Kinesiology Exam 3 (Gait Unit)

Front 1

when the foot is flat, which way does the external moment want to push the ankle?

Back 1

into plantarflexion

Front 2

when the foot is flat, which way is the internal moment?

Back 2

dorsiflexion

Front 3

when the foot is flat, is there a flexion or extension external moment on the knee?

Back 3

flexion

Front 4

when the foot is flat, is there an external flexion or extension moment on the hip?

Back 4

flexion

Front 5

at midstance, is the external ankle moment towards dorsiflexion or plantarflexion?

Back 5

dorsiflexion

Front 6

at midstance, is the external knee moment towards flexion or extension?

Back 6

slight extension

Front 7

at midstance, is the external moment of the hip towards flexion or extension?

Back 7

extension

Front 8

at heel off, is the external moment of the hip towards flexion or extension?

Back 8

extension

Front 9

at heel off, is the external moment of the knee towards flexion or extension?

Back 9

slight extension

Front 10

what percentage of the gait cycle is the stance phase?

Back 10

60%

Front 11

what percentage of the gait cycle is the swing phase?

Back 11

40%

Front 12

this is considered heel to heel on the same side

Back 12

gait cycle

Front 13

how many steps are there per gait cycle?

Back 13

2

Front 14

how many stride lengths are there per gait cycle?

Back 14

1

Front 15

this side step length is from right heel contact to left heel contact

Back 15

left step length

Front 16

this is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the foot and gait progression

Back 16

foot angle

Front 17

what is the approximate normal foot angle value?

Back 17

about 7º

Front 18

this is the number of steps per minute

Back 18

cadence

Front 19

what is the normal cadence of walking?

Back 19

about 110 steps per minute

Front 20

what is the surgeon general's walking recommendation?

Back 20

about 10,000 steps (5 miles) per day

Front 21

this is the measure of gait distance over time

Back 21

velocity

Front 22

what is the normal range of walking velocity for adults?

Back 22

1.2-1.5 m/s (about 3 mph)

Front 23

at least how much hip extension is needed for walking?

Back 23

10º

Front 24

at least how much knee flexion is needed for walking

Back 24

70º (but ideally want 90 or more)

Front 25

at least how much ankle dorsiflexion is needed for walking?

Back 25

10º

Front 26

at heel strike, does the tibia internally or externally rotate?

Back 26

internally

Front 27

at heel strike, does the subtalar joint invert or evert?

Back 27

evert

Front 28

what position is the ankle in at heel strike?

Back 28

dorsiflexion

Front 29

what position is the ankle in at push off?

Back 29

plantarflexion

Front 30

about how many degrees does the pelvis rotate in the transverse plane during gait?

Back 30

about 4º in each direction

Front 31

during what phase of gait does the hip drop to cause frontal plane pelvic rotation?

Back 31

swing

Front 32

what are five kinematic strategies that help to minimize energy expenditure and control the center of mass during gait?

Back 32

(1) horizontal plane pelvic rotation
(2) sagittal plane ankle rotation
(3) stance phase knee flexion
(4) frontal plane pelvic rotation
(5) step width; knee valgus

Front 33

this is the tendency of a force to make a rigid body rotate around an axis

Back 33

moment/torque

Front 34

moment x angular velocity

Back 34

power

Front 35

the sum of the net extensor moments at the ankle, knee, and hip; prevents collapse during the weight bearing stage of gait

Back 35

support moment

Front 36

what are three ways to shift the GRF anteriorly to extend the knee?

Back 36

(1) use gluts to extend hips
(2) use quads to extend knee
(3) use gastroc/plantarflexors

Front 37

this moment is the effect of gravity/outside forces

Back 37

external

Front 38

this moment is the way that the body responds to outside forces

Back 38

internal moment

Front 39

what type of muscle contraction has a positive power, or creates energy?

Back 39

concentric

Front 40

what type of muscle contraction has a negative power, or absorbs energy?

Back 40

eccentric

Front 41

at 0% of the gait cycle (heel strike) how is the tibialis anterior acting/what motion is it doing/controlling?

Back 41

eccentrically controlling plantarflexion

Front 42

at 60% of the giat cycle, how is tibialis anterior acting/what motion is it doing/controlling?

Back 42

concentrically dorsiflexing

Front 43

at 30-50% of the gait cycle, how is the gastroc acting/what motion is it doing/controlling?

Back 43

eccentrically controlling dorsiflexion

Front 44

between 50 and 60% of the gait cycle, how is the gastroc acting/what motion is it doing/controlling?

Back 44

concentrically plantarflexing

Front 45

at 40-60% of the gait cycle, how is the fibularis longus acting and what motion is it doing/controlling?

Back 45

concentrically plantarflexing and stabilizing the transverse arch and first ray

Front 46

from 80% of the gait cycle until heel strike of the next cycle, how is the vastus lateralis acting to accept weight?

Back 46

eccentrically

Front 47

starting at about 80% and continuing into 10% of the next gait cycle, how is the gluteus medius working/what motion is it doing/controlling?

Back 47

working eccentrically to control hip drop (R glut med eccentrically acts to control L lateral pelvic drop)

Front 48

is most muscle activity at the beginning of gait eccentric or concentric?

Back 48

eccentric

Front 49

what type of muscle activity dominates after 30% of the gait cycle?

Back 49

concentric

Front 50

force/area

Back 50

pressure

Front 51

what shape is the neonate's spine in?

