Kinesiology Exam I (Development Unit)

Front 1

when does normal development begin?

Back 1

at the moment of conception

Front 2

what is a child called from the time of conception until 8 weeks?

Back 2

embryo

Front 3

what is a child called from 9 weeks to birth?

Back 3

fetus

Front 4

what are the four intrinsic factors for normal motor development in the child?

Back 4

(1) joint mobility, position, and play
(2) Muscle action (balance across joints)
(3) Anthropometrics
(4) Sensory

Front 5

Does a newborn have a higher or lower center of gravity than an older child?

Back 5

higher

Front 6

what are the four extrinsic factors for normal motor development in the child?

Back 6

(1) Opportunity
(2) Environmental pollutants (e.g. smoke)
(3) Inadequate nurturing and bonding
(4) Parental and cultural childrearing practices

Front 7

Are theories considered absolute or dynamic?

Back 7

dynamic

Front 8

What scientist was the main proponent of the reflex theory?

Back 8

Sir Charles Sherrington

Front 9

this is a stereotyped response to sensory inputs

Back 9

reflex

Front 10

this model states that the control of movement is organized heirarchically from lowest levels in the spinal cord, to intermediate levels in the brainstem to highest levels in the cortex

Back 10

Heirarchical/maturational model

Front 11

in the heirarchical/maturational model, what is the primary agent for change in development?

Back 11

CNS maturation

Front 12

this model states that movement results from the interaction of both physical and neural components, that motor control is distributed throughout many systems and the action is specific to the task and the environment in which it is being performed

Back 12

systems theory

Front 13

In this neurological rehab model, the focus is put on gross motor movements

Back 13

muscle reeducation

Front 14

in this neurological rehab model, normal movement is encouraged, and abnormal movement is inhibited, as well as developing tone and reflexes

Back 14

NDT

Front 15

in this neurological rehab model, the focus is on functional tasks rather than just movement patterns

Back 15

task-oriented

Front 16

the development of motor skills generally proceeds in what two directions?

Back 16

cephalocaudal and proximodistal

Front 17

The maturation of what organ is an important component for driving development?

Back 17

the brain

Front 18

Should you shorten or elongate a muscle before its activation?

Back 18

elongate

Front 19

What are the three stages of progression in the development of physiological and antigravity tone?

Back 19

(1) physiologic flexion
(2) antigravity extension
(3) antigravity flexion

Front 20

What are the three stages of motor development progression?

Back 20

(1) uncontrolled asymmetry
(2) controlled symmetry
(3) controlled asymmetry

Front 21

what muscles are elongated in physiologic flexion?

Back 21

the extensors

Front 22

what muscles are elongated in antigravity extension?

Back 22

the flexors

Front 23

this motor development stage is characterized by wild, exaggerate extremity movements and is the earliest stage in the progression

Back 23

uncontrolled asymmetry

Front 24

this motor development stage is characterized by midline orientation and usually occurs around 4 months of age, and is the intermediate stage in the progression

Back 24

controlled symmetry

Front 25

this motor development stage is characterized by coordination of the two sides of the body and usually occurs around 5 months of age; the child can move one side without the other, can dissociate movement, and does reciprocal movements

Back 25

controlled asymmetry

Front 26

this is the ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support (also referred to as balance)

Back 26

postural stability

Front 27

this is the ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between the body segments and the body and the environment for a task

Back 27

postural orientation

Front 28

this type of postural control occurs in response to external forces acting on the body (perturbations) that displace the COM or moves the BOS; occurs by feedback systems

Back 28

reactive

Front 29

this type of postural control occurs in anticipation of internally generated, destabilizing forces imposed on the body's own movements; occurs by feedforward systems

Back 29

proactive

Front 30

this is a name often used to describe external forces acting on the body

Back 30

perturbation

Front 31

this type of postural control allows the individual to appropriately modify sensory and motor systems in response to changing task and environmental demands

Back 31

adaptive postural control

Front 32

this is the altering of one's center of gravity that precedes all movements

Back 32

weight shift

Front 33

these are the 4 possible responses to a weight shift

Back 33

(1) righting reaction
(2) parachute or protective reaction
(3) tilting/postural fixation
(4) falling (if the first three fail)

Front 34

these reactions produce orientation of the head in space and orientation of the body in relationship to the head and the ground

Back 34

righting reaction

Front 35

these reactions protect the body from injury during a fall (the baby reaches out with hands when dipped forward)

Back 35

parachute/protective responses

Front 36

this reaction controls the center of gravity in response to a tilting surface

Back 36

tilting

Front 37

this reaction is used to recover from forces applied to the other parts of the body to keep the center of gravity in line with the base of support

Back 37

postural fixation

Front 38

these are the four broad categories in the progression of developmental motor skills

Back 38

(1) Mobility
(2) Stability
(3) Controlled Mobility
(4) Skill

Front 39

this is the ability to move from one position to another independently and safety, and is considered a progression of developmental motor skill

Back 39

mobility

Front 40

this falls under the stability category of progression of developmental motor skill, in which the postural muscles maintain a contraction in a shortened range against gravity

Back 40

tonic holding

Front 41

this type of postural control allows the individual to appropriately modify sensory and motor systems in response to changing task and environmental demands

Back 41

adaptive postural control

Front 42

this is the altering of one's center of gravity that precedes all movements

Back 42

weight shift

Front 43

these are the 4 possible responses to a weight shift

Back 43

(1) righting reaction
(2) parachute or protective reaction
(3) tilting/postural fixation
(4) falling (if the first three fail)

Front 44

these reactions produce orientation of the head in space and orientation of the body in relationship to the head and the ground

Back 44

righting reaction

Front 45

these reactions protect the body from injury during a fall (the baby reaches out with hands when dipped forward)

Back 45

parachute/protective responses

Front 46

this reaction controls the center of gravity in response to a tilting surface

Back 46

tilting

Front 47

this reaction is used to recover from forces applied to the other parts of the body to keep the center of gravity in line with the base of support

Back 47

postural fixation

Front 48

these are the four broad categories in the progression of developmental motor skills

Back 48

(1) Mobility
(2) Stability
(3) Controlled Mobility
(4) Skill

Front 49

this is the ability to move from one position to another independently and safety, and is considered a progression of developmental motor skill

Back 49

mobility

Front 50

this falls under the stability category of progression of developmental motor skill, in which the postural muscles maintain a contraction in a shortened range against gravity

Back 50

tonic holding

Front 51

this type of stability in the progression of developmental motor skills is the simultaneous contraction of antagonistic muscles around a joint

Back 51

co-contraction

Front 52

this type of controlled mobility in the progression of developmental motor skills is the movement in posture when the distal component is fixed

Back 52

weight-shifting

Front 53

this type of controlled mobility in the progression of developmental motor skills is the shifting of weight to one side and the freeing of the other limb for non-weight bearing dynamic activity

Back 53

static-dynamic activity

Front 54

this is the ability to perform coordinated movement sequences for the pruposes of investigation and interaction with the physical and social environment, and is considered a progression in developmental motor skills

Back 54

skill

Front 55

this is a sequence of occurrences that leads to the development of various components of movement

Back 55

developmental progression

Front 56

These are the five types of developmental progressions

Back 56

(1) Prone
(2) Supine
(3) Rolling
(4) Sitting
(5) Erect standing

Front 57

when are the first fetal movements seen?

Back 57

7-8 weeks of post-menstrual age

Front 58

What are considered the two main abilities of the fetal brain?

Back 58

(1) generation of phasic and rhythmical motor patterns
(2) can react to environmental stimulation

Front 59

What are the two most common fetal movements?

Back 59

(1) fetal rolling
(2) alternating leg movements that produce a somersault

Front 60

this is a movement performed automatically and without conscious volition

Back 60

reflex

Front 61

movements that do not persist throughout life are called __ reflexes

Back 61

primitive

Front 62

Generally, when are most reflexes integrated?

Back 62

4-6 months

Front 63

what are the two main survival reflexes?

Back 63

(1) rooting
(2) suck-swallow

Front 64

what are the four main vestigial reflexes?

Back 64

(1) Moro
(2) Traction
(3) Plantar grasp
(4) Palmar grasp

Front 65

what are the six main kicking patterns/reflexes?

