 330

Persistent, pathological, unrealistic, intense fear of an object or situation; the phobic person may realize that the fear is irrational but, nonetheless, cannot dispel it.

Back 330

phobia

Front 331

Craving and eating of nonfood substances, such as paint and clay.

Back 331

pica

Front 332

Pathological overeating.

Back 332

polyphagia

Front 333

In schizophrenia: hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder.

Back 333

positive signs

Front 334

Strange, fixed, and bizarre bodily positions held by a patient for an extended time

Back 334

posturing

Front 335

Speech that is adequate in amount, but conveys little information because of vagueness, emptiness, or stereotyped phrases.

Back 335

poverty of speech content

Front 336

Restriction in the amount of speech used; replies may be monosyllabic.

Back 336

poverty of speech

Front 337

preoccupation of thought
Centering of thought content on a particular idea, associated with a strong affective tone, such as a paranoid trend or a suicidal or homicidal preoccupation.

Back 337

preoccupation of thought

Front 338

Increase in the amount of spontaneous speech; rapid, loud, accelerated speech, as occurs in mania, schizophrenia, and cognitive disorders

Back 338

pressured speech

Front 339

In psychoanalysis, the mental activity directly related to the functions of the id and characteristic of unconscious mental processes; marked by primitive, prelogical thinking and by the tendency to seek immediate discharge and gratification of instinctual demands. Includes thinking that is dereistic, illogical, magical; normally found in dreams, abnormally in psychosis.

Back 339

primary process thinking

Front 340

Unconscious defense mechanism in which persons attribute to another those generally unconscious ideas, thoughts, feelings, and impulses that are in themselves undesirable or unacceptable as a form of protection from anxiety arising from an inner conflict; by externalizing whatever is unacceptable, they deal with it as a situation apart from themselves.

Back 340

projection

Front 341

Inability to recognize familiar faces that is not caused by impaired visual acuity or level of consciousness.

Back 341

prosopagnosia

Front 342

Rare condition in which a nonpregnant patient has the signs and symptoms of pregnancy, such as abdominal distention, breast enlargement, pigmentation, cessation of menses, and morning sickness.

Back 342

pseudocyesis

Front 343

(1) Dementia-like disorder that can be reversed by appropriate treatment and is not caused by organic brain disease. (2) Condition in which patients show exaggerated indifference to their surroundings in the absence of a mental disorder; also occurs in depression and factitious disorders.

Back 343

pseudodementia

Front 344

Disorder characterized by uncontrollable lying in which patients elaborate extensive fantasies that they freely communicate and act on.

Back 344

pseudologia phantastica

Front 345

Physical and mental overactivity that is usually nonproductive and is associated with a feeling of inner turmoil, as seen in agitated depression.

Back 345

psychomotor agitation

Front 346

Mental disorder in which the thoughts, affective response, ability to recognize reality, and ability to communicate and relate to others are sufficiently impaired to interfere grossly with the capacity to deal with reality; the classic characteristics of psychosis are impaired reality testing, hallucinations, delusions, and illusions.

Back 346

psychosis

Front 347

(1) Person experiencing psychosis. (2) Denoting or characteristic of psychosis.

Back 347

psychotic

Front 348

An unconscious defense mechanism in which irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives, or feelings are logically justified or made consciously tolerable by plausible means.

Back 348

rationalization

Front 349

Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person develops a socialized attitude or interest that is the direct antithesis of some infantile wish or impulse that is harbored consciously or unconsciously. One of the earliest and most unstable defense mechanisms, closely related to repression; both are defenses against impulses or urges that are unacceptable to the ego.

Back 349

reaction formation

Front 350

Fundamental ego function that consists of tentative actions that test and objectively evaluate the nature and limits of the environment; includes the ability to differentiate between the external world and the internal world and to accurately judge the relation between the self and the environment.

Back 350

reality testing

Front 351

Process of bringing stored memories into consciousness.

Back 351

recall

Front 352

Recall of events over the past few days.

Back 352

recent memory

Front 353

Recall of events over the past few months.

Back 353

recent past memory

Front 354

Organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of words; fluid and spontaneous, but incoherent and nonsensical, speech.

Back 354

receptive aphasia

Front 355

Difficulty in comprehending oral language; the impairment involves comprehension and production of language.

Back 355

receptive dysphasia

Front 356

Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person undergoes a partial or total return to earlier patterns of adaptation; observed in many psychiatric conditions, particularly schizophrenia.

Back 356

regression

Front 357

Recall of events from the distant past.

Back 357

remote memory

Front 358

Freud's term for an unconscious defense mechanism in which unacceptable mental contents are banished or kept out of consciousness; important in normal psychological development and in neurotic and psychotic symptom formation.

Back 358

repression

Front 359

the repressed material was once in the conscious domain

Back 359

regression proper

Front 360

repressed material was never in the conscious realm.