Back 51

C shaped

Front 52

how is the pelvis tilted in a neonate?

Back 52

posteriorly

Front 53

what two positions are the hips of a neonate in?

Back 53

flexion and lateral rotation

Front 54

what three positions are the femurs of a neonate found in?

Back 54

coxa valga, antetorsion, and mild varus bowing

Front 55

what three positions are the knees of a neonate found in?

Back 55

flexion contracture, internal genicular position, and genu varum

Front 56

what two positions are the ankles of a neonate found in?

Back 56

excessive dorsiflexion and hindfoot/forefoot varus

Front 57

at 12 months, how is the pelvis tilted?

Back 57

anteriorly

Front 58

at 12 months, what three positions are the hips found in?

Back 58

flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation

Front 59

at 12 months, what position is the knee in?

Back 59

genu varum

Front 60

at 12 months, what two positions are the ankle found in?

Back 60

lateral rotation and pronation

Front 61

the angle of normal weight-bearing stance in young children; is the calcaneal valgus relative to the sagittal plane

Back 61

relaxed calcaneal stance

Front 62

this formula is used to determine the relaxed calcaneal stance of a child

Back 62

Valmassy's formula; 7-chiild's age in years

Front 63

is the reciprocal arm swing present or absent at the beginning walking at 12 months?

Back 63

absent

Front 64

there is persistent hip __ throughout the stance and swing phase of a child at 12 months/beginning walking

Back 64

hip abduction

Front 65

what is the average step length of a child of 12 months who is beginning walking?

Back 65

20 cm

Front 66

what is the average duration of the single limb stance during the gait cycle of a child of 12 months who is just beginning walking?

Back 66

32% (low)

Front 67

what is the average cadence of a child of 12 months who is just beginning walking?

Back 67

180 steps/minute (high)

Front 68

what is the average walking velicyt of a child of 12 months who is just beginning walking?

Back 68

60 cm/sec (low)

Front 69

what motion does the pelvis do on the swing side in a beginning walker?

Back 69

hip hiking

Front 70

what motion does the hip do in a beginning walker?

Back 70

flexion

Front 71

what motion does the femur do during both the swing and stance phase in a beginning walker?

Back 71

lateral rotation

Front 72

what motion does the knee do in a beginning walker?

Back 72

flexion (but mature knee flexion wave not seen)

Front 73

what motions do the tibia and fibula do in a beginning walker?

Back 73

immediate medial followed by lateral rotation

Front 74

what motion does the ankle do in a beginning walker?

Back 74

exaggerated dorsiflexion

Front 75

what are three characteristics of a normal 12 month old beginning walker's gait?

Back 75

(1) steppage gait
(2) wide BOS
(3) high guard position of UEs

Front 76

what is the average genu varum of a child at 15 months (it is decreasing)?

Back 76

5º

Front 77

at what age does emergence of the reciprocal muscle action in the LEs occur?

Back 77

15 months

Front 78

at what age does the anterior tib begin to activate prior to foot contact (but foot flat contact persists)?

Back 78

15 months

Front 79

at what age do the lumbar lordosis and pot belly emerge?

Back 79

2 years

Front 80

at what age of gait development is the hip flexion contracture reduced to about 3 degrees and the range of lateral rotation become equal to medial rotation?

Back 80

2 years

Front 81

at what age does the knee begin to exhibit physiologic valgum?

Back 81

2 years

Front 82

at what age is the tibia and fibula rotated 10-15º lateral relative to the frontal plane?

Back 82

2 years

Front 83

at what age does the child increase their walking velocity from 60-85 cm/s?

Back 83

2 years

Front 84

at 2 years, the single limb support increases to __% of the gait cycle

Back 84

35

Front 85

at what age does the base of support and cadence during gait begin to decrease?

Back 85

2 years

Front 86

at what age does the emergence of reciprocal arm swing occur?

Back 86

2 years

Front 87

at what age does the knee flexion wave emerge in gait?

Back 87

2 years

Front 88

at what age does the heel strike begin to occcur, accompanied with decrease of foot drop in the swing phase?

Back 88

2 years

Front 89

at what age does genu valgum peak?

Back 89

3 years

Front 90

at what age does hyperextension of the knee often occur, which exaggerates the apperance of genu valgum?

Back 90

3 years

Front 91

at what age does the ankle dorsiflexion range begin to decrease as the plantar flexors gain strength?

Back 91

3 years

Front 92

at what age does the medial longitudinal arch become apparent in standing?

Back 92

3 years

Front 93

what does the velocity between 36 and 42 months rise to?

Back 93

nearly 105 cm/sec

Front 94

between 3 and 7 years, the single limb support increases to __% of the gait cycle

Back 94

37%

Front 95

does cadence increase or decrease steadily with age?

Back 95

decreases

Front 96

at what age are the rotation patterns of the pelvis and lower limb and patterns of knee and heel strike adult like?

Back 96

3 years

Front 97

at what age is toe stepping a significant feature of walking, rather than walking in consistent plantigrade?

Back 97

3 years

Front 98

what are the four primary determinants that distingush the gait in a child of 3 years from that of an adult?

Back 98

(1) shortened step length
(2) high cadence
(3) low walking velocity
(4) limited duration of single-limb stance

Front 99

what are the two primary requirements for resolution of deficits for achievement of a mature gait pattern?

