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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fundamental Locomotor Skills
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Building blocks of more specific skills developed later in childhood
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2 obstacles that are important in acquisition and achievement of fundamental movements
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Balance and Strength
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Achievement of upright stature allows for:
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both hand manipulation and i
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Walking: Phases
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Swing Phase: foot leaves the supporting surface
Support Phase: feet on ground (balance) Double Support Phase: Both feet are in contact with surface |
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Walking: Immature
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wide base, high guard, toes out,
short inconsistent steps |
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Walking: Mature
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DYNAMIC base (narrower)
ANGLE (foot angle) SPEED (longer strides, coordination) |
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Walking: COG
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High center of gravity with a small base of support makes balance challenging
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Walking: Gender Differences
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None
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Running: Phases
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Single Support Phase: foot is on the ground, striking leg
Flight: both legs in the air Recovery: back leg is brought forward |
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Running: Requirements
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Walking first, increase in strength and improved balance and motor coordination
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Running: Immature
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Wide Base, arms in High Guard, flat footed
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Running: Mature
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Arms in opposition, elbows at 90, task specificity in limbs
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Running: Speed
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Men faster, no difference early
Experience, strength, technique Preparation and reaction time Girls peak 14-15 Boys 17 |
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Jumping: Phases
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Preparatory: preparing movements for body to spring into action
Take-off: The Jump Landing: Striking, bending knees/body to absorb shock |
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Jumping: Requirements
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Increase leg strength
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Hop
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Females better balance 6months advanced
Acquires additional strength and balance |
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Component Approach
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Goes through each body segment separately, more process oriented
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Total Body Approach
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Entire body, what it does, to produce the outcome
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Combined Fundamental Movements, difficulty in order
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Galloping
Slide Skip |
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Object Control skills categories
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Ballistic and Receptive
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Ballistic
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Applies force to an object
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Receptive
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Receiving Force
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Two main factors determine changes in object control
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Strength and Stability
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Object Control: Gender Differences
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Yes, balance-wise Females better.
Strength-wise males better |
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Ballistic Throwing forms
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1/2 underhand
sidearm 1/2 overarm 1 handed over arm most researched |
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Throwing: Phases
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Preparatory Phase:All movements away
Execution: all movement towards target Follow-through: all movements that take place after object is released |
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Throwing: Product Measures
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Accuracy
Distance - lifespan Velocity |
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Factors that influence throwing
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Instruction
Knowledge Instructional Cues Ball Size Angle of Ball Release Development level |
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Striking: Immature
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Homolateral Step
Little Rotation Rigid Movements Face the object Vertical Strike Little Backswing |
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Striking: Mature
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Ipsilateral step
Rotation of trunk Full backswing Horizontal Strike Arms relaxed |
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Place Kicking: Mature
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Running start
Last step is a leap step on plant foot Vigorous follow through Hop Arms oppose legs |
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Place Kicking: Immature
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pushes ball away with foot
no backswing or followthrougstiff legs |
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Punting: Mature
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Follow-through
flexion of hip and knee hop onto support leg trunk leg comes across body |
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Punting: Immature
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Lacks preparatory phase
leg remains straight no follow-through |
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Gender Differences (HRPF vs. Object Control Skills)
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Curl-ups men better
12min run/walk men better sit and reach - women 79% |
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Body type/composition impact
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Endomorphic - negative except for throwing
Meso/ecto -no impact |
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Object control skill preference and selection
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Males performed better in jumping and throwing because of strength/ limb length
Females performed better in kicking due to balance and COG |
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Cerebral Palsy
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Impairment of control over voluntary musculature
Impacts ability to maintain balance and posture |
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CP: Common motor disability
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Spastic, Duskinetic, Ataxic, mixed
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CP: Symptoms
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Speech language
intellectual disability sensory impairments |
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CP: Spasticity
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Hemiplegia
Paraplegia Diplegia Quadriplegia |
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Intellectual Disabilities: Physical and motor characteristics
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Low muscle tone, shorter stature, endomorphic body type, lower aerobic fitness, lower muscular strength and endurance
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ID: Factors influencing PA in childhood
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Family/school
Limited availability of specialized programs Risk/safety concerns regarding PA participation |
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ID: Factors influencing PA behaviors during adulthood
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Transportation
Facility and program policy Lack of awareness (benefits) Activity Preference |
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Autism: 3 main delays
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communication, behavior and social interaction
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Catching: First attempts
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-Stop by sitting on the floor with legs spread
-Arms fully extended |
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Catching: Factors impact
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Ball size
background color ball velocity trajectory angle vision and viewing time |
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Catching: success
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Knowledge and experience
catching on the run-less successful catching with a glove more successful |
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Postural Sway
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imperceptible (cant see it) back and forth motion designed to assist the body in maintaining upright position
(Cephalocaudal) |
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Falls
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accidental deaths in elderly
reduced visual capability, increased meds, lower foot raise women fall more, but not as damaging |
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Falls: predispositonal
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balance problems
declining flexibility disease reduced joint mobility |
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Falls: situational causes
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Alcohol
Improper clothing (footwear, clothing) Darkness Environmental obstacles Medication |
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Strategies to avoid falls
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remove/decrease environmental obstacles
maintain PA |
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Falls: Changes in walking pattern
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decrease step length
Decrease velocity increase double support phase increase step width Greater tendency to toe out |
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Falls: gait in older individuals
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Wider base
slower age-related decline reverse proximodistal flat footed |
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Factors influencing Adult Motor Performance
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Increase or decrease activity level
Decrease in flexibility Fear of losing abilities to perform ADL |
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ADL vs IADL
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ADL - very minimal requirement (eating)
IADL - skill relating (Cooking) |
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Reaction Time
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time from initiation of stimulus
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Movement Time
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period of time from beginning of the movement until its complete
-poorer with age (driving) |
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Spatial Transposition
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Relating one signal at one position to a response at another position
ex. releasing a button when a light stimulus appears |
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Symbolic Trasposition
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Requires the subject to respond to a signal by a predetermined number or code
ex. go on green |
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Last-in-first hypothesis
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slowing with age for relatively simple versus more complex movements
Decrease at 30 Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic |
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Saccadic Movements
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micro-adjustments to the eyes make working together as they scan a line or page or seep across a horizontal or vertical landscape
doesnt slow with age |
