Kinesiology Test 1

Front 1

What is Kinesiology?

Back 1

study of movement; utilizes principles of mechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromusclular physiology

Front 2

What are the 5 types of Bones?

Back 2

1. Long bones

2. Short bones

3. Flat bones

4. Irregular bones

5. Sesamoid bones

Front 3

What are Long bones?

Back 3

(1) length is greater than width; (2) largest bones in the body; (3) tubular shape with a shaft; (4) consists of diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis

EX: humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsals

Front 4

What are Short bones?

Back 4

(1) cubical shape; more equal dimensions of height, length, and width; (2) great deal of articular surface; usually articulate with more than one bone

Examples: carpals, tarsals

Front 5

What are Flat bones?

Back 5

broad, slightly curved surface; not very thick

EX: scapula, ilium, ribs, sternum

Front 6

What are Irregular bones?

Back 6

variety of mixed shapes

EX: vertebra, facial bones

Front 7

What are Sesamoid bones?

Back 7

(1) resemble the shape of sesame seeds; (2) located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in extremities; (3) develop within a tendon; protect it from excessive wear and improve mechanical advantage

Front 8

What are the 3 types of Joints?

Back 8

1. FIBROUS JOINT (Synarthrosis, Syndesmosis): thin layer of fibrous periosteum between 2 bones; slight or no motion; provide shape and strength
-EX: synarthrosis--suture joints in skull; syndesmosis--distal tibiofibular joint

2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINT (Amphiarthrosis): hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between 2 bones; small amount of motion; provide stability
EX: symphysis pubis, vertebrae

3. SYNOVIAL JOINT (Diarthrosis): cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a sleeve-like capsule; smooth articular surface consisting of hyaline cartilage also called articular cartilage; allows free motion
EX: Hip

Front 9

What are the 2 types of Motion?

Back 9

1. LINEAR MOTION (translatory motion): all parts of an object move the same distance in the same direction, and at the same time

2. ANGULAR MOTION (rotary motion): movement of an object about a fixed point

Front 10

What are the 2 types of Linear Motion?

Back 10

1. RECTILINEAR: movement occurs in a straight line

2. CURVILINEAR: movement occurs in a curved path

Front 11

What are the 3 Classes of Levers?

Back 11

1. FIRST-CLASS LEVER: the axis (A) is located between the force (F) and the resistance (R). EX: playground seesaw; step up


2. SECOND-CLASS LEVER: axis (A) at one end, resistance (R) in the middle, and the force (F) at the other end; EX: wheelbarrow, letting a weight down with your hand


3. THIRD-CLASS LEVER: axis (A) at one end, force (F) in the middle, and the resistance (R) at the other end; EX: lifting a weight up with your hand; biceps

Front 12

What is an Agonist?

Back 12

(prime mover); a muscle or muscle group that causes the motion; physically doing work

EX: Biceps

Front 13

What is an Antagonist?

Back 13

A muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist;

EX: in elbow flexion the ____= Triceps

Front 14

What is a Stabilizer?

Back 14

(fixator); a muscle or muscle group that supports a part and allows the agonist to work more effectively

EX: abdominal muscles (trunk flexor muscles) act as ____ to keep trunk straight while arms move trunk up and down

Front 15

What is a Synergist?

Back 15

A muscle or muscle group that assists another muscle to enhance particular motion; groups of muscles work together to improve overall function

Front 16

What are the 3 types of Muscle Contractions? (like a zipper)

Back 16

1. ISOMETRIC: muscle contraction without joint motion; no change in muscle length; "same length"

2. ISOTONIC: muscle contraction with joint motion; change in muscle length; "same weight"; resistance never changes

3. ISOKINETIC: muscle contraction at a fixed velocity (speed) of movement with accommodating resistance; "same speed"; requires a special machine

Front 17

What are 2 types of Isotonic Contraction?

Back 17

1. CONCENTRIC: isotonic contraction causing the muscle to shorten & the muscle attachments to move closer together; "shortening contraction"

EX: Step up

2. ECCENTRIC: isotonic contraction causing the muscle to lengthen and the muscle attachment to move father apart; "lengthening contractions"

EX: Step down "with gravity"

Front 18

What is the difference between Active and Passive Insufficiency?