Back 99

(1) increased leg length
(2) improvement unilateral limb and foot stability

Front 100

what parameter of gait is the best predictor of falls, hospitalization, disability, and longevity in the elderly?

Back 100

walking speed

Front 101

this is the lateral distance between heels of 2 successive steps from each foot

Back 101

step width

Front 102

what parameter of gait is a good indicator of stability?

Back 102

stance time

Front 103

elderly adults have decreased peak ankle __ at toe-off/preswing

Back 103

plantarflexion

Front 104

elderly adults have decreased ankle __ in swing and stance at self-selected speeds

Back 104

dorsiflexion

Front 105

there is decreased peak hip __ at midstance in older adults, which is related to an increased pelvic tilt

Back 105

extension

Front 106

what are five normal changes in gait as a part of aging?

Back 106

(1) walking speed
(2) stride length
(3) base of support
(4) joint excursion
(5) joint moment/power

Front 107

the changes in what joint mechanics occur first with respect to gait and aging?

Back 107

ankle

Front 108

what are two reasons for a change in gait as adults age?

Back 108

(1) to promote greater stability
(2) to adapt to impairments (such as decreased strength and ROM)

Front 109

what is the characteristic gait impairment/spatiotemporal change seen in a person with hemiparesis?

Back 109

decreased stance phase on the affected limb (longer time in double limb support)

Front 110

what three ways are the ankle motions of gait changed in a person with hemiparesis?

Back 110

(1) reduced dorsiflexion
(2) excessive plantarflexion during initial contact
(3) reduced plantarflexion at toe-off

Front 111

what three ways are the knee motions of gait changed in a person with hemiparesis?

Back 111

(1) excessive knee flexion at heel strike
(2) knee hyperextension
(3) decreased knee flexion in swing phase

Front 112

what three ways are the hip motions of gait changed in a person with hemiparesis?

Back 112

(1) decreased peak hip flexion at heel strike
(2) increased peak hip flexion at toe-off
(3) reduced hip flexion during mid-swing

Front 113

what type of gait strategy do hemiparesis patients tend to prefer?

Back 113

hip strategy

Front 114

what are four spatiotemporal changes in gait that occur with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?

Back 114

(1) reduced gait speed
(2) reduced step length
(3) increased step width
(4) increased stance time

Front 115

what two ways are the ankle motions of gait changed in a person with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?

Back 115

(1) reduced plantarflexion at push off
(2) reduced dorsiflexion during stance

Front 116

what type of gait strategy do people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy use?

Back 116

hip (use hip flexors to pull leg forward rather than pushing with plantar flexors)

Front 117

what are the five general spatiotemporal changed for amputees in gait?

Back 117

(1) reduced walking speed
(2) reduced cadence
(3) asymmetric step length (increased on involved LE of transtibial amputees)
(4) increased step width
(5) reduced stride length

Front 118

what way is the ankle motion of gait changed in a person with an amputation?

Back 118

reduced plantarflexion at late stance

Front 119

what muscles help to generate energy to compensate for the lack of plantarflexion energy generation during pushoff in an amputee?

Back 119

hip extensors

Front 120

for a transfemoral amputation, what are the three ways that the hip mechanics change during gait?

Back 120

(1) increased pelvic drop on the unloaded side
(2) lateral trunk lean
(3) reduced hip abduction moment

Front 121

amputees demonstrate a tendency to use the hip during what two phases to compensate for functional loss of the ankle joint?

Back 121

late stance/early swing

Front 122

what are seven common impairments seen in someone with Parkinson's disease?

Back 122

(1) bradykinesia/hypokinesia
(2) muscle rigidity
(3) tremor
(4) flexed posture
(5) shuffling gait
(6) difficulty turning
(7) freezing episodes

Front 123

what are the seven spatiotemporal changes to gait seen in someone with Parkinson's disease?

Back 123

(1) reduced walking speed
(2) reduced step length
(3) reduced stride length
(4) increased stride/step width
(5) increased cadence with controlled walking speed
(6) increased stance duration
(7) increased double limb support

Front 124

what are the two things that you have to do to increase your gait speed?

Back 124

(1) increase stride length
(2) increase cadence

Front 125

what change is seen to ankle ROM during gait in someone with Parkinson's disease?

Back 125

reduced plantarflexion at push-off

Front 126

what two changes are seen to ankle moments during gait in someone with Parkinson's disease?

Back 126

(1) decreased internal dorsiflexor moment at heel strike
(2) decreased internal plantarflexor moment at push off

Front 127

what two changes are seen to the hip moment during gait in someone with Parkinson's disease?

Back 127

(1) reduced internal flexion moment in stance
(2) reduced internal hip extension during stance

Front 128

what parameter of the step is increased in patients with Parkinson's disease?

Back 128

step width

Front 129

most kinematic and kinetic changes in Parkinson's disease occur at what joint?

Back 129

the ankle

Front 130

what are six common impairments seen in someone with cerebral palsy?

Back 130

(1) delayed motor development
(2) postural abnormalities (crouched)
(3) abnormally high muscle tone
(4) spasticity
(5) increased muscle coactivation
(6) cognitive delays

Front 131

what are the four general spatiotemporal changes in gait that occur with cerebral palsy?

Back 131

(1) reduced walking speed
(2) reduced stride length
(3) increased step width
(4) reduced cadence

Front 132

what are the five common gait deviations that are observed in children with CP?

