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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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exercise physiology
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studies how the body's structures and functions are altered when exposed to acute and chronic bouts of exercise
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sports physiology
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applies exercise physiology concepts to an atheletes training and performance
its derived from exercise physiology |
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acute responses
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involve how the body responds to an individual bout of physical activity
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Chronic physiology adaptations
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mark how the body responds over time to the stress of repeated bouts of exercise
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Voluntary or Involuntary? - smooth
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involuntary
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Voluntary or Involuntary? - Cardiac
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involuntary
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Voluntary or Involuntary? - Skeletal
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voluntary
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What is smooth muscle controlled by?
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autonomic nervous system
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What is cardiac muscle controlled by?
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autonomic nervous system
endocrine system |
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What is skeletal muscle controlled by?
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somatic nervous system
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Where is smooth muscle located?
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in the walls of blood vessels and throughout internal organs
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muscle fibers
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an individual muscle cell
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What is a muscle fiber enclosed by?
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sarcolemma
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What is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber called?
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sarcoplasm
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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stores calcium
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Myofibril
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contractile elements of skeletal muscle found within the muscle fiber
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What kind of muscle is striated?
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cardiac and skeletal
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Sarcomere
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the functional unit of the myofibril that is located in between the z disks
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Name the parts of the Sarcomere
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I-band
A-band H-zone M-line |
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Name the two filaments that are located within the sarcomere
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myosin and actin
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Myosin
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thick filament that is composed of two protein strands each folded into a globular head at one end
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actin
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thin filament that is attached to a z disk
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Name the actions leading up to muscle contraction
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1. a-motor neuron releases ACh at the neurotransmitter junction
2. ACh binds to receptors on the sarcolemma 3. action potential is transmitted 4. Ca is released because of a.p. 5. Ca binds to troponin 6. troponin pulls tropomyosin off the active sites 7. myosin heads attach to actin filament |
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Sliding Filament Theory
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1. myosin heads bind to actin causing a change in the cross bridge
2. power stroke 3. actin filament moving past the myosin filament results in shortening of the sarcomere and the generation of muscle force |
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Power Stroke
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myosin heads tilting toward the arm cross bridge and drags the actin towards the center of the sarcomere
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Name the different types of muscle fibers
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Type 1
Type 2a Type2x |
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Slow Twitch Fibers
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Type 1
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Fast Twitch Fibers
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Type 2a
Type 2x |
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What type of fibers are found in skeletal muscle?
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Type 1 and 2 fibers
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What type of fibers have more developed SR delivering more Ca?
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Type 2
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What type of fiber is larger?
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Type 2
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What type of fiber produces more force?
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type 2
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What type of fiber has more aerobic endurance and are well suited for low intensity endurance activities?
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Type 1
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What type of fiber has anaerobic activities?
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Type 2
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What type of fiber plays a role in high intensity exercise?
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Type 2a
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What type of fibers play a role in force exercise?
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type 2x
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Name the parts of the motor unit
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cell body
axon axon terminal |
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concentric contraction
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force is developed while the muscle is shortening
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isometric contraction
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force is generated but the length of the muscle is unchanged
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eccentric contraction
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force is generated while the muscle is lengthening
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What is a resting membrane potential?
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the difference between electrical charges inside and outside the cells (-70mV)
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How is the RMP maintained?
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Sodium Potassium Pump
K moves more freely in and out of the cell |
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Sodium Potassium pump
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pumps out 3 Na to each K to maintain the RMP
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Depolarization
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occurs when the inside of a cell becomes less negative to the outside and is caused by a change in the membrane's Na permeability (>-70mV)
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Hyperpolarization
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occurs when the inside of a cell becomes more negative relative to the outside (<-70mV)
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Graded Potentials
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localized changes in membrane potential
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Kinesthetic Receptors
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in joint capsules, sense the position and movement of joints
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Muscle Spindles
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sense how much a muscle is stretched
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Name the different types of muscle spindles
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extrafusal
intrafusal |
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Extrafusal
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outside the spindle (a-motor neurons)
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intrafusal
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inside the spindle (y-motor neurons)
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When do muscle spindles transmit information?
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when the stretching is happening and it triggers a response
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Goligi Tendon Organs
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detects the tension of a muscle on its tendon, provides info about strength of a muscle contraction
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How do golgi tendon organs work?