Back 65

(1) flexor withdrawal
(2) crossed extension
(3) extensor thrust
(4) proprioceptive placing (UEs and LEs)
(5) positive supporting (neonatal)
(6) spontaneous stepping

Front 66

this is a protective mechanism to help prevent destabilization and falling when objects are seen or encountered or when supporting surfaces are unexpectedly changed

Back 66

Visual/tactile placing

Front 67

what are the four main attitudinal/postural reflexes?

Back 67

(1) Galant
(2) tonic labyrinthine
(3) asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
(4) symmetrical tonic neck reflex

Front 68

what are the four main righting reactions that are used to orient the head in space?

Back 68

(1) optical righting
(2) labyrinthine righting
(3) body on head
(4) Landau

Front 69

what are the two main righting reactions used to keep the body oriented with respect to the head and the surface?

Back 69

(1) neck on body
(2) body on body

Front 70

what are the three main types of equilibrium/balance reactions?

Back 70

(1) tilting reactions
(2) postural fixation reactions
(3) parachute/protective responses

Front 71

this reaction controls the center of gravity in response to a tilting surface

Back 71

tilting reaction

Front 72

this reaction is used to recover from forces applied to other parts of the body

Back 72

postural fixation

Front 73

this reaction is to protect the body from injury during a fall

Back 73

parachute/protective reaction

Front 74

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of physiological flexion and can turn head side to side in prone?

Back 74

neonate

Front 75

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of lifting their head a little more in prone?

Back 75

one month

Front 76

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of beginning development of antigravity neck flexors; more weigh ton hands and through distal forearms, and shift in center of gravity in prone (decreased physiological flexion)?

Back 76

two months

Front 77

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of balancing between flexors and extensors; beginning midline control, prone propping on forearms (puppy position)?

Back 77

three months

Front 78

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of controlled symmetry; beginning sidelying play sets the stage for righting and equilibrium responses, stronger balance between neck flexors and extensors with emerging latearl head righting and log rolls (usually accidentally)

Back 78

four months

Front 79

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of controlled asymmetry; extended arm weight bearing in prone, increased abdominal strength seen in pull to sit, rolls prone to supine

Back 79

five months

Front 80

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of sitting upright independently with good chin tucking and neck elongation; protective extension forward and equilibrium in prone, rolling supine to prone voluntarily?

Back 80

six months

Front 81

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of liking prone and pivots or crawls; plays frequently in sidelying, can sit from quadruped, trunk rotation in sitting, pulls to stand from quadruped, and is always moving?

Back 81

seven months

Front 82

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of likes sitting, creeps on hands and knees, pulls to stand from kneeling to half kneeling but cannot lower self, cruises around furniture sidestepping, steppage gait with 2 hands held?

Back 82

eight months

Front 83

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of month of intense exploration, frequently side sits, kneels independently, climbs on people and objects, cruises around furniture with semi turns in the direction they are walking?

Back 83

nine months

Front 84

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of sitting with a more stable base (tailor sitting) to increase use of the UE fine motor skills; comes to stand through kneeling and half kneeling, lowers self from standing, cruises facing the direction they are walking with 1 hand on the furniture?

Back 84

ten months

Front 85

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of maintaining stable half kneeling and lowering self from standing through half kneeling; stands alone with high UE guars, walks with 1 or both hands held assisting actively with LE weight shifting?

Back 85

eleven months

Front 86

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of having all righting reactions and equilibrium reactions except in standing; able to weight shift and lift one leg, may attempt some steps independently, goes from standing to sitting with or without external support?

Back 86

twelve months

Front 87

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of walking independently, giving up creeping, protective extension backward present, and squatting in play?

Back 87

fifteen months

Front 88

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of seldom falling in gait, equilibrium in standing present, runns stiffly flat foote,d walks up stairs with 1 hand held, walks into a ball, but doesn't kick it, walks sideways and backward, and seats self in a small chair?

Back 88

eighteen months

Front 89

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of running well without falling as much and knees and ankles more flexible; walking up stairs alone, nonalternating; kicking a large ball; begins heel toe gait and reciprocal arm swing, enjoys jumping (jumps from 12" height)

Back 89

two years

Front 90

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of walking on tiptoes, walking down stairs alone, non alternating, and throwing a ball?

Back 90

2 1/2 years

Front 91

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of good heel toe gait pattern and arm swing, rides tricycle and climbs a lot, walks up stairs alone, reciprocally now, and balances on one foot momentarily?

Back 91

three years

Front 92

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of walking backward, walking down stairs alone, reciprocally, balancing on one foot for two seconds?

Back 92

3 1/2 years

Front 93

at what age can a baby achieve the major motor milestone of walking on a balance beam, likes to hop, skip, and jump, catches a large ball, can broad jump 8-10 inches and balances on 1 foot for 6 seconds?

Back 93

four years

Front 94

at what age can a child achieve the major motor milestone of walking on a beam in all directions, skipping with alternating feet, jumping rope, standing on one foot for more than 8 seconds, and may begin to use roller skates?

Back 94

five years

Front 95

at what age can achild achieve the major motor milestone of catching and throwing with accuracy, kicking a rolling ball, riding a bicycle, balancing on 1 foot with eyes closed?

Back 95

six years

Front 96

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of fisted hands, thumb being useless, and palmar grasp reflex?

Back 96

one month

Front 97

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of tracking from side to midline and midline to side, beginning to track across midline?

Back 97

two months

Front 98

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of bringing hands to midline, holding a rattly, follows a moving object 180 degrees and ulnar palmar grasp?

Back 98

three months

Front 99

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of looking at their hand, may begin to take toys in mouth, primitive squeeze grasp, bilateral reaching but elbows not fully extended?

Back 99

four months

Front 100

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of more accurate reach, voluntary palmar graps, transfers objects from one hand to another by pulling it out of the hand (does not yet have a purposeful release)?

Back 100

five months

Front 101

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of accurate reach with complete elbow extension, radial palmar grasp emerging, holds arms out to be picked up, can pick up 1 inch cube and holds bottle?

Back 101

six months

Front 102

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of beginning unilateral reaching, radial palmar grasp stable, inferior scissors grasp, and beginning to develop dissociation of finger movements?

Back 102

seven months

Front 103

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of using supination when in stable position, radial digital grasp with wrist in neutral, scissors grasp with thumb adducted to index finger and forearm supported for stability?

Back 103

eight months

Front 104

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of now beginning to extend wrist with radial digital grasp, uses more mature, stable inferior pincer grasp to prehend a pellet, first voluntary release which practices by dropping objects frequently?

Back 104

nine months

Front 105

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of approaching objects with an extended index finger and poking at things, pincer grasp, and puts two cubes together?

Back 105

ten months

Front 106

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of drinking milk from a cup held by someone else, drops objects into a container, has more wrist extension, uses 3 jaw chuck for gross grasp

Back 106

eleven months

Front 107

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of hitting two objects togther, superior or fine pincer grasp, using fingertip and thumb; tries to build a cube tower and holds own cup

Back 107

twelve months

Front 108

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of scribbling in imitation, building a 2 cube tower, and feeding self partially?

Back 108

13-15 months

Front 109

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of having hands free in walking, hurling a ball, making vertical strokes, building a three cube tower, turning pages 2-3 at a time, and removing socks?

Back 109

18 months

Front 110

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of building a 5-6 cube tower, turning pages of a book one at a time, and taking off a button shirt?

Back 110

21 months

Front 111

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of making horizontal strokes, can imitate a circle but not initiate one?

Back 111

2 years

Front 112

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of holding crayons in the fingers rather than a fist, removing pants and other pull down garments?

Back 112

2 1/2 years

Front 113

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of building a 9-10 cube tower, useing scissors inaccurately, unbuttoning a front and side button, and dresses and undresses almost independently?

Back 113

3 years

Front 114

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of thorwing a ball overhand, and rawing a man with two parts added?

Back 114

4 years

Front 115

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of dressing and undressing alone?

Back 115

5 years

Front 116

at what age does a child achieve the fine motor development of an advanced throwing pattern and tying shoelaces?

Back 116

6 years

Front 117

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of startling or crying at loud noises?

Back 117

neonate to three months

Front 118

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of turning and looking toward the speaker who is out of sight, and recognizing the mother's voice?

Back 118

three to six months

Front 119

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of laughing, gurgling, cooing with amiliar people, and responding to no?