Back 132

(1) equinus
(2) crouch gait
(3) stiff knee
(4) scissoring
(5) rotational malalignment

Front 133

this deformity is associated with excessive plantarflexion of the talocrural joint and is related to spasticity and tightness of the plantarflexors in children with CP

Back 133

equinus deformity

Front 134

this type of equinus gait pattern occurs because of posterior calf tightness or spasticity

Back 134

true

Front 135

this type of equinus gait pattern occurs because of excessive knee and hip flexion at heel strike, with a relatively normal ankle range of motion

Back 135

apparent

Front 136

this posture is excessive flexion of all lower extremity joints due to muscle tightness or contracture, and is commonly seen in people with CP

Back 136

crouch posture

Front 137

what are six characteristics that are seen in a crouch gait that is observed in people with CP?

Back 137

(1) patella alta
(2) plantarflexor weakness
(3) excessive ankle dorsiflexion
(4) excessive knee and/or hip flexion
(5) hamstring spasticity
(6) reduced knee moment and power

Front 138

this type of gait observed in people with CP occurs because of reduced peak knee flexion during swing secondary to spasticity of the rectus; impairs foot clearance

Back 138

stiff knee gait

Front 139

this gait pattern commonly seen in people with CP is characterized by excessive hip adduction due to hip adductor spasticity or contracture and hip abductor weakness

Back 139

scissoring

Front 140

what two factors most likely cause rotational deformities in people with CP?

Back 140

(1) excessive femoral anteversion
(2) excessive internal or external tibial torsion

Front 141

what are three common impairments seen in someone with CP who exhibits rotational deformities?

Back 141

(1) reduced plantarflexor power at push off
(2) more hip medial rotation
(3) persistent toeing in

Front 142

sequence of events between successive heel strikes of the same foot

Back 142

stride

Front 143

sequence of events within successive heel strikes of opposite feet

Back 143

step

Front 144

distance between successive heel contacts of opposite feet

Back 144

step length

Front 145

lateral distance between heel centers of two consecutive foot contacts

Back 145

step width

Front 146

amount of toe out (angle between line of progression of the body and long axis of the foot)

Back 146

foot angle

Front 147

what is the average step width?

Back 147

8-10 cm

Front 148

what is the average foot angle?

Back 148

5-7º

Front 149

the number of steps per minute

Back 149

cadence

Front 150

what is considered the best, most functional measure of an individual's walking ability?

Back 150

walking speed

Front 151

phase of gait when the foot is on the ground, supporting body weight

Back 151

stance

Front 152

this occurs when the entire plantar surface of the foot comes into contact with the ground and represents about 8% of the gait cycle

Back 152

foot flat

Front 153

this occurs when the body's weight passes directly over the LE and represents 30% of the gait cycle or 50% of the stance phase of gait cycle

Back 153

mid stance

Front 154

at what percentage range of gait cycle does heel off occur?

Back 154

30-40%

Front 155

what percentage of gait cycle does toe off occur?

Back 155

60%

Front 156

this phase of gait occurs when the foot is in the air, being advanced forward for the next ground contact

Back 156

swing phase

Front 157

this phase of swing is from toe off to mid swing

Back 157

early swing

Front 158

what percentage of the gait cycle does early swing phase occur at?

Back 158

60-75%

Front 159

what percentage of the gait cycle does mid swing occur at?

Back 159

75-85%

Front 160

what percentage of the gait cycle does terminal swing occur at?

Back 160

85-100%

Front 161

this phase of swing occurs when the swing limb passes the stance limb

Back 161

mid swing

Front 162

this phase of swing occurs just past the passage of the stance limb until the foot contacts the ground

Back 162

terminal

Front 163

how many periods are there of double and single limb support during gait?

Back 163

2 each

Front 164

from 0-10% of the gait cycle, is it double or single limb support (weight transfer)?

Back 164

double

Front 165

from 10-50% of the gait cycle, is it double or single limb support?

Back 165

single

Front 166

from 50-60% of the gait cycle, is it double or single limb support (transferring weight between LEs)?

Back 166

double

Front 167

from 60-100% of the gait cycle, is it double or single limb support?

Back 167

single

Front 168

the COM of the body is located just anterior to what vertebrae?

Back 168

S2

Front 169

vertically, the COM oscillates up and down for how many full sine waves?

Back 169

2

Front 170

horizontally, the COM oscillates side to side for how may full sine waves?

Back 170

1

Front 171

during what type of support is the COM of the body the lowest during gait?

Back 171

double limb support

Front 172

on the right leg, during what phase does the COM reach its highest and most lateral position, and then starts to fall away from that supporting limb

Back 172

mid stance

Front 173

when the supporting LE is __ to the body's COM, the body slows down

Back 173

anterior

Front 174

when the supporting LE is __ to the body's COM, the body speeds up

Back 174

posterior

Front 175

at what phase of gait does the lowest velocity occur?

Back 175

midstance

Front 176

at what phase of gait does the highest velocity occur?

Back 176

double limb support

Front 177

at what phase of gait is the maximum kinetic energy being used?

Back 177

double limb support

Front 178

at what percentages of gait does posterior pelvic tilt occur?

Back 178

0-10% and 30-60%, terminal swing

Front 179

at what percentages of gait does anterior pelvic tilt occur?

Back 179

30% and 60-87%

Front 180

what is the position of the hip at initial contact?

