Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ilium landmarks
|
ASIS- ilio psoas attachment
AIIS- rectuc femorus attaches |
|
Pubis landmarks
|
tubercle- attachment of the inguinal ligament and rectus abdominus
symphysis- shock absorber |
|
Ischium landmarks
|
ischial spine
ischial tuberoscity- attachment of hamstrings (posterior tilt) When the trunk is flexed forward the hamstrings generate more maximal force |
|
Femur osteology
|
femoral head
femoral neck lesser trochanter- iliopsoas greater trochanter Angle of inclination- 125 degree angle of femoral head to shaft Coxa valga- more than 125 degrees Coxa vera- less than 125 degrees Torsion Angle- can have 10-15 degrees of anteversion |
|
Acetabulum contents
|
Contains fat, ligaments, vessels, terres ligament
Has a labrum to deepen the cavity Naturally projects laterally, anteriorly, and inferiorly |
|
Hip ligaments
|
Iliofemoral- restricts extension
Pubofemoral- restricts abduction Ischiofemoral- restricts- internal rotation |
|
Flexion and extension at hip
|
Hip can be flexed 120 degrees with knee bent, but hamstings restrain it in extension.
Have about 20 hip extension with knee bent, but extension of knee limits because of the rectus femoris |
|
Abduction and Adduction at the hip
|
Abduction is limited by the pubofemoral ligament and adductor muscles.
When the hip abductors are damaged you must rely on the IT Band for support. |
|
Internal and external rotation at hip
|
Internal-limited by the ischiofemoral ligament and the piriformis muscle
External- limited by the iliofemoral ligament. Internal gives a posterior glide and external gives a anterior glide. |
|
Hip flexor muscles
|
iliopsoas, sartoriu, rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae, adductor longus
Femoral on pelvic flexion- abs counter the tilt of the pelvis Pelvic on femoral- anterior tilt of pelvis by any hip flexor |
|
Hip adductoin muscle
|
Adductor magnus- also an extensor
adductor longus- flexor or extensor too Most also work as INTERNAL ROTATORS |
|
Hip extensor muscles
|
gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendonousus, semimembranousus, and adductor magnus
Pelvic on femoral- posterior tilt of pelvis Femoral on pelvic- upward acceleration like going up stairs |
|
Hip abductor muscles
|
gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius
|
|
Hip abductors in gait - Exam question
|
Hip abductor keep the pelvis level during gait to keep it from dropping down too much.
Activate abductors on the opposite as the body weight is falling while in stride. With weak abductors, use a cane on the opposite side to create a torque opposite of the body weight and has a long moment arm. |
|
Hip external rotators
|
piriformis, obturator, gemellus
A shortened pisiformis can impact the sciatic nerve. |
|
Hip pathology and things to know
|
Commonly have fracture affecting the old along with arthritis.
Need to understand clockwise and counter clockwise moments, use of canes, and advise about loads |
|
Joints in the knee joint
|
tibiofemoral joint- medial and lateral compartment
patellofemoral |
|
Distal femur landmarks
|
Intercondylar groove- patella articulates with the femur
Interconylar notch- passage for the ACL and PCL Medial and lateral epiconyles- attachment for the collateral ligaments |
|
Proximal fibula landmarks
|
Fibula is relatively non-weight bearing.
The head of the fibula is where LCL and biceps femoris attach. |
|
Proximal tibia landmarks
|
Tibial plateau with articular cartilage- the medial surface is concave and the lateral surface is convex.
Tibial tuberosity- the attachment site of the patellar tendon, which attaches to the quadriceps femoris. |
|
Patella landmarks
|
Patella is a sesamoid bone- embedded in tendon (quads)
The base is the superior portion. The apex is the inferior portion and attachment for the patellar ligament. The posterior part of the patella has a verical ridge, facets, and thick articular cartilage. INCREASES THE INTERNAL MOMENT ARM. |
|
Knee joint alignment
|
The femur is naturally oriented medially.
Genu valgum- when knees meet in the middle Genu varum- when knees bow away from each other. |
|
Knee menisci
|
On the medial and lateral parts of the joint
Functions - stability - disperse forces - reduce compression The blood supply is good bad at the center so it is hard to heal here. |
|
amount of tibiofemoral movement
|
sagittal plane- 130-140 flexion and little hyperextension
horizantal plane- internal and external rotation, 40-50 total rotation with about 2 times the amount of external as internal |
|
Femoral on tibial movement
|
roll and glide are in opposite directions
|
|
tibial on femoral movement
|
extension- roll and glide in the same direction forward
flexoin- roll and glide in the same direction posterior |
|
Screw home mechanism of the tibia
|
To get full extension the tibia must rotate externally to lock into place. Happens with about 10 degrees of er.
Must internally rotate to unlock in flexion. This occurs because of the slight lateral pull of the quadriceps and because it gives the greatest amount of congruency. |
|
The movement of the patella in patellofemoral joint
|
In full extension the patella rests above the interconylar groove.
At 20 degrees of flexion the inferior portion contacts the femur. At 60-90 degrees of flexion there is the greatest contact. At 135 degrees of flexion the superior portion is in contact with the femur. |
|
General ACL and PCL info
|
Both are named based on where they attached to the tibia. ACL attaches to the anterior tibia, goes throught the interconylar notch and attaches to the posterior femur. The PCL is opposite.
ACL resists anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur along with rotations and hyperextension PCL resists posterior translation of tibia, hyperflexion, and severe hyperextension. |
|
ACL injury mechanisms
|
1. a valgus force on a planted foot
2. a rotational force on a planted foot. 3. hyperextension of the knee 4. a combination including hyperextension |
|
ACL injury in women
|
Women tend to land in more knee extension, internal rotation, and valgus position. This makes them more prone to ACL injury.