Back 119

six months

Front 120

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of responding to their name and producing four or or more different sounds; frequently says ba, da, and ka and tries to imitate other sounds?

Back 120

eight months

Front 121

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of saying mama and dada and playing peek a boo?

Back 121

ten months

Front 122

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of recognizing their own name, saying two to three words besides mama and dada and recognizing words as symbols for objects?

Back 122

twelve months

Front 123

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of using 10-20 words, recognizing pictures of familiar people and objects, combining two words such as all gone or daddy bye bye, uses words to make wants known such as more or up, points to toes, eyes, and nose, and waves bye bye ?

Back 123

18 months

Front 124

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of listening for the meaning of words, identifying body parts, carrying on conversation withs elf and dolls, using 2-3 word sentences, referring to self by name, using 2 word negative phases such as not go or not eight, and has a 300 world vocabulary?

Back 124

2 years

Front 125

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of having a 450 word vocabulary, giving their first name, understanding simple time concepts, last night, tomorrow, referring to self as me rather than my name, and holds up fingers to tell age?

Back 125

2 1/2 years

Front 126

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of matching primary colors and name one color, knowing las name, sex, street name and some nursery rhymes, 3-4 word sentence length, 1000 word vocabulary, can produce sounds m,n, ng, p, f,h, and w and repeats sounds words and phrases?

Back 126

3 years

Front 127

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of identifying crosses triangles circles and squares, can speak of imaginary conditions (I hope, suppose that), 4-5 word sentence length, begins to use complex sentences, has 1500 word vocabulary, uses the following new sounds correctly (y, k, b, d, g, r), and may use irregular forms and grammar ?

Back 127

4 years

Front 128

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of knowing spatial relationships like on top, behind, and far, 5-6 word sentence length and 2000 word vocabulary, uses all speech sounds correctly except possibly t, v, th, j, z, and zh; can count 10 objects?

Back 128

5 years

Front 129

at what age does a child achieve the speech and language skill of naming the days of the week in order and counting to 30, tells a 4-5 part story, tells month and day of birthday, name and address, and left and right ?

Back 129

6 years

Front 130

what consonants can a child say at age 3?

Back 130

m, n, ng, p, f, h, w

Front 131

what consonants can a child say at age 3 1/2?

Back 131

y (as in yes)

Front 132

what consonants can a child say at age 4?

Back 132

k, b,d,g,r

Front 133

what consonants can a child say at age 4 1/2?

Back 133

s, sh (shoe), ch (chair)

Front 134

what consonants can a child say at age 6?

Back 134

t, v, l, th (thin)

Front 135

what consonants can a child say at age 7?

Back 135

z, zh (measure), th (father), j (jump)

Front 136

this type of respiration consists of a deep breathing in with a wide open mouth and retracting of hte tongue and head; sometimes a smacking sound is heard; occurs in irregular intervals with periods of arrest. Often occurs in premature babies as their condition deteriorates or follows situations in which a great deal of energy is expended

Back 136

gasping or snatch

Front 137

this respiration pattern includes slowly increasing or decreasing respiratory excursions that are separated by respiratory arrest; it is frequently seen in premature infants; in the mature infant, efforts of feeding, vomiting, crying, etc. may result in temporary pattern; includes Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern

Back 137

periodic respiration

Front 138

this type of breathing consists of short inhalations and prolonged groaning or wheezing exhalations; seen in premature children with respiratory distress or children with pneumonia, and may be related to either CNS dysfunction or peripheral respiratory dysfunction

Back 138

wheezing respiration

Front 139

what are the three phases of exhalation in wheezing respiration?

Back 139

(1) rapid expiration which proceeds only halfway
(2) arrest of respiration accompanied by groaning or wheezing
(3) rapid expiration

Front 140

this type of breathing is the oldest and most primitive form of air breathin; can be learned and used by patients with respiratory muscle paralysis' as a form of emergency breathing, small amounts of air are taken into the mouth and larynx, the lips are pressed together, and the soft palate is lifted to let the air pass; the air is presed through the pharynx with the aid of the tongue and cheeks

Back 140

gulp breathing, swallowing respiration, or frog breathing

Front 141

this type of respiration is seen in small premature infants with variable rate and unequal depth of inspiration and expiration; the pattern of each individual breath changes easily; there is a form of constant irregularity in whcih several respiratory patterns are seen, including regular, periodic, and panting and long periods of respiratory arrest; also seen during seizure activity

Back 141

irregular respiration

Front 142

this respiration is characterized by visible lowering of the jaw during inspiration, mouth open, tongue raised and lowered, jugular retractions, intercostal and epigastric reactions, snoring or gargling sounds and stridor; calvicular breathing may accompany; usually associated with obstruction of the upper airway, pneumonia, whooping cough, micrognathia or severe CNS dysfunction

Back 142

inspiratory retraction, floor of the mouth respiration

Front 143

this type of respiration is characterized by inspiration and expiration of equal depth and follow each other with regularity; the characteristics change as the child matures

Back 143

regular respirations, mature respirations

Front 144

these type of respirations are seen in a term infant; at rest, the child is an obligate nose breather, respiratory movement of hte abdominal walls is extensive; lung expansion is gained primarily by lowering the diaphragm. respiration must overcome the resistance of the abdominal contents, therefore, breathing is shallow and respiratory rate is high

Back 144

abdominal or diaphragmatic respiration

Front 145

this type of respiration in which the ribs are drwan donward by gravity and muscle pull, creating an angle with the spine less than 90 degrees. The thorax is lower anteriorly, and the ribs are attached obliquely downward. At this point, there is an increase in the size of the thoracic cavity when the ribs are raised, facilitating thoracic breathing in the older infant (6 months to 1 year)

Back 145

thoracic-diaphragmatic respiration

Front 146

at what age do you commonly see infants practicing abdominal/diaphragmatic respiration?

Back 146

term infant

Front 147

at what age do you commonly see infants practicing thoracic-diaphragmatic respiration?

Back 147

six months to one year

Front 148

this type of respiration is seen in children seven years and older; respiratory movements are predominantly thoracic with lesser movement of hte abodminal wall in the upright position; in prone, supine, or in sleep, the adult breathing wil often shift back to the diaphragmatic pattern

Back 148

thoracic respiration

Front 149

at what age do you commonly see a child practicing thoracic respiration?

Back 149

7 years and older

Front 150

what is the common respiratory rate for a child practicing abdominal/diaphragmatic respiration as a term infant?

Back 150

35-40 breaths per minute

Front 151

what is the common respiratory rate for a person practicing thoracic respiration?

Back 151

20 breaths per minute

Front 152

this assessment is given at 1 and 5 minuts of life (sometimes at 10 and 15 also) and is based on heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color

Back 152

APGAR scores for newborns

Front 153

what 5 things is the APGAR score based upon?

Back 153

(1) heart rate
(2) respiration
(3) muscle tone
(4) reflex irritability (response to catheter in nostril and stimulation of feet)
(5) color

Front 154

a score of less than __ on the APGAR scores at 5 minutes indicates that the infant may need resuscitation and may have a higher risk of long term neurologic deficit

Back 154

6

Front 155

what are the three scores given for each category of APGAR?

Back 155

0, 1, or 2

Front 156

how is gross grasp usually measured in an infant?

Back 156

by using a dowel of 1-2.5 cms in diameter or a cube 3-6 cm wide

Front 157

how is fine grasp usually masured in an infant?

Back 157

by using a pellet 5 mm-1.5 cms

Front 158

at what age is ulnar palmar grasp commonly seen?

Back 158

3 months

Front 159

this type of grasp is when there is a voluntary grasp possible only from the ulnar side contact, and there is no thumb involvement; wrist is flexed and the object is grasped with the ring finger and little finger against the palm

Back 159

ulnar palmar grasp

Front 160

at what month(s) is the primitive palmar or squeeze grasp often seen?

Back 160

4-5 months

Front 161

this type of grasp is when the contact object and hand results in raking the object back and squeezing it against the other hand or body, with no thumb or palm involved

Back 161

primitive palmar or squeeze grasp

Front 162

at what month(s) is the palmar grasp often seen?

Back 162

5-6 months

Front 163

this type of grasp is when the objects are held with the fingers, and the fingers are on the top surface of the object and press it to the center of the palm; still no thumb involvement (adducted, MCP and IP flexed)

Back 163

palmar grasp

Front 164

at what month is the radial palmar grasp often seen?