Back 180

30º of flexion

Front 181

when does maximum hip extension of 10º occur in the gait cycle?

Back 181

just before toe-off

Front 182

when does maximum flexion of the hip occur during gait cycle?

Back 182

just before heel contact

Front 183

how can apparent hip extension be achieved?

Back 183

anterior pelvic tilt and increase in lumbar lordosis

Front 184

how can apparent hip flexion be achieved?

Back 184

posterior pelvic tilt with flattened lumbar spine

Front 185

what is the position of the knee at heel contact?

Back 185

flexed 5º

Front 186

during the initial 15% of the gait cycle, how does the knee move?

Back 186

into an additional 10-15º of flexion

Front 187

at the knee, what muscle is activating eccentrically during heel strike to absorb shock and accept body weight?

Back 187

quadriceps

Front 188

after the initial 15% of gait, what motion is the knee in until heel off?

Back 188

near full extension

Front 189

what position is the knee in by heel off?

Back 189

35º of flexion

Front 190

at what phase of gait does max knee flexion of 60º occur?

Back 190

mid swing

Front 191

what position is the ankle in at heel contact?

Back 191

slight plantarflexion

Front 192

what position is the ankle in during stance phase, as the tibia moves forward over the foot?

Back 192

up to 10º of dorsiflexion

Front 193

after heel off, what does the ankle begin to do, and continue to do to a maximum of 15-20º just after toe-off?

Back 193

plantarflexion

Front 194

how much dorsiflexion do you generally need for gait?

Back 194

10º

Front 195

how much plantarflexion do you generally need for gait?

Back 195

20º

Front 196

at what percentage of gait cycle is the left iliac crest elevated by concentric activation of the right hip abductors?

Back 196

20-60%

Front 197

what three factors could cause excessive hip motion in the frontal plane during gait?

Back 197

(1) weakness of hip abductors
(2) reduced shortening of swing limb
(3) leg length discrepancy

Front 198

at the knee, in the frontal plane, 5º of adduction occurs at what phase of gait?

Back 198

in the last 20% of stance

Front 199

when does maximum knee abduction in the frontal plane occur?

Back 199

near the maximum knee flexion angle

Front 200

what motion does the ankle do in the frontal plane at heel contact?

Back 200

inversion 2-3º

Front 201

what motion does the ankle do in the frontal plane after heel contact until midstance?

Back 201

eversion

Front 202

after midstance, what motion is the ankle doing in the frontal plane?

Back 202

inversion

Front 203

at what percentage of the gait cycle is the neutral position of the calcaneus reached?

Back 203

40-45%

Front 204

what motion does the femur do after heel contact through the first 20% of the gait cycle?

Back 204

internal rotation

Front 205

after 20% of the gait cycle, what motion does the femur do, until shortly after toe off?

Back 205

external rotation

Front 206

what motion is the femur doing during most fo the swing phase?

Back 206

internal rotation

Front 207

the metabolic efficiency of walking is greatest at what speed?

Back 207

3 mph

Front 208

what is the way to save energy during walking?

Back 208

reduce the displacement of the COM

Front 209

what muscle activates at terminal swing to initiate hip extension and to accept weight, and remains active from heel contact to midstance to support the body and extend the hip?

Back 209

gluteus maximus

Front 210

what muscle group activates to advance the LE forward during swing in preparation for the next step and lift the LE to allow for toe clearance?

Back 210

hip flexors

Front 211

initially, hip flexor muscle activity is __ as the hip extends, and then __ as the hip flexes just before toe off

Back 211

eccentric, concentric

Front 212

hip flexor muscles are active only in the first __% of swing phase, after that hip flexion is a result of forward momentum

Back 212

50

Front 213

they key role of this muscle group is to control the slight lowering of the contralateral pelvis on the side of the swing limb (eccentric), then act concentrically to initiate relative abduction; also control alignment of femur in frontal plane

Back 213

hip abductors

Front 214

the key role of this muscle group is to stabilize the hip at heel strike through coactivation with the hip extensors and abductors; likely assist with extension and assist with flexion after toe off

Back 214

hip adductors

Front 215

this muscle group helps to advance the swing limb, along with the hip flexors

Back 215

internal rotators

Front 216

this muscle group is mostly active during early stance to control alignment of the hip in the horizontal plane

Back 216

external rotators

Front 217

when are the quads active in the gait cycle to prepare for heel strike?

Back 217

very late swing stage

Front 218

at midstance, what type of muscle contraction are the quads undergoing in order to extend the knee and support body weight?

Back 218

concentric

Front 219

before heel contact, what muscle group decelerates knee extension in preparation for heel strike?

Back 219

hamstrings

Front 220

in the initial __% of gait, the hamstrings actively assist hip extension and provide stability to the knee

Back 220

10

Front 221

what part of what mucsle assists with knee flexion during the swing phase of gait?

Back 221

short head of the biceps femoris

Front 222

the tibialis anterior undergoes a strong __ contraction at heel contact to decelerate the passive plantarflexion of the ankle

Back 222

eccentric

Front 223

from heel contact to foot flat, which muscle eccentrically assists in decelerating foot pronation?

Back 223

tibialis anterior

Front 224

during which phase of gait is the tibialis anterior activating concentrically (to help with toe clearance)?