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they inhibit contraction muscles and excite antagonist muscles to prevent injury
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strength
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the maximal force a muscle group can generate
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power
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the rate of performing work
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What is the formula for power?
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power = force x distance / time
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muscular endurance
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the capacity to sustain repeated muscle actions or a single static contraction
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Low repetition, high resistance enhances what?
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strength
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High repetition and low resistance enhances what?
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endurance
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How is neural control influence strength gains?
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inc. frequency from the a-motor neuron
dec autogenic inhibition reduction in coactivation of agonists and antagonists morphological changes in the junction recruitment of motor units |
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hypertrophy
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changes in the size of muscle fibers
increases in protein synthesis testosterone plays a role post exercise nutrition |
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hyperplasia
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changes in the number of muscle fibers
cells split satellite cells play a role |
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What does DOMS stand for?
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Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
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Name the types of energy systems
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Phosphocreatine Shuttle
Glycolytic system oxidative system |
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What is ATP's central role in metabolism?
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it provides the main energy source for metabolism
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direct calorimeter
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a way of measuring the body's rate and quantity of energy expenditure through measuring heat production
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indirect calorimeter
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a way of measuring the body's rate and quantity of energy expenditure through measuring the respiratory exchange between O2 and CO2
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Respiratory Exchange Ratio
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the ratio of VCO2/O2
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Lactate Threshold
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the level of lactate within the blood that is substantially higher than the resting lactate threshold
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Why is Lactate threshold important to understand?
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because high levels of lactate during exercise contribute to fatigue
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EPOC
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excess postexercise oxygen consumption
taking in too much oxygen right after a workout |
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VO2 max
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the maximum amount of oxygen levels found no matter the intensity of the exercise
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Why is VO2 max important?
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because it measures the cardiorespitory endurance and aerobic fitness
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steroid hormones
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have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol and are soluble in liquids
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nonsteroid hormones
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not lipid soluble so they can't cross a cell membrane easily
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How do steroid hormones enter a cell?
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through direct gene activation
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How do nonsteroid hormones enter a cell?
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through a second messenger cAMP
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Name the hormones that regulate glucose concentration
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glucagon
norepinephrine epinephrine cortisol |
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What does glucagon do for the glucose concentration?
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promotes liver glycogen breakdown and glucose formation from amino acids
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What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do to glucose concentration?
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promotes glycogenolysis
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What does cortisol do for glucose concentration?
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increases protein catabolism/gluconeuogenesis
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What is the influence of exercise on the glucose up take in the muscles?
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increase in glucose initially and decrease in insulin sustained
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cardiac cycle
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a heart beat from one systole (QRS) to the next
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cardiac output
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the total volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle per minute
HR + SV |
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stroke volume
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total volume of blood pumped out per beat
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ejection fraction
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the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle compared to the amount of blood that was in the ventricle to start
SV/EDV x 100 |
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Name the measurements of blood pressure
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cardiac output
MAP |
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MAP
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Mean Arterial Pressure
DBP + 1/3 (SBP - DBP) |
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What makes up blood?
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plasma
formed elements |
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How is oxygen transported in blood?
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on hemoglobin
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How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?
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it is converted to bicarbonate
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How does a left shift of the hemoglobin effect oxygen transport?
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it becomes basic
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How does a right shift of the hemoglobin effect oxygen transport?
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blood becomes more acidic and more oxygen is being unloaded
aka bohr's effect |
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How does pH and temp effect the hemoglobin curve?
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it shifts it to the right
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What happens to heart rate during acute exercise?
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it increases with work load
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What happens to stroke volume during acute exercise?
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it increases with exercise and plateaus
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What happens to cardiac output during acute exercise?
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increases to match the need for blood
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What happens to blood pressure dynamic exercise?
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SBP increases with intensity
DBP doesn't change increased substrate levels |
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What happens to blood pressures during static exercise?
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exaggerated responses possible
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What happens to blood volume during exercise?
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decreases
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How does arterial-venious oxygen difference change with exercise?
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it increases in number of difference
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Fricks Equation
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HR x SV x arterial venous diff
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what type of exercise causes athletes heart?
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endurance exercise - ventricular volume
resistance - wall thickness |
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What respiratory changes occur with training?
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increase in all areas
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