Kinesiology Midterm Exam

Front 1

the study of movement and the active and passive structures involved

Back 1

kinesiology

Front 2

the study of the action of forces, internal and external, on the body

Back 2

biomechanics

Front 3

what are the three types of muscle activation?

Back 3

concentric activation
eccentric activation
isometric activation

Front 4

this type of muscle activation...

- muscles shorten
-muscle begins the contraction at a longer length than the length at completion of the movement
-example: bringing a cup to the mouth to take a drink

Back 4

concentric contraction

Front 5

type of muscle activation...

- muscles attempt to shorten but are strechted by an overpowering external force
- the opposing force pulls the contracting muscle to a longer length
- example: placing a heavy textbook on a table

Back 5

eccentric contraction

Front 6

type of muscle activation...

- the contractile mechanisms are activated but there is no appreciable change in the fiber lengths or movement
- the foce in the opposite direction equally balances the effort of the contraction
-example: holding a stack of books

Back 6

isometric contraction

Front 7

the prime mover

Back 7

agonist

Front 8

oppose the prime mover

Back 8

antagonis

Front 9

muscles that act together to produce a movement such as opening a heavy door

Back 9

synergist

Front 10

movement in a circular path around an axis

- all joints perform this movement

Back 10

rotary motion

Front 11

movement of an object in which all points move the same distance in the same direction in the same amount of time. movement starts in one place and ends in another

Back 11

translatory/ linear motion

Front 12

combination of angular and linear motion

Back 12

curvilinear motion/ general motion

Front 13

quantity of rotary motion is known as...
-degrees of motion
-goniometry
-arc of motion

Back 13

range of motion

Front 14

the number of planes around which a segment can move

Back 14

degrees of freedom

Front 15

how many degrees of freedom?

-uniaxial joint.
- joint has one axis and can move in one plane

example: thumb IP joint

Back 15

1 degree

Front 16

how many degrees of freedom?

- joint has 2 axes and can move in 2 planes
-ex. CMC joint

Back 16

2 degrees

Front 17

how many degrees of freedom?

- joint has 3 axes and can move in 3 planes

ex. ball and socket joints, hip

Back 17

3 degrees

Front 18

what are the 6 functions of muscles?

Back 18

1. support & stability
2. allow movement
3. generate tension transmitted to bone
4. joint stability via tendons
5. pull segments apart & cause instability
6. support/ protect organs & internal tissue

Front 19

striped muscle attached primarily to skeleton

-rapid and intermittent contractions

Back 19

voluntary/ striated/ skeletal muscle

Front 20

muscle found in areas where movement occurs without conscious thought such as stomach, blood vessels...

Back 20

smooth/ unstriated/ involuntary muscle

Front 21

the basic shape of the whole muscle

Back 21

muscle morphology

Front 22

shapes of muscle..

-round in shape
- surround an opening. sphincter
-obicularis oris

Back 22

circular

Front 23

shapes of muscle..

- origin, usually proximal is wider than point of insertion
- max force production
-sometimes known as triangular muscles

ex. pec major

Back 23

convergent

Front 24

shape of muscle..

- muscle fibers run parallel to each other
- normally long muscles which cause large movements, good endurance

-ex. sartorious and sternocleidomastoid

Back 24

parallel

Front 25

shape of muscle..

- spindle shaped with muscle belly wider and tapering at origin and insertion
- strap like arrangement for greatest degree of shortening for quick and wide ROM

ex. biceps brachii

Back 25

fusiform

Front 26

shape of muscles..

- large number of muscle fibers
- very strong but tire easily

Back 26

pennate

Front 27

shape of muscles..

- fibers insert in a diagonal direction onto the tendon, which allows great strength

ex. lumbricals

Back 27

unipennate

Front 28

shape of muscles..

- two rows of muscle fibers, facing in opposite diagonal directions, with a central tendon, like a feather

- greater power but less range of motion

-rectus femoris and dorsal interossi

Back 28

bipennate

Front 29

shape of muscle

- multiple rows of diagonal fibers, with a central tendon which branches into two or more tendons

ex. deltiod, triceps

Back 29

multipennate

Front 30

in this type of muscle..

-muscle shortens as a direct relationship of muscle fiber shortening

Back 30

parallel fibered muscles

Front 31

in this type of muscle..

- the muscle progressively increase their angle relative to tendon
- rotate about tendon attachment

Back 31

pennate fibered muscles

Front 32

what is the part of the muscle that affects movement?