Back 224

swing phase

Front 225

these two muscles are supplemental to the tibialis anterior in helping to decelerate plantarflexion of the ankle at heel contact

Back 225

(1) extensor digitorum
(2) extensor hallucis longus

Front 226

during __ phase, the extensor digitorum and extensor hallucis longus muscles assist with dorsiflexion of the ankle and toe extension

Back 226

swing

Front 227

between __and__% of gait cycle, the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles eccentrically control forward movement of the tibia/fibula relative to the talus

Back 227

10-40%

Front 228

at 10-40% of the gait cycle, which two muscles eccentrically control forward movementof the tibia/fibula relative to the talus?

Back 228

gastroc and soleus

Front 229

between which two gait phases is there a major plantarflexion torque/propulsion of the body for push off?

Back 229

heel off and toe off

Front 230

between 5-35% of gait, which muscle works to decelerate pronation?

Back 230

tibialis posterior

Front 231

between 35-55% of gait, which muscle works to supinate the foot, and its tension may assist in raising the medial longitudinal arch to add necessary rigidity to the foot for push off?

Back 231

tibialis posterior

Front 232

from 10% of gait until just before toe off, what muscles are active as plantarflexors and pronators to counteract strong inversion effect of the posterior tibialis?

Back 232

fibularis muscles

Front 233

which muscle holds the 1st ray rigidly to the ground for stability at terminal stance?

Back 233

fibularis longus

Front 234

what muscles of the foot are active from mid stance to toe off to stabilize the forefoot and raise the medial longitudinal arch to provide a rigid lever for ankle plantarflexion?

Back 234

intrinsics

Front 235

these are the forces that are applied to the foot by the ground during gait

Back 235

ground reacting forces (GRFs)

Front 236

at what phase of gait are the ground reaction forces less than body weight as a result of the relative unweighting caused by upward momentum of the body gained during the early part of stance?

Back 236

midstance

Front 237

at what parts of gait are the ground reaction forces slightly greater than body weight?

Back 237

loading and terminal stance

Front 238

what type of ground reaction forces are applied parallel to the supporting surface (e.g. the foot)?

Back 238

shear

Front 239

a __ directed ground reaction force at heel contact momentarily slows forward progression of the body

Back 239

posteriorly

Front 240

a ground reaction force directed __ causes the body to be momentarily accelerated forward at toe off

Back 240

anteriorly

Front 241

during gait, the ground reaction forces applied under the foot generate what type of torque on the joints of the LE?

Back 241

external

Front 242

to prevent collapse of the LE during gait, external torques are resisted by what type of torques of the muscles?

Back 242

internal

Front 243

internal torques are associated with __ muscle contraction when the joint moves in the direction of the muscle's action

Back 243

concentric

Front 244

internal torques are associated with __ muscle contraction when the joint moves opposite the muscle's action

Back 244

eccentric

Front 245

what does a positive value of joint power indicate?

Back 245

power generation

Front 246

what does a negative value of joint power indicate?

Back 246

power absorption

Front 247

in early stance, hip __ torque is generated that serves to accept body weight and control forward momentum of the trunk, and to extend the hip

Back 247

extension

Front 248

in the second half stance, hip __ torque is generated to decelerate hip extension and initiate hip flexion before toe off

Back 248

flexion

Front 249

what type of torque is there in the hip at intiial swing?

Back 249

small hip flexion torque

Front 250

what type of torque is there at the hip in the second half of swing to decelerate hip flexion and initiate hip extension?

Back 250

hip extension torque

Front 251

at heel contact, at the knee there is a brief initial __ torque followed by a large __ torque for loading response

Back 251

flexion, extension

Front 252

during terminal swing at the knee, there is an internal __ torque generated to decelerate knee extension

Back 252

flexion

Front 253

the instant of weight application on the foot during gait creates a (varus, valgus) torque at the knee, resulting in abduction

Back 253

varus

Front 254

a small __ torque is generated at the ankle just after heel contact to control movement of plantarflexion generated by application of body weight on the calcaneus (power is absorbed)

Back 254

dorsiflexion

Front 255

there is a __ torque at the ankle through the rest of the stance phase (eccentric activation as the tibia is advanced over the foot)

Back 255

plantarflexion

Front 256

there is a small __ torque at the ankle during swing in order to clear the toes

Back 256

dorsiflexion

Front 257

what is the likely impairment involved if someone has a foot slap-rapid plantarflexion of the ankle occurring after heel contact?

Back 257

mild weakness of ankle dorsiflexors

Front 258

what is the likely impairment if someone has a foot flat deformity-the entire plantar aspet of the foot touches the ground at initial contact (instead of just the heel)?

Back 258

marked weakness of the ankle dorsiflexors

Front 259

what is the likely impairment if someone makes initial contact first with their forefoot followed by the heel

Back 259

severe weakness of ankle dorsiflexors

Front 260

what is the likely gait impairment if someone makes initial contact with their forefoot and no contact with their heel

Back 260

heel pain/pes equinus

Front 261

what is the likely gait impairment if someone prematurely elevates their heel in mid/terminal stance?

Back 261

lack of ankle dorsiflexors

Front 262

what is the likely gait impairment if someone's heel remains in contact with the ground late in terminal stance?

Back 262

weakness/paralysis of ankle plantarflexors

Front 263

what is the likely gait impairment if someone has a supinated foot and wegiht bears on the lateral aspect of the foot during stance?

Back 263

pes cavus (supinated foot)

Front 264

what is the likely gait impairment if someone demonstrates excessive foot pronation during stance, with failure of the foot to supinate in mid stance?