Back 164

7 months

Front 165

this type of grasp is when the object is held with the fingers and adducted thumb, wrist is straight, radial side is stronger and thumb has begun to adduct

Back 165

radial palmar grasp

Front 166

at what age is the inferior scissors grasp often seen?

Back 166

7 months

Front 167

this type of grasp is when the child rakes the object into the palm with an adducted, totally flexed thumb and fingers flexed or two partly extended

Back 167

inferior scissors grasp

Front 168

at what month(s) is the radial digital grasp often seen?

Back 168

8-9 months

Front 169

at what month(s) is the scissors grasp often seen?

Back 169

8-9 months

Front 170

this type of grasp is when the object is held with an opposed thumb and fingertips, and there is a space visible between the object and the palm

Back 170

radial digital grasp

Front 171

this type of grasp is between the thumb and side of curled index finger; the thumb IP joint is slightly flexed and thumb MCP is extended

Back 171

scissors grasp

Front 172

at what age does the wrist commonly extend in a grasp?

Back 172

9 months

Front 173

at what age is the inferior pincer gasp often seen?

Back 173

9 months

Front 174

this grasp is between the palmar surfaces of the thumb and index finger with the thumb IP extended; thumb opposition is beginning

Back 174

inferior pincer grasp

Front 175

at what age is the pinch grasp often seen?

Back 175

9 months

Front 176

this grasp is betwee the distal pads of the thumb and index finger; the thumb IP is slightly flexed and the thumb is opposed

Back 176

pinch grasp

Front 177

at what age is the 3 jaw chuck grasp common seem?

Back 177

11-12 months

Front 178

at what age is the fine or neat pincher grasp commonly seen?

Back 178

11-12 months

Front 179

this type of grasp is when the object is held with the thumb, index, and middle fingers, and the wrist is extended

Back 179

3 jaw chuck

Front 180

this type of grasp is between the fingertips or fingernails and the thumb IP is flexed

Back 180

fine or neat pincher

Front 181

when a child is at 10 months, how do they grasp a dowel?

Back 181

3-jaw chuck grasp, and the object is held with thumb and two fingers

Front 182

when a child is at 9 months, how do they grasp a dowel?

Back 182

radial digital grasp with the wrist extended

Front 183

when a child is at 8 months, how do they grasp a dowel?

Back 183

radial digital grasps object held with opposed thumb and fingertips, space is visible between

Front 184

when a child is at 7 months, how do they grasp a dowel?

Back 184

radial palmar grasp, object held with fingers and opposed thumb, and wrist is straight

Front 185

when a child is at 5 months, how do they grasp a dowel?

Back 185

palmar grasp, object held with fingers and adducted thumb

Front 186

when a child is at 4 months, how does it hold a dowel?

Back 186

primitive squeeze grasp, visually attends to object, approaches if within 1 inch; contact results in hand pulling object back to squeeze precariously against other hand or body, so thumb involvement

Front 187

when a child is at 3 months, how does it hold a dowel?

Back 187

visually attends to the object and may swipe but sustained voluntary grasp possible upon contact only, ulnar side, no thumb involvement; middle finger stronger followed by ring and little fingers, wrist flexed

Front 188

when a child is natal, how do they grasp a dowel?

Back 188

may visually attend to the object, but there is no voluntary grasp, only reflexive

Front 189

when a child is at 4.5-6 years, how do they grasp a pencil?

Back 189

dynamic tripod posture (held with precise opposition of distal phalanges of thumb, index and middle fingers, ring and little fingers flexed to form stable arch

Front 190

when a child is at 3.5-4 years, how do they grasp a pencil?

Back 190

static tripod posture (held with crude approximation of thumb, index, and middle fingers; continual adjustments by other hand, and ring and little fingers only slightly flexed)

Front 191

when a child is at 2-3 years, how do they grasp a pencil?

Back 191

digital pronate grasp, held with fingers, wrist straight, pronated, and slightly ulnarly deviated

Front 192

when a child is at 1-1.5 years, how do they grasp a pencil?

Back 192

palmar/supinate grasp (held with fisted hand, wrist slightly flexed and supinated away from mid position, arm moves as a unit)

Front 193

what are five things that cartilage modeling helps establish in an infant?

Back 193

(1) alignment of the spine and limbs
(2) size and shape of the joints
(3) attachment locations and sizes for tendons, ligaments, and fascia
(4) body height and proportions
(5) bone and limb length

Front 194

at what weeks of gestation does joint development usually begin?

Back 194

6-8 weeks

Front 195

this is referred to as the replacement of cartilage with bone

Back 195

endochondral ossification

Front 196

when does physiologic flexion develop during pregnancy?

Back 196

the last trimester

Front 197

what is a newborn's spinal aligment?

Back 197

spinal kyphosis

Front 198

what are four positions that the body is in during physiologic flexion as a newborn?

Back 198

(1) posterior pelvic tilt
(2) spinal kyphosis
(3) hip flexion
(4) hip lateral rotation

Front 199

what position does the newborn's thoracolumbar kyphosis evolve into?

Back 199

thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis

Front 200

what position does the newborn's posterior pelvic tilt develop into?

Back 200

anterior pelvic tilt

Front 201

about how much anterior pelvic tilt is an adult in?

Back 201

10º

Front 202

this is the angle formed by the acetabular inlet plane and the sagittal plane

Back 202

acetabular inlet slope (AIS)

Front 203

in the newborn, is there good or poor coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum?

Back 203

poor

Front 204

what are 6 neonatal soft tissue constraints at the hip joint?

Back 204

(1) iliopsoas muscle
(2) rectus femoris muscle
(3) anterior joint capsule
(4) iliofemoral ligament
(5) nerves
(6) blood vessels

Front 205

does the hip flexion contracture that a child has as a newborn increase or decrease as they age?

Back 205

decrease (from -30 extension to +10 extension)

Front 206

does the anteversion of the femoral head that a child has as a newborn increase or decrease as they age?

Back 206

decreases from 40-60 to 10-20

Front 207

what hip joint movement causes femoral anteversion to decrease as a child ages?

Back 207

hip medial rotation

Front 208

what are two tests that can be used to test a child's hip extension range?

Back 208

(1) Stahlei hip extension test
(2) Thomas hip extension test

Front 209

at what age does a child usually develop active hip extension with femoral abduction?

Back 209

3 months

Front 210

at what age does a child begin to emerge supine bridging?

Back 210

3 months

Front 211

the forward direction of the femoral head and neck, relative to the frontal plane

Back 211

anteversion

Front 212

if a child has excessive medial rotation and limited lateral rotation, what measurement is increased?

Back 212

femoral anteversion

Front 213

if a child has excessive lateral rotation and limited medial rotation, what measurement is increased?

Back 213

femoral retroversion

Front 214

does lateral rotation of the hip increase or decrease from birth?

Back 214

decrease

Front 215

at what age does a child achieve hip abduction with the hips extended?

Back 215

3 months

Front 216

with the hips extended, does hip abduction increase or decrease as a child ages?

Back 216

increase

Front 217

what are four femoral characteristics that diminish with growth and usage?

Back 217

(1) femoral anteversion
(2) femoral antetorsion
(3) coxa valga
(4) femoral bowing

Front 218

the medial twist of the femoral shaft, distal on proximal ends

Back 218

antetorsion

Front 219

this is caused when there is excessive medial and limited lateral rotation of the hip

Back 219

medial femoral torsion/femoral antetorsion

Front 220

what are three activities that can help to model out medial femoral torsion/femoral antetorsion in a child?

Back 220

(1) loaded lateral hip flexion to extension activities
(2) squat to stand
(3) climbing with lateral hip flexion moving into hip extension

Front 221

what are four things that retained values of femoral anteversion and medial femoral torsion may cause/influence?

Back 221

(1) in toe gait
(2) compensatory lateral rotation of the lower leg
(3) foot pronation deformities
(4) persistent W-sitting

Front 222

does coxa valga increase or decrease as a child grows older?

Back 222

decrease

Front 223

the growth of what femoral landmark influences the decrease in coxa valga as a child grows?

Back 223

greater trochanter

Front 224

the angle of inclination of the femur; when the angle formed between the head and neck of the femur and its shaft is increased

Back 224

coxa valga

Front 225

what are three things that cause greater trochanter development in a child?