Back 360

primal repression

Front 361

Reduction in intensity of feeling tone, which is less severe than in blunted affect, but clearly reduced.

Back 361

restricted affect

Front 362

Loss of memory for events preceding the onset of the amnesia

Back 362

retrograde amnesia

Front 363

Memory becomes unintentionally (unconsciously) distorted by being filtered through a person's present emotional, cognitive, and experiential state.

Back 363

retrospective falsification

Front 364

In psychiatry, a person's resistance to change, a personality trait.

Back 364

rigidity

Front 365

(1) Formalized activity practiced by a person to reduce anxiety, as in OCD. (2) Ceremonial activity of cultural origin.

Back 365

ritual

Front 366

Constant preoccupation with thinking about a single idea or theme, as in OCD.

Back 366

rumination

Front 367

Morbid, insatiable sexual need or desire in a man.

Back 367

satyriasis

Front 368

(1) In psychiatry, a figurative blind spot in a person's psychological awareness. (2) In neurology, a localized visual field defect.

Back 368

scotoma

Front 369

In psychoanalysis, the form of thinking that is logical, organized, reality oriented, and influenced by the demands of the environment; characterizes the mental activity of the ego

Back 369

secondary process thinking

Front 370

An attack or sudden onset of certain symptoms, such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and psychic or sensory disturbances; seen in epilepsy and can be substance induced.

Back 370

seizure

Front 371

Hypothetical sensory center in the brain that is involved with clarity of awareness about oneself and one's surroundings, including the ability to perceive and to process ongoing events in light of past experiences, future options, and current circumstances; sometimes used interchangeably with consciousness.

Back 371

sensorium

Front 372

Organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of words; fluid and spontaneous, but incoherent and nonsensical, speech

Back 372

sensory aphasia

Front 373

Neurological sign operationally defined as failure to report one of two simultaneously presented sensory stimuli, despite that either stimulus alone is correctly reported. Also called sensory inattention

Back 373

sensory extinction

Front 374

Failure to live up to self-expectations; often associated with fantasy of how person will be seen by others.

Back 374

shame

Front 375

Reproduction, recognition, or recall of perceived material within minutes after the initial presentation

Back 375

short-term memory

Front 376

Impairment in the perception or integration of visual stimuli appearing simultaneously.

Back 376

simultanagnosia

Front 377

Delusion pertaining to the functioning of one's body.

Back 377

somatic hallucination

Front 378

Inability to recognize a part of one's body as one's own (also called ignorance of the body and autotopagnosia).

Back 378

somatopagnosia

Front 379

Pathological sleepiness or drowsiness from which one can be aroused to a normal state of consciousness.

Back 379

somnolence

Front 380

Inability to recognize spatial relations.

Back 380

spatial agnosia

Front 381

Expression of a revelatory message through unintelligible words; not considered a disorder of thought if associated with practices of specific Pentecostal religions

Back 381

speaking in tongues

Front 382

Continuous mechanical repetition of speech or physical activities; observed in catatonic schizophrenia.

Back 382

stereotypy

Front 383

(1) State of decreased reactivity to stimuli and less than full awareness of one's surroundings; as a disturbance of consciousness, it indicates a condition of partial coma or semicoma. (2) In psychiatry, used synonymously with mutism and does not necessarily imply a disturbance of consciousness; in ?, patients are ordinarily aware of their surroundings.

Back 383

stupor

catatonic stupor

Front 384

Frequent repetition or prolongation of a sound or syllable, leading to markedly impaired speech fluency.

Back 384

stuttering

Front 385

Unconscious defense mechanism in which the energy associated with unacceptable impulses or drives is diverted into personally and socially acceptable channels; unlike other defense mechanisms, it offers some minimal gratification of the instinctual drive or impulse.

Back 385

sublimation

Front 386

Unconscious defense mechanism in which a person replaces an unacceptable wish, drive, emotion, or goal with one that is more acceptable.

Back 386

substitution

Front 387

State of uncritical compliance with influence or of uncritical acceptance of an idea, belief, or attitude; commonly observed among persons with hysterical traits.

Back 387

suggestibility

Front 388

Thoughts or act of taking one's own life.

Back 388

suicidal ideation

Front 389

Conscious act of controlling and inhibiting an unacceptable impulse, emotion, or idea; differentiated from repression in that repression is an unconscious process.

Back 389

suppression

Front 390

Unconscious defense mechanism in which one idea or object comes to stand for another because of some common aspect or quality in both; based on similarity and association; the symbols formed protect the person from the anxiety that may be attached to the original idea or object.

Back 390

symbolization

Front 391

Condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality is perceived as sensation in a different modality, as when a sound produces a sensation of color.

Back 391

synesthesia

Front 392

Aphasia characterized by difficulty in understanding spoken speech; associated with gross disorder of thought and expression.

Back 392

syntactical aphasia

Front 393

Group of elaborate delusions related to a single event or theme.