Back 264

rearfoot and/or forefoot varus

Front 265

what is the likely gait impairment if someone has excessive foot pronation with weightbrearing on the medial portion of the foot during stance, and the medial longitudinal arch is absent during swing?

Back 265

weakness/paralysis of ankle invertors, or pes planus (pronated foot)

Front 266

what is the likely gait impairment if someone has ankle in plantarflexion during swing, and exhibits drop foot?

Back 266

weakness of dorsiflexors and/or pex equinus

Front 267

what is the likely gait impairment if someone exhibits vaulting (exaggerated plantarflexion during midstance) causing excessive vertical movement of the body?

Back 267

any impairment of the contralateral LE that reduces hip flexion, knee flexion, or ankle dorsiflexion during swing

Front 268

what is the likely gait impairment if someone exhibits toeing out during gait?

Back 268

femoral retroversion or tight hip lateral rotators

Front 269

what is the likely gait impairment if someone exhibits toeing in during gait?

Back 269

femoral anteversion or spasticity of hip adductors and/or medial rotators

Front 270

what is the likely gait impairment if someone exhibits rapid knee extension after initial contact?

Back 270

quadriceps spasticity

Front 271

what is the likely gait impairment if someone's knee remains extended during the loading response, without extensor thrust?

Back 271

weak quads, or knee pain

Front 272

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits genu recurvatum during stance?

Back 272

knee extensor weakness

Front 273

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits varus thrust during stance?

Back 273

laxity of posterior and lateral ligamentous joint structures

Front 274

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits a flexed knee in stance and a lack of knee extension in terminal swing?

Back 274

knee flexion contracture greater than 10 degres or knee pain and joint effusoin

Front 275

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits reduced/absent knee flexion in swing

Back 275

spasticity of knee extensors/knee extension contracture

Front 276

what is a likely impairment if someone keeps their knee in flexion during stance, with normal ROM?

Back 276

impairment at the ankle or hip

Front 277

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits hyperextension of the knee from initial contact to pre-swing?

Back 277

ankle plantarflexion contracture

Front 278

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits an antalgic gait?

Back 278

painful LE stance

Front 279

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits excessive knee flexion in swing?

Back 279

lack of ankle dorsiflexion of the swing limb or short stance limb

Front 280

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits backward trunk lean during loading?

Back 280

weak hip extensors

Front 281

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits lateral trunk lean toward the stance lower extremity during gait?

Back 281

marked weakness of hip abductors

Front 282

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits a contralateral hip drop during gait?

Back 282

mild weakness of gluteus medius in the stance limb

Front 283

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits forward bending of the trunk in mid/terminal stance?

Back 283

hip flexion contracture/hip pain

Front 284

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits excesive lumbar lordosis in terminal stance?

Back 284

hip flexion contracture

Front 285

what is the likely impairment if someone's trunk lurches backward and towrad the unaffected stance limb from heel off to mid swing?

Back 285

hip flexor weakness

Front 286

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits posterior tilt of the pelvis during initial swing?

Back 286

hip flexor weakness

Front 287

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits hip circumduction?

Back 287

hip flexor weakness

Front 288

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits forward trunk bending during loading?

Back 288

weak quadriceps

Front 289

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits forward bending of the trunk during mid and terminal stance?

Back 289

pes equinus

Front 290

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits excessive hip and knee flexion during swing?

Back 290

lack of ankle dorsiflexion of the swing limb

Front 291

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits hip circumduction or hip hiking during swing?

Back 291

lack of shortening of swing limb secondary to decreased hip flexion, knee flexion and/or ankle dorsiflexion

Front 292

what is the likely impairment if someone exhibits excessive backward horizontal rotation of the pelvis on the side of the stance limb in terminal stance?

Back 292

ankle plantarflexor weakness

Front 293

the ground reaction forces are about __ times greater in running than walking

Back 293

3

Front 294

what is the percentage spent in swing phase during running?

Back 294

60-70%

Front 295

during running, hip flexion generally increases from 30 to __º

Back 295

65

Front 296

during running, hip extension increases from 10 to __º

Back 296

20

Front 297

during running, knee flexion increases from 60 to __º

Back 297

120-130

Front 298

during running, dorsiflexion increases from 10 to about __º

Back 298

25

Front 299

during running, plantarflexion increases from about 20 to __º

Back 299

30

Front 300

what percentage of the running cycle is spent in the stance phase?

Back 300

40%

Front 301

during weight acceptance, what type of rotation is the limb experiencing?

Back 301

internal rotation

Front 302

during weight acceptance, what type of movement is the foot experiecing?

Back 302

pronation

Front 303

during the propulsion phase of running, what type of rotation is the limb experiencing?

Back 303

external rotation

Front 304

during the propulsion phase of running, what type of movement is the foot experiencing?

Back 304

supination

Front 305

does the weight acceptance phase of running involve mostly concentric or eccentric contractions?

Back 305

eccentric

Front 306

does the propulsion phase of running involve mostly concentric or eccentric contractions?

Back 306

concentric

Front 307

during the swing phase, what muscles are working at the hip to help get the limb swinging?

Back 307

flexor

Front 308

the hip extensors begin to work at __% of the gait cycle; they start to fire to slow down the progression of the hip and to slow down the lower leg

Back 308

hip extensors

Front 309

does a shorter or longer step and stride length use more of a hip strategy?