Back 32

tendon

Front 33

collagin and elastin combine to provide what 3 things?

Back 33

1. strength
2. structural support
3. elasticity

Front 34

what are the three sets of connective tissue in skeletal muscle

Back 34

1. epimysium
2. perimysium
3. endomysium

Front 35

when a muscle contracts what does the tendon do?

Back 35

lengthen and then shorten

Front 36

the recoil property of a tendon enables elastic energy to be stored and released, increasing efficiency of the contraction...

this is known as..

Back 36

series elastic component

Front 37

movement combines what 2 components?

Back 37

muscle force through tendon to joint

and

elastic energy recoil of tendon

Front 38

this describes the resistive force generated in the connective tissue when elongated
- does not depend on active contraction

Back 38

passive length-tension curve

Front 39

whhen parallel and series elastic components are stretched within a muscle what kind of curve is generated?

Back 39

passive length tension curve

Front 40

this force is produced by muscle fiber

Back 40

active force

Front 41

describe the breakdown of a muscle fiber...

Back 41

myofibrils --> myofilament--> actin and myosin

Front 42

a repeating band within a muscle is called..

Back 42

sarcomere

Front 43

the thick filaments are known as _______ and correspond with _____ bands

Back 43

myosin , A bands

Front 44

the thin filaments correspond with ______ and correspond with ______ bands (light bands)

Back 44

actin, I bands

Front 45

a body remais at rest or in constant linear velocity except when compelled by an external force to change its state

force is required to start, stop, or alter linear motion

body remains at rest or in constant angular velocity about an axis or rotation unless compelled by an external torque to change its state

Back 45

Newtons first law: law of inertia

Front 46

body is in static equilibrium when its velocity is zero, or in dynamic equilibrium when its velocity is not zero, but constant

inertia is related to the amount of energy required to alter the velocity of a body

Back 46

Newtons first law: law of inertia

Front 47

the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force sustaining it, takes place in the same direction in which the force acts and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body

f= ma
force = mass * acceleration

if the net force produces an acceleration, the accelerated body with tavel in the direction of the resultant force

Back 47

newton's second law: law of acceleration

Front 48

what is the primary torque producer within the muscoloskeletal system?

Back 48

muscle

Front 49

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

- every effect one body exerts on another is counteracted by an effect the second body exerts on the first

the two bodies interact simultaneously and the consequence of their interaction is specified by the law of acceleration

ex. jumping from a rowboat-- you jump in one direction while the rowboat moves in the opposite direction

Back 49

Newtons 3rd law: law of action-reaction

Front 50

what part of the spine has an anterior convex curve?

Back 50

cervical
lumbar

Front 51

what part of the spine has a posterior convex curve?

Back 51

thoracic

Front 52

type of joint...

- articulation that contains a fluid filled joint cavity between bony partners

- majority of the joints in the upper and lower extremities

Function: specialized for movement and always exhibit seven elements

Back 52

diarthrosis

Front 53

what are the four primary tissues in the body?

Back 53

1. muscle
2. nerve
3. epithelium
4. connective tissue

Front 54

what are the different types of connective tissue

Back 54

1. dense irregular connective tissue
2. articular cartilage
3. fibrocartilage
4. bone
5. blood
6. fat

Front 55

this type of connective tissue is found in the fibrous external layer of the articular capsule and ligaments

Back 55

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 56

type of connective tissue that is a speciliazed type of hyaline cartilage that forms the load bearing surface of joints

- avascular, aneural, and lacks a defined perichondrium

Back 56

articular cartilage

Front 57

these are located within the ground substance of different layers of articular cartilage

-these cells are bathed and nourished by nutrients within the synovial fluid

- collagen fibers are arranged to form a restraining network that adds structural stability and excellent weight bearing capacity to the tissue

Back 57

chondrocytes

Front 58

forms much of the substance of intervertebral discs, labrum, and discs located within the pubic symphysis and other joints of the extremities

Back 58

fibrocartilage

Front 59

what is an ideal shock absorber in regions of the body that are subject to high multidirectional forces

Back 59

fibrocartilage

Front 60

what is the outer cortex of long bone of adult skeleton composed of?

Back 60

thick compact cortical bone

Front 61

what are the ends of long bones lined with?

Back 61

thin layer of compact bone that covers an interconnecting network of cancellous bone