Back 393

systematized delusion

Front 394

Hallucination primarily involving the sense of touch. Also called haptic hallucination.

Back 394

tactile hallucination

Front 395

Oblique, digressive, or even irrelevant manner of speech in which the central idea is not communicated.

Back 395

tangentiality

Front 396

Physiological or psychic arousal, uneasiness, or pressure toward action; an unpleasurable alteration in mental or physical state that seeks relief through action.

Back 396

tension

Front 397

Early morning awakening or waking up at least 2 hours before planning to wake up.

Back 397

terminal insomnia

Front 398

Feeling that one's thoughts are being broadcast or projected into the environme

Back 398

thought broadcasting

Front 399

Any disturbance of thinking that affects language, communication, or thought content; the hallmark feature of schizophrenia. Manifestations range from simple blocking and mild circumstantiality to profound loosening of associations, incoherence, and delusions; characterized by a failure to follow semantic and syntactic rules that is inconsistent with the person's education, intelligence, or cultural background.

Back 399

thought disorder

Front 400

Delusion that thoughts are being implanted in one's mind by other people or forces.

Back 400

thought insertion

Front 401

The period of time between a thought and its verbal expression. Increased in schizophrenia (see blocking) and decreased in mania (see pressured speech).

Back 401

thought latency

Front 402

Delusion that one's thoughts are being removed from one's mind by other people or forces.

Back 402

thought withdrawal

Front 403

Predominantly psychogenic disorders characterized by involuntary, spasmodic, stereotyped movement of small groups of muscles; seen most predominantly in moments of stress or anxiety, rarely as a result of organic disease.

Back 403

tic disorders

Front 404

Noises in one or both ears, such as ringing, buzzing, or clicking; an adverse effect of some psychotropic drugs.

Back 404

tinnitus

Front 405

Convulsion in which the muscle contraction is sustained.

Back 405

tonic convulsion

Front 406

Perceptual abnormality associated with hallucinogenic drugs in which moving objects are seen as a series of discrete and discontinuous images.

Back 406

trailing phenomenon

Front 407

Sleep-like state of reduced consciousness and activity.

Back 407

trance

Front 408

Rhythmical alteration in movement, which is usually faster than one beat a second; typically, tremors decrease during periods of relaxation and sleep and increase during periods of anger and increased tension.

Back 408

tremor

Front 409

Understanding of the objective reality of a situation coupled with the motivational and emotional impetus to master the situation or change behavior.

Back 409

true insight

Front 410

Disturbed consciousness with hallucinations.

Back 410

twilight state

Front 411

Sign present in autistic children who continually rotate in the direction in which their head is turned.

Back 411

twirling

Front 412

(1) One of three divisions of Freud's topographic theory of the mind (the others being the conscious and the preconscious) in which the psychic material is not readily accessible to conscious awareness by ordinary means; its existence may be manifest in symptom formation, in dreams, or under the influence of drugs.

Back 412

unconscious

Front 413

In popular (but more ambiguous) usage, any mental material not in the immediate field of awareness. (3) Denoting a state of unawareness, with lack of response to external stimuli, as in a coma.

Back 413

unconscious

Front 414

Unconscious primitive defense mechanism, repetitive in nature, by which a person symbolically acts out in reverse something unacceptable that has already been done or against which the ego must defend itself; a form of magical expiatory action, commonly observed in OCD.

Back 414

undoing

Front 415

Feeling of mystic unity with an infinite power.

Back 415

unio mystica

Front 416

In depression, denoting characteristic symptoms such as sleep disturbance (especially early morning awakening), decreased appetite, constipation, weight loss, and loss of sexual response.

Back 416

vegative symptoms

Front 417

Meaningless and stereotyped repetition of words or phrases, as seen in schizophrenia. Also called cataphasia

Back 417

verbigeration

Front 418

Sensation that one or the world around one is spinning or revolving; a hallmark of vestibular dysfunction, not to be confused with dizziness.

Back 418

vertigo

Front 419

Inability to recognize objects or persons.

Back 419

visual agnosia

Front 420

Hallucination primarily involving the sense of sight.

Back 420

visual hallucination

Front 421

Condition in which a person maintains the body position into which they are placed. Also called catalepsy.

Back 421

waxy flexibility

Front 422

Use of conventional words in an unconventional or inappropriate way (metonymy or of new words that are developed by conventional rules of word formation) (e.g., handshoes for gloves and time measure for clock); distinguished from a neologism, which is a new word whose derivation cannot be understood. See also paraphasia.

Back 422

word approximation

Front 423

Incoherent, essentially incomprehensible, mixture of words and phrases commonly seen in far-advanced cases of schizophrenia. See also incoherence.

Back 423

word salad

Front 424

Abnormal fear of strangers.

Back 424

xenophobia

Front 425

Abnormal fear of animals.

Back 425

zoophobia