Back 225

(1) gluteus medius pulls upward on the greater trochanter-tension strain
(2) vastus lateralis, IT band, and lateral hamstrings-downward compression on femur in single limb stance, stabilize pelvis
(3) compression on femoral head from body weight during lateral weight shifting and single limb stance

Front 226

at what age does a child develop hip extension and abduction in standing?

Back 226

12 months

Front 227

does weight bearing increase or decrease the depth of the acetabulum?

Back 227

increase

Front 228

what is the angle of entry of the femoral head and neck to the acetabular inlet plane throughout development?

Back 228

about 90º

Front 229

what are two implications of persistent significant coxa valga?

Back 229

(1) femoral head may migrate laterally and superiorly in the acetabulum
(2) increased risk of hip subluxation

Front 230

what are 8 neonatal soft tissue constraints at the knee joint?

Back 230

(1) distal hamstring muscles
(2) distal gracilis muscle
(3) popliteus
(4) ACL
(5) posterior joint capsule
(6) MCL
(7) nerves
(8) blood vessels

Front 231

what are three knee joint modeling changes as the child grows?

Back 231

(1) knee flexion contracture decreases
(2) medial axial leg rotation bias decreases as lateral leg rotation mobility increases
(3) genu varum becomes genu valgum then leg aligns in the sagittal plane

Front 232

does knee extension with hip in extension increase or decrease as a child grows?

Back 232

increase

Front 233

at what age does a child begin to develop knee extension with hip extension?

Back 233

3 months

Front 234

what are two tests that test for knee extension with hip flexion?

Back 234

(1) 90/90 test
(2) popliteal angle test

Front 235

medial deviation of the lower leg under the femur

Back 235

genu varum

Front 236

lateral deviation of the lower leg under the femur

Back 236

genu valgum

Front 237

a genu valgum of greater than __º is considered abnormal

Back 237

15

Front 238

neonatal physiologic genu varum is a combination of what two motions?

Back 238

hip flexion with lateral rotation and knee flexion with medial leg rotation

Front 239

at what age does the genu varum eventually disappear?

Back 239

2 years

Front 240

dynamic intermittent __ increases the cross sectional width and strength of bones

Back 240

compression

Front 241

does the medial or lateral side of the knee joint grow faster?

Back 241

medial

Front 242

is the growth of the femur more rapid at the distal or proximal epiphyseal plate?

Back 242

distal

Front 243

at what age does genu varum convert to genu valgum?

Back 243

2 years

Front 244

at what age does genu valgum peak at 12-15º?

Back 244

3 years

Front 245

at what age does a gradual reduction in genu valgum occur to 5-7º?

Back 245

4-6 years

Front 246

at adulthood, what plane does the leg sit in?

Back 246

sagittal

Front 247

genu valgum is a red flag if a child's medial malleoli are more than __ cm apart from each other in standing

Back 247

5

Front 248

does lateral tibiofibular torsion increase or decrease as a child ages?

Back 248

increase

Front 249

does anterior tibial bowing increase or decrease as a child ages?

Back 249

decrease

Front 250

does the apparent varum increase or decrease as a child ages?

Back 250

decrease

Front 251

does the retroversion of the proximal tibial plateau increase or decrease as a child ages?

Back 251

decrease

Front 252

does the distal plafond eversion increase or decrease as a child ages?

Back 252

decrease

Front 253

does the distal length of the fibular malleolus increase or decrease as a child ages?

Back 253

increase

Front 254

this is a composite test of axial tibial-fibular torsion, subtalar joint alignment, and foot configuration

Back 254

thigh-foot angle test

Front 255

twist or torsion occurs in the __ axis of the bone

Back 255

long

Front 256

if the feet are turned out during W sitting, does the child develop medial or lateral tibial torsion?

Back 256

lateral

Front 257

if the feet are turned in during W sitting, does the child develop medial or lateral femoral torsion?

Back 257

medial

Front 258

at what age does a child develop hands and knees transition to sitting?

Back 258

8 months

Front 259

what are three reasons that the tibia and fibula appear bowed at birth 11º?

Back 259

(1) medial rotation bias of leg at the knee
(2) lateral and posterior compartment muscles are displaced laterally
(3) medial gastroc is underdeveloped

Front 260

this is when the distal portion of the tibia which articulates with the talar trochlea is everted (contributing to pronation)

Back 260

tibial plafond alignment

Front 261

what are 7 neonatal soft tissue constraints at the ankle joint?

Back 261

(1) anterior tibialis
(2) extensor digitorum longus
(3) anterior talofibular ligament
(4) anterior fibers of the deltoid ligament
(5) anterior ankle joint capsule
(6) nerves
(7) blood vessels

Front 262

what are three ankle joint modeling changes that occur as a child ages?

Back 262

(1) dorsiflexion decreases
(2) plantarflexion increases
(3) distal plafond eversion decreases to 0º by 12 years of age

Front 263

by what age does a child's distal plafond eversion decrease to 0º?

Back 263

12 months

Front 264

what is the typical newborn ankle-foot posture?

Back 264

dorsiflexion and inversion with subtalar and forefoot varus

Front 265

is there an increase or decrease in arch height as a child ages?

Back 265

increase

Front 266

ossification of all the bones in the foot is accomplished by what year?

Back 266

7 years of age

Front 267

what are four characteristics of the ideal neonatal foot in the open kinetic chain?

Back 267

(1) straight medial and lateral borders
(2) short 1st metatarsal shaft
(3) longitudinal arch
(4) forefoot varus 11º

Front 268

does the calcaneus invert or evert as it matures?

Back 268

evert

Front 269

in a new stander, what movements are seen in the feet?

Back 269

closed chain pronation and out toeing

Front 270

in closed chain pronation of the subtalar joint, what motions are seen at foot and ankle?

Back 270

(1) calcaneus everts
(2) tibia and fibula rotate medially
(3) knee flexes
(4) femur rotates medially
(5) hip flexes
(6) pelvis tilts anteriorly and rotates forward

Front 271

in closed chain supination of the subtalar joint, what motions are seen at the foot and ankle?

Back 271

(1) calcaneus inverts
(2) tibia and fibula rotate laterally
(3) knee extends
(4) femur rotates laterally
(5) hip extends
(6) pelvis tilts posteriorly and rotates backwards

Front 272

does the lateral angle of gait that infants display increase or decrease as they age?

Back 272

decrease

Front 273

which population intoes most significantly, preschoolers, school age children, or adults?

Back 273

preschoolers

Front 274

calcaneal inclination contributes to what two things?

Back 274

(1) increased arch height
(2) decreased pronation in weight bearing

Front 275

does calcaneal inclination increase or decrease as a child ages?

Back 275

increase

Front 276

in a relaxed calcaneal stance, is the calcaneus varus or valgus relative to the sagittal plane?

Back 276

valgus

Front 277

calcaneal valgus peaks at 6-10º between __ to __ years just prior to the peak of genu valgum

Back 277

2 to 3 years

Front 278

the pitch of the length of the tibial shaft to the vertical plane

Back 278

relaxed leg value

Front 279

what are 4 ideal foot features at 12 months ?

Back 279

(1) foot progression angle between 10 and 30º
(2) straight lateral and medial borders
(3) toes parallel with metatarsals
(4) resting calcaneal stance of about 6º

Front 280

at 12 months, does a child bear more weight on the forefoot or the hindfoot?

Back 280

forefoot

Front 281

at 12 months, which muscle maintains the tibia vertically?

Back 281

soleus

Front 282

what are four things that could cause a prenatal deformity?

Back 282

(1) chromosomal/genetic error
(2) imbalance of muscle forces
(3) abnormal muscle tone
(4) intrauterine environment

Front 283

what are four things that could cause postnatal deformities?

Back 283

(1) influence of gravity
(2) imbalance of muscle forces
(3) abnormal muscle tone
(4) weight bearing

Front 284

what is the normal onset time of the labyrinthine head righting reaction?

Back 284

birth to 2 months

Front 285

when does the labyrinthine head righting reaction become integrated?

Back 285

it persists

Front 286

the purpose of these reflexes is the orient the head to upright and maintain the eyes in the horizontal position

Back 286

labyrinthine and optical righting reactions

Front 287

what is the normal onset time of the optical head righting reaction?