Women also are quads dominant in their legs. Can train to prevent this by training the hamstrings, softening the landing, training the hip abductors, training the hip ER's. |
|
MCL and LCL info
|
MCL- flat ligament on medial side, attaches to the medial meniscus, limits valgus motion, extension, and axial rotation
LCL- round cord ligament, attaches to the head of the fibula and the lateral epicondyle, limits verus motion/frontal plane, extension and axial rotation. |
|
Knee flexion and extension muscles
|
flexion- hamstrings, popliteus, gastrocnemeus, plantaris, and adductor longus
extension- quadriceps femoris- 4 heads that together cause sagittal plane movement |
|
Internal and external knee rotation muscles
|
internal- adductor muscles, semimembranousus, semitendonousus, popliteus
external- biceps femoris |
|
limitations to hip flexion and extension
|
extension- with knee extended limited by the Y ligament, with flexed limited by the quads
flexion- knee extended limited by hamstrings, knee flexed limited by the gluteus max and hip joint capsule |
|
stresses felt at knee (exam question)
|
With a valgus force there is tension on the MCL, and compression on the lateral meniscus and lateral articular cartilage.
With a verus force there is tension on the LCL and compression on the medial meniscus and medial articular cartilage. |
|
Ankle/foot regions
|
Ankle- talocrural joint
mid-foot- tarsal bones, navicular, cuboid, and cuneforms 1,2, and 3 rear-foot- calcaneous, and talus forefoot- metatarsals, and phalanges |
|
Calcaneous and talus landmarks
|
Talus- head is the front and the trochlea is the top
calcaneous- calcaneal tuberosity is posterior part that attaches to the achilles, the sustenacular talus is a medial projection that shelves the talus |
|
Navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms landmarks
|
navicular- tuberosity on medial surface that attaches to the tibialis anterior muscle, "navicular drop" the amount of drop because of pronation at the navicular
Cuboid- articulates with most of the tarsals Cuneiforms- contribute to the transverse arch |
|
Metatarsal landmarks
|
base-proximal ends
shaft- concave on plantar surface to contribute to longitudinal arch The 5th metatarsal has a styloid process that serves as the attachment for the peroneus brevis muscle (everter) |
|
Amounts of foot/ankle movements
|
plantar flexion and dorsiflexion-
saggital 25 dorsiflexion, 45 plantar inversion and eversion frontal plane 30 inversion, 10 eversion abduction and adduction in the horizontal plane about 30 each |
|
Foot suppination and pronation info
|
Supination- need plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction to create rigid position good for push off
Pronation- need dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction to create a relaxed state, limited by the tibialis posterior |
|
Talocrural joint info
|
The capsule is reinforced by the collateral ligaments.
Ligaments- deltoid (medial), 3 lateral collateral Mainly the anterior talofibular ligament is injured because there is no boney protection and hard to unweight foot Roll and glide are in opposite directions |
|
Subtalar joint info
|
Formed by the calcaneous and the talus.
Allows movement at the foot without movement at the ankle |
|
Foot arches
|
Anterior transverse arch
medial longitudinal arch- plantar fascia contributes to it lateral longitudinal arch |
|
Anterior compartment muscles
|
tibialis anterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus, peronues tertius,
All lead to dorsifelxion Innervated by the deep peroneal nerve |
|
Muscles of the lateral compartment
|
Peroneus longus and brevis
Lead to evert Innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve. |
|
Muscles of the posterior compartment
|
superficial- gastrocnemeus, soleus, plantaris
plantar flex the foot deep- tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus help invert Innervated by the tibial nerve |
|
Cerebral cortex info
|
Area of highest level of control
Involved in choosing a course of action Contains Primary Motor Cortex to send commands Contains Somatosensory cortex |
|
Spinal cord infor
|
lowest level of perception and action along with receptors
Initially processes infor Involved in basic reflexes of flexion and extension |
|
Brainstem info
|
Involved in postural control and locomotion.
contains vestibular nuclei Control output to neck, face, and eyes All descending pathways originate here |
|
Muscle Spindle receptors
|
Located in the belly of skeletal muscle.
Consist of specialized intrafusal fiber that can be stretched. Responds to changes in muscle length and rate of stretch. |
|
Stretch reflex loop
|
Alpha motor neurons are stimulated by the spinal cord, which receives a signal from the spindles
Causes agonist to contract and inhibits antagonist |
|
Plyometrics info
|
These are powerful explosive movements where there is rapid stretching followed by shortening of muscles.
In the short term, in little time, stretch reflex and elastic energy cause spring forward. Over time have an increase in power and strength because of muscular hypertrophy. |
|
Golgi tendon organs
|
Located in the tendon muscle junctions.
Sensitive to active and passive tension. Inhibits own muscle and excite antagonist. |
|
Joint receptors
|
Numerous types.
Located in the joint capsule. Signal extreme joint positions |
|
Three balance systems
|
1. vestibular system
2. vision 3. proprioreceptors |
|
Vestibular system
|
Provides info of where head is and sudden changes in it.
Important for keeping eyes stable and coordinating responses |
|
Plasticity
|
The ability to show modification.
Changes in the efficiency or strength of synaptic connections. A change in the organization and number of connections |
|
mechanisms of plasticity
|
sensory and motor pathways
redundancy |
|
Stages of learning
|
1. cognitive phase- understanding, develop strategies, improvements are large, performance inconsistency
2. associative phase- subtle adjustments, improvements gradual 3. autonomous phase- largely automatic, requires less attention |