Back 18

1. ACTIVE INSUFFICIENCY: when a muscle reaches a point where it cannot shorten any farther

EX: hamstrings; they extend hip and flex the knee

2. PASSIVE INSUFFICIENCY: when a muscle reaches a point where it cannot be elongated any father without damage to the muscle fibers; only with muscles that cross 2 or more joints; muscles being stretched not muscle contracting

EX: triceps; sitting forward in a chair flexing knees bending then knees straighten

Front 19

What are the 2 Muscle Fiber Arrangements?

Back 19

1. PARALLEL-FIBERED MUSCLES: fibers are parallel to the long axis of the muscle; 4 types

2. OBLIQUE-FIBERED MUSCLES: fibers have feather arrangement and attach to tendon at an oblique angle; 3 types

Front 20

What are the 4 types of Parallel-fibered muscles? Give examples of each.

Back 20

1. STRAP MUSCLES: long and thin with fibers running the entire length
EX: Rectus abdominius, sternocleidomastoid

2. FUSIFORM MUSCLES: shaped like a spindle; wider in the middle, tapered at the ends; may be any length or size
EX: Biceps

3. RHOMBOIDAL MUSCLES: four-sided, usually flat, with broad attachments at each end
EX: Rhomboids

4. TRIANGULAR MUSCLES: flat and fan-shaped with fibers radiating from narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other end
EX: Pectoralis Major

Front 21

What are the 3 types of Oblique-fibered muscles? Give examples of each.

Back 21

1. UNIPENNATE MUSCLES: have a series of short fibers attaching diagonally along the length of a central tendon, look like one side of a feather
EX: Tibialis anterior of ankle, Semimembranosus

2. BIPENNATE MUSCLES: have fibers that are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon; look like a feather
EX: Rectus Femoris

3. MULTIPENNATE MUSCLES: have many tendons with oblique fibers in between
EX: Deltoid, Subscapularis

Front 22

What is the difference between Open and Closed Pack Position?

Back 22

1. CLOSED PACK POSITION: occurs with maximum congruence (most stable) of joint surfaces and maximum tension on the fibrous capsule; locked position, least mobile; occurs usually at extreme ends of the range
EX: of the patellofemoral joint the closed-pack is knee flexion; ankle dorsiflexion; metacarpophalangeal flexion; and extension of the elnow, wrist, hip, knee, and interphalanges

2. OPEN PACK POSITION: there is increased joint play, decreased joint congruency and joint capsule is on slack; relaxed position; freely moveable
EX: resting arm on table

Front 23

What are the 3 basic Accessory Motions?

Back 23

1. ROLLING: where different points of one bone touches different points of another
EX: a ball rolling across the floor

2. GLIDING (sliding): same point of one bone touches different points on another bone; one part of bone touches different point of contact every time
EX: Ice skate on ice

3. SPINNING: motion that occurs along the longitudinal axis of a bone
EX: Head of radius spinning on the cepitulum of the humerus

Front 24

What is the difference of Open Kinetic and Closed Kinetic Chain?

Back 24

1. OPEN KINETIC CHAIN: distal segment moves freely
EX: If feet are moving; Pull ups with weights, Running, Sitting on table lifting weights

2. CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN: distal segment is fixed or doesn't move
EX: If feet aren't moving; Push ups, Squats, Lunges

Front 25

What are the 6 Classifications of Diarthodial Joints?

Back 25

1. HINGE: (Uniaxial); permits flex/ext; 1 degree of freedom; bones move at right angles only; thinner capsule but thicker collateral; EX: Elbow, Knee
2. PIVOT: (Uniaxial); permits rotation in transverse plane with vertical axis (C1 & C2 proximal radial/ulna joint); axis/axis; EX: Radius/Ulna, Shoulder/Head
3. CONDYLOID: (Biaxial); principal movement is flex/ext but allows some abd/add (metacarpal phalangeal joints); EX: Wrist
4. SADDLE: (Biaxial); concave/concave surfaces meeting; flex/ext, abd/add; EX: Carpals and metacarpals of Thumb
5. PLANE: (Nonaxial); permits gliding between 2 or more bones (AC joint); can glide and rotate in any plane; EX: gliding at carpals
6. BALL AND SOCKET: (Triaxial); 3 degrees of freedom; flex/ext, abd/add, int/ext; EX: Hip/Shoulder

Front 26

What are the 3 Axis'?

Back 26

1. SAGITTAL AXIS: runs through a joint from front to back

2. FRONTAL AXIS: runs through a joint from side to side

3. VERTICAL (LONGITUDINAL) AXIS: runs through a joint from top to bottom

Front 27

What are the 3 types of Planes? What are each of their Axis of Motion?