Back 309

shorter

Front 310

does a shorter or longer step and stride length use more of an ankle strategy?

Back 310

longer

Front 311

what are the six differences in the joints/movements when running with forefoot contact instead of heel contact?

Back 311

(1) increased knee flexion
(2) shorter step and stride length
(3) increased cadence
(4) smaller vertical displacement of the body
(5) less eccentric work at the knee
(6) more eccentric work at the ankle

Front 312

one of the downsides to forefoot running is that it puts a lot of stress on the ankle __ muscles

Back 312

plantarflexor

Front 313

what is occurring at 0% of the gait cycle?

Back 313

heel strike

Front 314

what is occurring at 10% of the gait cycle?

Back 314

opposite toe off

Front 315

what is occurring at 30% of the gait cycle?

Back 315

heel rise

Front 316

what is occurring at 50% of the gait cycle?

Back 316

opposite initial contact

Front 317

what is occurring at 60% of the gait cycle?

Back 317

toe off

Front 318

what is occurring at 73% of the gait cycle?

Back 318

feet adjacent

Front 319

what is occurring at 87% of the gait cycle?

Back 319

tibia vertical

Front 320

what is occurring at 100% of the gait cycle?

Back 320

next initial contact

Front 321

during the loading response, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?

Back 321

posterior

Front 322

during mid stance, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?

Back 322

anterior

Front 323

during terminal stance, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?

Back 323

anterior

Front 324

during pre swing, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?

Back 324

posterior

Front 325

during initial swing, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?

Back 325

anterior

Front 326

during mid swing, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?

Back 326

anterior

Front 327

during terminal swing, what type of tilt is occurring at the pelvis?

Back 327

posterior

Front 328

during the loading response, what position is the hip in?

Back 328

flexion

Front 329

during mid stance, what position is the hip in?

Back 329

flexion/neutral

Front 330

during terminal stance, what position is the hip in?

Back 330

extension

Front 331

during pre swing, what position is the hip in?

Back 331

extension

Front 332

during initial swing, what position is the hip in?

Back 332

extension

Front 333

during mid swing, what position is the hip in?

Back 333

flexion

Front 334

during terminal swing, what position is the hip in?

Back 334

flexion

Front 335

during the loading response, what position is the knee in?

Back 335

10º flexion

Front 336

during mid stance, what position is the knee in?

Back 336

20º flexion

Front 337

during terminal stance, what position is the knee in?

Back 337

neutral-5º flexion

Front 338

during pre swing, what position is the knee in?

Back 338

20º of flexion

Front 339

during initial swing, what position is the knee in?

Back 339

45º flexion

Front 340

during mid swing, what position is the knee in?

Back 340

60 º of flexion

Front 341

during terminal swing, what position is the knee in?

Back 341

20-10º flexion

Front 342

during the loading response, what position is the ankle in?

Back 342

5-10º plantarflexion

Front 343

during mid stance, what position is the ankle in?

Back 343

5-8º dorsiflexion

Front 344

during terminal stance, what position is the ankle in?

Back 344

10º dorsiflexion

Front 345

during pre swing, what position is the ankle in?

Back 345

10º dorsiflexion to 10º plantarflexion

Front 346

during initial swing, what position is the ankle in?

Back 346

20º plantarflexion

Front 347

during mid swing, what position is the ankle in?

Back 347

12º plantarflexion to 2º dorsiflexion

Front 348

during terminal swing, what position is the ankle in?

Back 348

1º plantarflexion

Front 349

during the loading response, what position is the subtalar joint in?

Back 349

2º inversion

Front 350

during mid stance, what position is the subtalar joint in?

Back 350

1-2º eversion

Front 351

during terminal stance, what position is the subtalar joint in?

Back 351

2º eversion to 2º inversion

Front 352

during pre swing, what position is the subtalar joint in?

Back 352

2-6º inversion

Front 353

what are the five kinematic strategies to minimize energy expenditure during gait?

Back 353

(1) horizontal plane pelvic rotation
(2) sagittal plane ankle rotation
(3) stance phase knee flexion
(4) frontal plane pelvic rotation
(5) frontal plane hip rotation

Front 354

these two kinematic strategies help to reduce the downward displacement of the center of mass during gait

Back 354

(1) horizontal plane pelvic rotation
(2) sagittal plane ankle rotation

Front 355

these two kinematic strategies help to reduce the upward displacement of the center of mass during gait

Back 355

(1) stance phase knee flexion
(2) frontal plane pelvic rotation

Front 356

this kinematic strategy helps to reduce the sid to side excursion of the center of mass during gait

Back 356

frontal plane hip rotation

Front 357

what type of moment is created at the hip when the GRF passes anterior to the joint?

Back 357

flexion

Front 358

what type of moment is created at the knee when the GRF passes anterior to the joint?

Back 358

flexion

Front 359

what type of moment is created at the ankle when the GRF passes anterior to the joint?

Back 359

dorsiflexion

Front 360

what type of moment is created at the hip when the GRF passes posterior to the joint?

Back 360

extension

Front 361

what type of moment is created at the knee when the GRF passes posterior to the joint?

Back 361

extension

Front 362

what type of moment is created at the ankle when the GRF passes posterior to the joint?

Back 362

plantarflexion

Front 363

in Parkinson's disease, at what joint does the majority of compensation occur to preserve the other joint patterns?

Back 363

ankle