Back 287

birth to 2 months

Front 288

when does the optical head righting reaction become integrated?

Back 288

it persists

Front 289

the purpose of this reflex is to maintain the head and body in the same directional orientation; along with the LRR, helps the neonate to lift and turn head in prone

Back 289

body righting reaction acting on the head

Front 290

what is the normal onset time of the neonatal neck righting reaction acting on the body?

Back 290

birth to four months

Front 291

what is the normal onset time of the mature neck righting reaction acting on the body?

Back 291

4-5 months

Front 292

this reaction is used to maintain the head and body in the same directional orientation; occurs first in a log manner, and later proceeds to a segmental manner

Back 292

neck righting reaction acting on body

Front 293

what is the normal onset time of the neonatal body righting reaction acting on the body?

Back 293

birth to four months

Front 294

what is the normal time of onset of mature body righting reaction acting on body?

Back 294

4-5 months

Front 295

this reaction is to maintain the same directional orientation of all segments of the body; provides derotation of body segments, occurs first in log manner, and later proceeds to a segmental manner

Back 295

body righting reaction acting on body

Front 296

at what age does the rooting reaction begin?

Back 296

28 weeks gestation

Front 297

at what age does the rooting reaction become integrated?

Back 297

3 months

Front 298

this reflex occurs when you stroke the periooral skin at the corner of the child's mouth, they turn their head toward the side, and the child tries to suck the finger

Back 298

rooting

Front 299

at what age does the sucking reaction begin?

Back 299

28 weeks gestation

Front 300

at what age does the sucking reaction become integrated?

Back 300

2-5 months

Front 301

this reflex occurs when you put a finger or nipple in the infant's mouth and they produce rhythmical sucking movements

Back 301

sucking

Front 302

at what age does neonatal neck righting begin?

Back 302

34 weeks gestation

Front 303

at what age does neonatal neck righting become integrated?

Back 303

4 months

Front 304

this reflex occurs when you turn the child;s head to one side, then the other, and the child's body follows the direction of the head turn and the body turns as a whole

Back 304

neonatal neck righting

Front 305

at what age does the moro reflex begin?

Back 305

28 weeks gestation

Front 306

at what age does the moro reflex become integrated?

Back 306

5-6 months

Front 307

this reflex occurs when you allow the child's head to drop back, stretching the neck muscles,causing abduction of the UEs with extension of the elbows, wrists, and fingers, followed by subsequent adduction and flexion

Back 307

moro

Front 308

at what age does the traction response begin?

Back 308

28 weeks gestation

Front 309

at what age does the traction response become integrated?

Back 309

4-5 months

Front 310

this reflex occurs when you grasp the child;s wrists and pull them toward a sitting position, stretching the shouler adductors and flexors; causes flexion of the shoulders, elbows, wrists, and fingers

Back 310

traction response

Front 311

at what age does the plantar grasp response begin?

Back 311

28 weeks gestation

Front 312

at what age does the plantar grasp response become integrated?

Back 312

9 months

Front 313

this reflex occurs when you place firm pressure against the volar surface of the infant's foot, causing plantar flexion of the toes

Back 313

plantar grasp

Front 314

at what age does the palmar grasp reflex begin?

Back 314

birth to two months

Front 315

at what age does the palmar grasp reflex become integrated?

Back 315

4-5 months

Front 316

this reflex occurs when you place your index finger into the hands of the infant from the ulnar side and gently press against the palmar surface, causing flexion of the infant's fingers around the examiner's fingers

Back 316

palmar grasp

Front 317

at what age does the flexor withdrawal reflex begin?

Back 317

28 weeks gestation

Front 318

at what age does the flexor withdrawal reflex become integrated?

Back 318

1-2 months

Front 319

this reflex occurs when you place a noxious stimulus such as a pin prick to the sole of one foot, and the child withdraws the stimulated leg from the stimulus

Back 319

flexor withdrawal

Front 320

at what age does crossed extension begin?

Back 320

28 weeks gestation

Front 321

at what age is crossed extension becoming integrated?

Back 321

4 months

Front 322

this reflex occurs when you hold one leg at the knee, maintaining the extremity in extension, and apply firm pressure ot the sole of the foot, causing flexion, adduction and then extension of the opposite lower extremity

Back 322

crossed extension

Front 323

at what age does the extensor thrust reaction begin?

Back 323

28 weeks gestation

Front 324

at what age does the extensor thrust reaction become integrated?

Back 324

1-2 months

Front 325

this reaction occurs when you stimulate the sole of the foot of the flexed leg, causing uncontrolled extension of the stimulated leg

Back 325

extensor thrust

Front 326

at what age does the proprioceptive placing of UEs reaction begin?

Back 326

birth

Front 327

at what age does the proprioceptive placing of UEs reaction become integrated?

Back 327

2 months

Front 328

this reaction occurs when you move the child so that the dorsum of one hand lightly presses against the edge, causing the extremity to flex and bringing the and above the table; extremity then extends and is placed on the surface

Back 328

proprioceptive placing UEs

Front 329

at what age does the proprioceptive placing of LEs reaction begin?

Back 329

35 weeks gestation

Front 330

at what age does the proprioceptive placing of LEs reaction become integrated?

Back 330

2 months

Front 331

this reaction occurs when you lift the child so that the dorsum of one foot presses lightly against the edge of the table, the child lifts the foot by flexion in the knee and hip above the table, and then the leg extends and the foot is placed on the table top

Back 331

proprioceptive placing LEs

Front 332

at what age does visual placing of the UEs begin?

Back 332

3-4 months

Front 333

The creases in your palms, wrists, soles of your feet, fingers, and toes are examples of ___________.

Back 333

flexure lines

Front 334

this reflex occurs when you advance the child towrad a supporting surface, causing the child to lift the hand, extend it and place it on the support with fingers extended and abducted

Back 334

visual placing UEs

Front 335

at what age does visual placing LEs begin?

Back 335

3-5 months

Front 336

at what age does visual placing LEs become integrated?

Back 336

it persists throughout life

Front 337

this reaction occurs when you advance the child toward supporting surface, causing the child to immediately orient, and place the foot on the top of the table or supporting surface

Back 337

visual placing LEs

Front 338

at what age does neonatal positive supporting begin?

Back 338

35 weeks gestation

Front 339

at what age does neonatal positive supporting become integrated?

Back 339

1-2 months

Front 340

this reaction occurs when you hold the child and allow their feet to make a firm contact with the table top, causing simultaneous contraction of the flexors and extensors so as to bear weight on the LEs

Back 340

neonatal positive supporting

Front 341

at what age does mature weight bearing/positive support begin?

Back 341

6-9 months

Front 342

at what age does mature weight bearing/positive support become integrated?

Back 342

it persists throughout life

Front 343

at what age does spontaneous stepping begin?

Back 343

35 weeks gestation

Front 344

at what age is spontaneous stepping the strongest?

Back 344

full term infant at 3 weeks

Front 345

at what age does spontaneous stepping become integrated?

Back 345

2 months

Front 346

this reflex occurs when the child is upright, feet touching the table surface; incline the child forward and gently move them forward, causing them to make alternating, rhythmical and coordinated stepping movements

Back 346

spontaneous stepping

Front 347

at what age does Galant's response begin?

Back 347

32 weeks gestation

Front 348

at what age does Galant's response become integrated?

Back 348

2 months (may persist)

Front 349

this reflex occurs when you gently stimulate the child along the paravertebral line from the shoulder down to the buttocks, causing incurvation of the trunk

Back 349

Galant's response

Front 350

at what age does Tonic labyrinthine reaction begin?

Back 350

birth

Front 351

at what age does tonic labyrinthine reaction become integrated?

Back 351

about 8 months

Front 352

this reaction occurs when the child is in prone and flexor tone dominates, and when the child is in supine and extensor tone dominates

Back 352

tonic labyrinthine

Front 353

at what age does the asymmetrical tonic neck reaction (ATNR) begin?

Back 353

birth to two months

Front 354

at what age does the asymmetrical tonic neck reaction (ATNR) become integrated?

Back 354

4-6 months

Front 355

this reaction occurs when you have the child turn the head slowly to one side, holding this extreme position, causing the arm and leg on the jaw side to extend, and the arm and leg on the skull side to flex

Back 355

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Front 356

at what age does the symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) begin?