Back 27

1. TRANSVERSE (HORIZONTAL) PLANE: divides the body into upper and lower segments; movements are rotation, pronnation/supination; Motion in this plane occurs about a Vertical or Longitudinal axis

2. FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE: divides the body into front and back; movements are abduction/adduction; Motion in this plane occurs about a Sagittal or Anterior/Posterior Axis

3. SAGITTAL PLANE: divides the body into right and left parts; movements are flexion/extension; Motion in this plane occurs about a Lateral or Frontal Axis

Front 28

What are the 6 Structures of Bone?

Back 28

1. EPIPHYSIS: area at end of a bone (called epiphyseal plate during growth); cancellous bone covered by thin layer of compact bone
2. DIAPHYSIS: main shaft of the bone; compact bone surrounding the marrow cavity
3. METAPHYSIS: flared part at each end of the bone; cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
4. MEDULLARY CANAL: hollow center of diaphysis; contains marrow; nutrient arteries
5. ENDOSTEUM: membrane that lines medullary canal; contains osteoclasts
6. PERIOSTEUM: thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the joint surfaces; contains nerves and blood vessels

Front 29

What are the 14 Movements Specific to Certain Joints?

Back 29

1. Inversion
2. Eversion
3. Protraction
4. Retraction
5. Supination
6. Pronation
7. Palmar flexion
8. Plantar flexion
9. Dorsiflexion
10. Horizontal adduction
11. Horizontal abduction
12. Ulnar deviation
13. Radial deviation
14. Lateral bending (lateral flexion)

Front 30

What is Inversion?

Back 30

movement of the sole of the foot

Front 31

What is Eversion?

Back 31

outward movement of the sole of the foot

Front 32

What is Protraction?

Back 32

movement along a plane parallel to the ground and away from the midline (shoulder girdle, jaw)

Front 33

What is Retraction?

Back 33

movement along a plane parallel to the ground and toward the midline (shoulder girdle, jaw)

Front 34

What is Supination?

Back 34

movement such that the palm faces forward (anteriorly)

Front 35

What is Pronation?

Back 35

movement such that the palm faces backwards (posteriorly)

Front 36

What is Palmar flexion?

Back 36

flexion of the wrist

Front 37

What is Plantar flexion?

Back 37

flexion of the ankle

Front 38

What is Dorsiflexion?

Back 38

extension of the wrist or ankle

Front 39

What is Horizonal adduction?

Back 39

shoulder flexed to 90 degrees then adducted

Front 40

What is Horizontal abduction?

Back 40

shoulder flexed to 90 degrees then abducted

Front 41

What is Ulnar deviation?

Back 41

hand moved medially from the anatomical position

Front 42

What is Radial deviation?

Back 42

hand moves laterally from the anatomical position

Front 43

What is Lateral bending (lateral flexion)?

Back 43

movement of the trunk sideways

Front 44

What are the 7 different Joint Movements?

Back 44

1. FLEXION: bending mvmt of one bone on another, causing a decrease in joint angle
2. EXTENSION: str8ing mvmt of one bone from another causing an increase in joint angle
3. HYPEREXTENSION: contin. of ext beyond the anatom position
4. ABDUCTION: mvmt away from the midline of the body
5. ADDUCTION: mvmt toward the midline of the body
6. CIRCUMDUCTION: combination of motions in a sequence in which the distal end make wide circle i air, tapering to proximal end, which makes narrow circle
7. ROTATION: mvmt a bone or part around its longitudinal axis
-A. MEDIAL ROTATION: anterior surface moves toward the midline
-B. LATERAL ROTATION: anterior surface moves away from midline

Front 45

What are the 3 types of Forces?

Back 45

1. EXTERNAL FORCE: pushes or pulls that arise from outside the body
EX: Wind, water, gravity, air

2. INTERNAL FORCE: act on the body but arise from sources within the body, they serve to counteract detrimental external forces that can cause injury
EX: Muscles act on bones to create movement

3. FORCE VECTORS: all forces are vector quantities and are defined by: (1) a point of application on the object being acted on, (2) an action line and direction indicating a push away or pull toward a source, (3) a magnitude, a quantity of force being exerted

Front 46

What are the 4 Functions of Intervertebral Disc?

Back 46

1. Absorb shock

2. Transmit shock

3. Maintain flexibility

4. Provides 25% of height of spinal column

Front 47

What is an Intervertebral Disc?

Back 47

seperates the vertebrae anteriorly or is between the vertebrae and articulates with adjacent bodies

Front 48

Intervertebral Discs are made up of what 2 parts?

Back 48

1. NUCLEUS PULPOSIS: center of a dic, shock absorber

2. ANNULUS FIBROSIS: outer portion of disc consisting of arranged fibrocartilagenous rings

Front 49

What 5 parts make up the Brain?

Back 49

1. Cerebrum
2. Basal Ganglia
3. Cerebellum
4. Brain Stem
5. Spinal Cord

Front 50

What is Cerebrum? What takes place as far as movement? What type of motor is occurring?

Back 50

Frontal, Occipital, Temporal, and Parietal lobes
(1) FRONTAL: controls motor movement and expressive speech; (2) OCCIPITAL: responsible for vision and recognition of size, shape, and color; (3) PARIETAL--controls gross sensation, such as touch and pressure; it also controls fine sensation, such as determination of texture, weight, size, and shape; (4) Largest and main portion of the brain; responsible for: the highest mental functions; (5) "Motor Cortex"; (6) highest level for integration of neromuscular activity

Front 51

What is Basal Ganglia? What takes place as far as movement? What type of motor is occurring?

Back 51

1. The grey matter in the cerebrum; works in conjunction with cerebrum

2. Important in coordination and motor movement

3. Can initiate gross voluntary LEARNED movements

4. movement patterns have a rhythmic aspect (gold swing)

Front 52

What is Cerebellum? What takes place as far as movement? What type of motor is occurring?

Back 52

1.is the major integrator of activity

2. Modulates motor activity DOES NOT INITIATE MOVEMENT

3. Controls muscle coordination, tone, and posture

Front 53

What is the difference between Afferent and Efferent Neurons?

Back 53

1. AFFERENT: conducts toward; sensory fiber

2. EFFERENT: conducts away; motor fibers

Front 54

What is a Muscle Spindle?

Back 54

1. specialized fibers intersparsed throughout the muscle
2. they are positioned between extrafusal fibers and lie parallel to the fiber
3. they provide SENSORY INFORMATION for a muscle to contract to prevent over stretching to where the muscle could tear (triggers the stretch reflex)

(A). the spindle provides sensory info regarding length change in the muscle fiber
(B). and the velocity of lengthening in the muscle fiber

Front 55

What is a Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)?

Back 55

proprioceptors found at the musclotendinous juntion; they lie in series with the tendon but there are no intrafusal fibers

A. they help protect the tendon from excessive tension (passive stretching that could cause a rupture)

B. they function as a contraction receptor and monitor the force of contractions by detecting tension in the tendon

C. the GTO can be made to stretch by a passive stretch of the musculotendinous unit, or by muscle contraction because both create tension in the tendon

Front 56

What is a Intrafusial Fiber?

Back 56

Sensory Neurons

Front 57

What is a Extrafusal fibers?

Back 57

Motor Neurons

Front 58

What does the Verebral Column consist of?

Back 58

A). 33 VERTEBRA:
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused)
4 Coccygeal (fused)

B). 23 DICS

Front 59

What are the 7 Types of Muscles?

Back 59

1. Strap
2. Fusiform
3. Rhomboidal
4. Triangular
5. Unipennate
6. Bipennate
7. Multipennate

Front 60

What is the difference between Osteokinematic & Arthrokinematic Motion?

Back 60

1. OSTEOKINEMATIC: joint motion (humerus moving on scapula); this type of motion can be done in the form of isometric, isotonic, or even isokinetic exercises. When performed actively, muscles move joints through ROM. As we move our joints throughout the day, we are actively performing osteokinetic movements.

2. ARTHROKINEMATICS: joint surface movement (humeral head's movement within glenoid fossa of scapula); the manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during osteokinetic joint movement

Front 61

What is the Cervical Spine?

Back 61

1. C1 AXIS--Ring shape, no body or spinous process

2. C2 AXIS--Has dens or odontoid process projection superiorly

A. BODY: Small; has vertebral artery holes

B. PROCESSES: Wide

C. FACETS: There bones articulate, they face superiorly and medially, allow each vertebra to rock on one below

Front 62

What makes up the Thoracic Spine?