Back 356

4-6 months

Front 357

at what age does the symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) become integrated?

Back 357

8-12 months

Front 358

this reaction occurs when the examiner ventroflexes, then dorsiflexes the head; flexion causes flexion of UEs and extension of LEs, extension causes extension of UEs and flexion of LEs

Back 358

symmetrical tonic neck reflex

Front 359

at what age does the amphibian reflex begin?

Back 359

6 months

Front 360

at what age does the amphibian reflex become integrated?

Back 360

it persists throughout life

Front 361

this reflex occurs when you lift the patient's pelvis under the ASIS on one side in prone, causing automatic flexion of the arm, hip and knee on the same side

Back 361

amphibian

Front 362

at what age does optical righting reaction begin?

Back 362

birth to two months

Front 363

at what age does optical righting reaction become integrated?

Back 363

it persists throughout life

Front 364

these reactions occur when you hold the child vertically and tilt the body anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally so that the head drops, causing the child to orient the head to the vertical position and is steady

Back 364

optical righting and labyrinthine righting

Front 365

at what age does labyrinthine righting reaction begin?

Back 365

birth to two months

Front 366

at what age does labyrinthine righting reaction become integrated?

Back 366

it persists throughout life

Front 367

at what age does body on head reaction begin?

Back 367

birth to two months

Front 368

at what age does body on head reaction become integrated?

Back 368

it persists throughout life

Front 369

this reaction occurs when a child has surface contact, producing the same response as labyrinthine and optical, and also serves to right the head in response to some portion of the body having touched a supporting surface

Back 369

body on head reaction

Front 370

at what age does the landau reaction begin?

Back 370

3-4 months

Front 371

at what age does the landau reaction reach its peak?

Back 371

5-6 months

Front 372

at what age does the landau reaction become integrated?

Back 372

12-24 months

Front 373

this reaction occurs when the child is horizontal in the air in prone, and the child extends the head, back and hips in sequence

Back 373

Landau

Front 374

at what age does the neck on body mature reaction occur?

Back 374

4-6 months

Front 375

at what age does the neck on body mature reaction become integrated?

Back 375

it persists throughout life

Front 376

this reaction occurs when you flex the child's head and turn it slowly to one side, and the child will turn in direction of head turning, rotation of shoulders, trunk and then pelvis to side or prone

Back 376

neck on body mature

Front 377

at what age does body on body mature reaction begin?

Back 377

4-6 months

Front 378

at what age does body on body mature reaction become integrated?

Back 378

it persists throughout life

Front 379

this reaction occurs when you place the chidl in supine, flex one leg and rotate it across the pelvis to the opposite side, causing the child to turn to prone segmentally, first the trunk, then pectoral girdle and then the head

Back 379

body on body mature

Front 380

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in prone begin?

Back 380

5 months

Front 381

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction become integrated?

Back 381

it persists throughout life

Front 382

this reaction occurs when you slowly tilt a child on a tilt board laterall to the right and left, causing the child to curve against the displacement of the center of gravity, concavity of the spine upward toward the tilt, the upper arm and leg may abduct

Back 382

tilting/balance reaction in prone

Front 383

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in supine begin?

Back 383

7-8 months

Front 384

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in supine become integrated?

Back 384

it persists throughout life

Front 385

this reaction occurs when you put a child on a tilt board in supine, tilting the board laterally left and right, causing the child to curve their trunk against the tilt, with thec oncavity of the spine upward

Back 385

tilting/balance reaction supine

Front 386

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in sitting begin?

Back 386

7-8 months

Front 387

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in sitting become integrated?

Back 387

it persists throughout life

Front 388

this reaction occurs when you have a child sitting on a tilt board, and you tilt it to the right and left; the body will flex against the tilt

Back 388

tilting/righting reaction in sitting

Front 389

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in all fours begin?

Back 389

9-12 months

Front 390

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in all fours become integrated?

Back 390

persists throughout life

Front 391

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in standing begin?

Back 391

12-21 months

Front 392

at what age does the tilting/balance reaction in standing become integrated?

Back 392

it persists throughout life

Front 393

at what level does the postural fixation reaction begin to show up?

Back 393

appears with the development of competence against gravity in the basic milestone positions (prone, supine, sitting, all fours, standing)

Front 394

at what age does the postural fixation reaction become integrated?

Back 394

it persists throughout life

Front 395

this reaction occurs when the individual receives a destabilizing force, causing elongation of the trunk on the weight bearing side as the weight shift occurs; occur during voluntary activity becuase of external forces on the body

Back 395

postural fixation reactions

Front 396

at what age does protective extension UEs forward/parachute reaction begin?

Back 396

6-7 months

Front 397

at what age does protective extension UEs forward/parachute reaction become integrated?

Back 397

it persists throughout life

Front 398

this reaction occurs when the examiner plunges thec hild downward toward a table or other flat surface, causing the child to extend and abduct arms, fingers extend and spread as if to break a fall

Back 398

protective extension UEs forward/parachute reaction

Front 399

at what age does protective extension UEs sideways begin?

Back 399

7 months

Front 400

at what age does protective extension UEs sideways become integrated?

Back 400

it persists throughout life

Front 401

at what age does protective extension UEs backwards begin?

Back 401

9-10 months

Front 402

at what age does protective extension LEs downward begin?

Back 402

4 months

Front 403

at what age does protective extension LEs staggering reaction begin?

Back 403

15-18 months

Front 404

at what months does a child develop the ability to control their head in all positions in space?

Back 404

birth to 3 months

Front 405

at what months does a child advance in control of arms and upper trunk?

Back 405

4-6 months

Front 406

at what months does a child go through initial stage of control of the lower trunk and pelvis

Back 406

7-9 months

Front 407

at what months does a child go through control of lower parts of the legs in conjunction with upright stance and overall postural control

Back 407

10-12 months

Front 408

what are three characteristics that describe a full term neonate?

Back 408

(1) gravity controlled
(2) random extremity movements
(3) physiological flexion

Front 409

what are six reflexes seen in a neonate?

Back 409

(1) Moro
(2) rooting
(3) neonatal positive support
(4) spontaneous stepping
(5) neonatal neck on body
(6) palmar grasp

Front 410

what type of vision is best in the neonate, allowing then to track from the side towards the midline?

Back 410

lateral vision

Front 411

in supine, how many degrees can a neonate rotate their head to the side?

Back 411

45º

Front 412

in prone in the neonate, are random extremity movements greater in the UEs or the LEs?

Back 412

LEs

Front 413

when a neonate is in sitting, where is all the weight directed?

Back 413

ischial tuberosities

Front 414

what are three characteristics of a 1 month old child?

Back 414

(1) more extended
(2) head and cervical spine mobility have increased
(3) extremities move away from the body

Front 415

what are the five reflexes seen in a one month old baby?

Back 415

(1) neonatal neck on body
(2) palmar grasp
(3) ATNR (more common in second month)
(4) labyrinthine righting
(5) optical righting

Front 416

in prone, what two positions are a one month old baby's arms in?

Back 416

external rotation and abduction

Front 417

what are three characteristics of a two month old baby?

Back 417

(1) appears hypotonic
(2) more extended
(3) asymmetrical

Front 418

what are 6 reflexes seen in a 3 month old?

Back 418

(1) palmar grasp
(2) traction
(3) neonatal neck on body
(4) ATNR
(5) labyrinthine righting
(5) optical righting

Front 419

at 2 months, how far can a child rotate their head to the side in supine?

Back 419

90º

Front 420

at what month does a baby kick bilaterally and their feet come together during flexion?

Back 420

2 months

Front 421

in prone, a 2 month olds head can momentarily be lifted to how many degrees?

Back 421

45º

Front 422

at what age does head bobbing often occur due to insufficient sustained contraction of the extensor muscles

Back 422

two months

Front 423

at what age does a child start to try to lift their head in pull to sit?

Back 423

two months

Front 424

at what age does a child begin to show astasia abasia?

Back 424

two months

Front 425

disorientation in standing and lack of stepping that is exhibited in a child at 2 months of age

Back 425

astasia abasia

Front 426

what are three general characteristics of a 3 month old baby?

Back 426

(1) symmetry starting
(2) increased midline orientation of the head
(3) increasing antigravity flexor control

Front 427

what are three reflexes seen in a 3 month old?