Back 62

1. BODY: diameter is = (like a circle). There are facets on the body for rib articulation only

2. SPINOUS PROCESS: slopes inferiorly and may overlap

3. TRANSVERSE PROCESS: articulation for ribs

4. FACETS: superior faces superiorly and laterally. Anterior facet faces anteriorly and medially. Flexion, lateral bending and rotation is allowed and facets are limited by the ribs.

Front 63

What makes up the Lumbar Spine?

Back 63

1. BODY: Large, with lateral diameter that is bigger than anterior posterior diameter

2. SPINOUS PROCESS: Thick broad and extends horizontally

3. TRANSVERSE PROCESS: Long and extends horizontally

4. FACETS: Superior- is concave faces medially and posteriorly. Inferior facet- faces laterally and anteriorly. Both lie in saggital plane.

Front 64

What are the 3 types of Joints?

Back 64

1. SYNARTHRODIAL: essentially no movement; provides shape and strength
EX: Bones of skull

2. AMPHIARTHRODIAL: small amount of movement (actually sub set of synarthrodial)
EX: Symphysis Pubis & Intervertebral discs

3. DIARTHODIAL:(most common and most important); freely moveable joint; joints that have capsule
EX: Synovial joint, Hip, Elbow, Shoulder

Front 65

What are the 2 Synarthrodial/Amphiarthodial joints?

Back 65

1. FIBROSIS: bones united by fibrous tissue permitting depending on the length of the fibers; purpose is strength
(A). Synarthrosis--bones united by thin shealth of fibrous tissue; Essentially no motion; (Synostosis: when skull sutures fuse ~18 years old)
(B). Syndesmosis--bones united with a thicker shealth of fibrous tissue; Small amount of twisitng or stretching movement ( interosseous tibia/fibula; ulna/radius)

2. CARTILAGINOUS: bones united by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
(A). Synchondrosis: united by hyaline cartilage (1st sternocoastal joint)
(B). Symphysis: slightly moveable; united by a disc (pubis symphysis function for shock absorption; intervertebral disc; "stress develops strength"

Front 66

What is a pelvic tilt?

Back 66

1. POSTERIOR PELVIC TILT: Spine rotates back; caused by tight hamstrings and abs

2. ANTERIOR PELVIC TILT: Spine rotates forward; caused by tight low back, hip flexors; common cause of low back pain

Front 67

What are Slow Twitch Fibers? (SO)

Back 67

(red) must work for prolonged periods without becoming fatigued; are capable of long periods of contraction and thus provide endurance; contain fibers with high concentrations of myoglobin

EX: runners that train for endurance activities like the 5,000-meter dash; face; raise one eyebrow

Front 68

What are Fast Twitch Fibers? (FG)

Back 68

(white) contract quickly for limited amounts of time because of their low concentrations of myoglobin

EX: runners to train for short "burst of energy" events like sprinting

Front 69

Explain the different between Slow Twitch Fibers and Fast Twitch Fibers.

Back 69

There are two types of muscle fibers, the slow contracting and the fast contracting. These are known as "slow twitch" and fast twitch" fibers. Both types of fibers utilize a chemical substance, ATP as their direct energy source. The splitting of ATP releases the energy used in muscular contraction. There is only a limited amount of ATP within muscles. When it is split, it must be quickly resynthesized to support further contraction of the muscle. The energy for this synthesis is won for the slow fibers from the oxidation of sugar and fat, and for the fast fibers by the splitting of sugar in the absence of oxygen.

Front 70

What is happening with Actin and Myosin fibers in Muscle Contraction?

Back 70

Within each muscle is a huge number of tiny contractile fibers that contain filaments of the chemicals, actin and myosin. When the brain sends electrical signals through the motor (movement) nerves to the muscles, actin and myosin filaments slide together, shortening the muscle. This is the mechanism of muscular contraction. Muscles merge into strong connective-tissue tendons before attaching to bones.

Muscle contraction is like a zipper; Actin fibers on one side and Myosin fibers on the other. As one reacts with the other it allows them to glide up and glide back shortening and lengthening. Its still action of the Actin and Myosin fibers- same mechanism is firing either way

Front 71

What are Actin Fibers?

Back 71

Actin and myosin filaments are chemicals in muscle fibers that slide together under the stimulus from motor nerves. This is the basus of muscular contraction.

Front 72

What are Myosin Fibers?

Back 72

partner of actin, the two chemicals that makeup the contracting fibers of a muscle