Back 427

(1) LRR
(2) OR
(3) plantar grasp

Front 428

what are two things that characterize a 3 month old child in supine?

Back 428

symmetry and midline orientation

Front 429

at what age does a child begin to exhibit visual convergence, decreasing their ability to regard a toy in midline?

Back 429

3 months

Front 430

at what age does a child begin to exhibit body awareness?

Back 430

3 months

Front 431

at 3 months, when a child is in prone, how far can they lift their head?

Back 431

90º

Front 432

at what age does the child achieve the puppy position?

Back 432

3 months

Front 433

this position is when there is forearm propping, chest elevation, and elbows in line with shoulders

Back 433

puppy position

Front 434

at what age does the first coordinated action of extension and flexion together for purposeful movement occur?

Back 434

3 months

Front 435

what are four things that could indicate possible disturbances in motor development in a 3 month old child?

Back 435

(1) maintenance of strong asymmetry
(2) inability to assume or maintain midline
(3) difficulty with visual convergence
(4) inability or poor ability to abduct and bring arms forward in prone

Front 436

what is known as the month of controlled symmetry?

Back 436

4 months

Front 437

what are three reflexes seen in a four month old?

Back 437

(1) LRR
(2) OR
(3) Landau beginning

Front 438

at what age does a child begin to gather themselves together (hands, eyes to knees)?

Back 438

4 months

Front 439

at what age does a child begin to roll to side lying from a collected position by hyperextending their neck?

Back 439

4 months

Front 440

at what age does the pivot prone reaction begin?

Back 440

4 months

Front 441

at what age is sidelying IMPORTANT for tactile, proprioceptie, visual, and vestibular feedback, causing development of antigravity lateral flexion

Back 441

four months

Front 442

at what age does a child begin to develop a ring sitting posture?

Back 442

4 months

Front 443

at what age does a child begin to develop some abdominal and LE flexion during the pull to sit activity?

Back 443

4 months

Front 444

what are three indications of possible disturbances in motor development in a child of four months?

Back 444

(1) failure to achieve symeetrical extremity movements
(2) failure to achieve midline orientation of the head
(3) failure to achieve alternating symmetrical extensor and flexor movements of the trunk

Front 445

what are two general characteristics of a child at five months?

Back 445

(1) begins to produce voluntary, asymmetrical dissociated and reciprocal movements
(2) antigravity extension control and flexion control

Front 446

what are five reflexes seen in a child at five months?

Back 446

(1) LRR
(2) OR
(3) landau
(4) head righting (prone, supine, lateral)
(5) equilibrium reactions in prone starting

Front 447

at what age does a child begin to get equilibrium reactions in prone?

Back 447

5 months

Front 448

at what age does a child begin to exhibit hands to mommy (reaching) in supine ?

Back 448

5 months

Front 449

at what age does a child begin to exhibit LE dissociate dmovements and dissociation of the UEs from the LEs?

Back 449

five months

Front 450

at 5 months, rolling from supine to side lying is usually initiated from what type of position?

Back 450

symmetrically flexed

Front 451

at what age does a child begin to exhibit extended arm weight bearing and increased shoulder girdle and UE control in prone?

Back 451

five months

Front 452

at what age does the child begin to exhibit forearm weight shifting?

Back 452

5 months

Front 453

at what age does a child exhibit no head lag in the pull to sit reaction?

Back 453

5 months

Front 454

at what age does a child exhibit chin tucking initiation in the pull to sit reaction?

Back 454

5 months

Front 455

at what age does a child exhibit bouncing in standing?

Back 455

5 months

Front 456

what are four indications of possible disturbances in motor development at 5 months?

Back 456

(1) inability to bring feet to mouth
(2) constant use of extension method of rolling supine to sidelying
(3) inability to bear weight on forearms or extended arms in prone
(4) lack of development of LE dissociation

Front 457

what are three characteristics of a 6 month old child?

Back 457

(1) baby more functional head control fully developed, baby can extend head in prone
(2) more active in prone and supine, less positional stability
(3) starting to combine righting reactions when diagonal weight shift occurs and responds with rotation

Front 458

what are 6 reflexes seen in a child at 6 months?

Back 458

(1) LRR
(2) OR
(3) head righting
(4) body on body
(5) equilibrium reactions in prone, starting in supine
(6) protective extension forward

Front 459

at what age does a child's body do the entirety of the work during the pull to sit reaction?

Back 459

6 months

Front 460

what are some indications of possible disturbances in motor development at 6 months?

Back 460

(1) failure to produce a variety of movement patterns
(2) inability to laterally flex
(3) inability to bring feet to mouth
(4) inability to reach in supine
(5) poor tolerance in prone

Front 461

what are three common characteristics of a child at 7 months?

Back 461

(1) development of antigravity movements in all three planes
(2) rarely stays in supine
(3) begins to learn about heights, distance, and space

Front 462

what are three reflexes seen in a child at 7 months?

Back 462

(1) equilibrium reaction in prone
(2) equilibrium reaction in supine
(3) equilibrium reaction in sitting beginning

Front 463

at what age is the assumption of quadruped achieved?

Back 463

7 months

Front 464

at what age from does a child push up from quadruped into a bear standing/plantigrade position?

Back 464

7 months

Front 465

moving slowly by dragging the body along the ground

Back 465

crawling

Front 466

when will a baby advance to quadruped crawling/creeping?

Back 466

when their lower trunk/hip control is sufficient

Front 467

at what age does a child assume sitting from the quadruped position?

Back 467

7 months

Front 468

at what age does a child begin to pull themselves to stand, using furniture?

Back 468

7 months

Front 469

what are three common characteristics of an 8 month old?

Back 469

(1)very busy and active exploring their environment
(2) transition through many positions and do not stay in any position long
(3) starting to climb on low furniture and attempting to climb stairs

Front 470

what are two reflexes seen in children at 8 months ?

Back 470

(1) protective extension sideways
(2) equilibrium reactions in sitting, supine, and prone

Front 471

at what age does a child begin to progress to long sitting?

Back 471

8 months

Front 472

at what age does a child begin to side sit?

Back 472

8 months

Front 473

at what age does a child begin to use creeping as their primary mode of locomotion?

Back 473

8 months

Front 474

what are three indications of possible disturbances in motor development in a child at 8 months?

Back 474

(1) inability to sit independently
(2) maintenance of ring sitting posture
(3) pulling to stand by pushing down with UEs and extending LEs symmetrically

Front 475

what are two general characteristics of a 9 month old?

Back 475

(1) difference in skill level is increasing
(2) age of active sensory spatial exploration

Front 476

what is the age of active sensory spatial exploration in a child?

Back 476

9 months

Front 477

what are two reflexes seen in a child at 9 months?

Back 477

(1) protective extension backwards
(2) tilting reactions-quadruped

Front 478

at what age does a child begin to W sit?

Back 478

9 months

Front 479

at what age does a child begin to utilize kneeling?

Back 479

9 months

Front 480

at what age can a child begin to creep up stairs or climb on furniture?

Back 480

9 months

Front 481

at what age does a child begin to pull to stand through half kneeling?

Back 481

9 months

Front 482

at what age can a child begin walking with two hands held ?

Back 482

9 months

Front 483

what are five indications of possible disturbances in motor development at 9 months?

Back 483

(1) inability to sit independently
(2) no variety in sitting patterns
(3) hamstring tightness
(4) inability to stand due to too little or too much tone
(5) problems with weight shifting

Front 484

at what age does a child begin to exhibit container play?

Back 484

10 months

Front 485

what are two characteristics of a child at 10 months?

Back 485

(1) developing and playing with perceptual concepts
(2) beginning to mimic gestures

Front 486

at what age can a child begin to walk with only one hand held?

Back 486

10 months

Front 487

what are two general characteristics of a child at 11 months?

Back 487

(1) moves efficiently on the floor by creeping
(2) can bring themselves to stand, walk, around furniture or climb on or over furniture

Front 488

at what age does a child attempt to stand without external support by utilizing squatting?

Back 488

11 months

Front 489

what are two characteristics of a 12 month old child?

Back 489

(1) very active and independent
(2) basic motor skills are all present

Front 490

at 12 months, what reaction is beginning to come out?

Back 490

equilibrium reactions in standing

Front 491

at what age does a child achieve being able to rise to standing with the legs, no longer needing the UEs?

Back 491

12 months