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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kinesiology
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study of movements in the human body and the means by which movement is brought about or restrained
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Examples of Performance Skills
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Posture, Mobility, Coordination, Strength, Effort, Energy
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Examples of Client Factors
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Functions of joints and bones, muscle functions, movement functions
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Why do we need to study kinesiology?
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movement is vital to human occupation.
OTs need to understand how the body moves and the forces acting upon it in order to improve occupational performance in our patients. |
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Medial/Lateral:
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inwards/outwards
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Proximal/Distal:
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closer to axis or trunk/ farther from trunk
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Superior/Inferior:
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above/below
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Cephalo/Caudal:
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head/tail
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3 Planes of Movement:
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frontal (flex/ext)
Sagittal (ab/ad, rdev/udev, inv/ev) Transverse (sup/pro, hor. ab/ad, int/ext rot.) |
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What is Kinetics?
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forces acting in and on the body that produce stability or mobility.
external (gravity/friction) vs. internal (pressure sores..?) |
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What is gravity?
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affects the stability of the body- center of gravity
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If muscles are too weak to strengthen against gravity, what do we do?
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Eliminate gravity.
Side-lying, support.. move in a horizontal plane |
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What is Friction?
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stabilizing force that can retard movement
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Internal Forces
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act on body but arise from within the body.
to decrease the pressure you need to decrease the force of increase the area |
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Purpose of a Lever System
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levers are used to overcome a resisting force or to increase the amount of force
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Components of a lever
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Axis- fixed point where lever rotates
Force-causes the lever to move Resistance- must be overcome for motion to occcur |
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First Class Lever
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F A R
ex: teetertotter |
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Second Class Lever
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A R F
ex. wheelbarrow |
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Third Class Lever
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A F R
*most frequently seen in body ex. tweezers |
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3 Components of Gravity
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1- COG
2- Direction of gravity 3- BOS |
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How is balance acheived?
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wide base of support
lower center of gravity |
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Functions of the skeletal system:
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1) rigid framework
2) support and shape 3) protects vital organs 4) assists in movement 5) manufactures blood cells 6) stores calcium |
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2 types of skeleton
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axial- spine, skull, vertebrae
appendicular- limbs |
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Layers/Structure of Bone
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Epiphysis-
Metaphysis- Diaphysis- Periostem- |
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Type of Bone: long
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humerus, femur
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Type of Bone: short
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carpals, tarsals
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Type of Bone: flat
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scapula, illium, patella
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Type of Bone: irregular
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vertebrae, coccyx
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Type of Bone: sesamoid
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patella
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What is a Joint?
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union between one bone and another.
allows motion and provides stability |
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Fibrous Joints:
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bones united by connective tissue fibers
ex. skull |
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Cartlaginous Joints:
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contains fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage between 2 bones.
ex. in spine, btwn vertebrae |
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Synovial Joints:
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no direct union between the bones. instead a cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a sleevelike capsule
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Classification of Synovial Joints: Non-Axial
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movement is linear with joint surfaces relatively flat and have a gliding motion.
ex. carpal |
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Classification of Synovial Joints:
Uniaxial |
angular motion in one plane around one axis
ex. elbow joint (hinge) |
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Classification of Synovial Joints:
Biaxial |
angular motion occurring between two planes around two axes.
ex. wrist (saddlejoint) |
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Classification of Synovial Joints:
Tri-Axial |
angular motion occurring in three planes around three axes.
ex. ankle (ball and socket) |
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ligament vs. tendon
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ligament- bone to bone
tendon- muscle to bone |
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fracture:
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"broken bone"
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dislocation;
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separation of two surfaces of a joint
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subluxation:
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partial dislocation of the joint
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sprain vs. strain
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sprain:partial or complete tearing of fibers of a ligament
strain:overstretching of muscle fibers |
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Tendonitis
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inflammation of the tendon
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tenosynovitis
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inflammation of the tendon sheath (surrounds tendon, nourishes and lubricates)
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synovitis
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inflammation of the synovial membrane (fluid that lubricates cartilage, reduces friction, and absorbs shock)
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bursitis
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inflammation of the bursa (over bony prominences, clear pad like sac to decrease friction)
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capsulitis
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inflammation of the joint capsule (encases joint)
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Types of Arthokinematic Motion
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roll (ball joint)
glide spin (rotating) |
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Close-Packed joint surface position
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joint surfaces have maximum contact and are difficult to separate
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Open-Packed joint surface position
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(loose) parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax
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traction
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joint mobilization- pull joint surfaces apart
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approximation
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joint mobilization- push 2 joint surfaces toward each other
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shear
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joint mobilization- parallel to surface and in opposite direction
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irritability
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ability to respond to a stimulus
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contractility
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ability to shorten or contract
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elasticity
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ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when force is applied
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extensibility
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ability of a muscle to stretch or lengthen when force is applied
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tension
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the force built up within the muscle that is necessary for it to contract or recoil
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muscle excursion
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the distance from max elongation (2x) to max shortening (1/2)
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active insufficiency
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a muscle reaches a point where it cannot SHORTEN any further
*AGONIST |
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passive insufficiency
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a muscle cannot be ENLONGATED any further without damage to its fibers
*ANTAGONIST |
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Isotonic Contraction
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muscle contracts, the muscle length changes and the joint angle changes
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Concentric-Isotonic Contraction
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joint movement, muscle shortens, origin and insertion move TOWARDS one another
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Eccentric-Isotonic Contraction
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joint motion but muscle appears to lengthen and muscle attachments move AWAY from each other
*easy bc gravity helps |
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Isometric Contraction
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muscle contracts without change in joint angles/muscle length.
*easiest! |
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Isokinetic Contraction
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speed of muscle contraction remains constant but the resistance varies through the contraction.
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Agonist
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"prime mover"
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Antagonist
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muscle or muscle group that performs the opposite motions of the agonist
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Cocontraction
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Agonist and Antagonist contract at the same time.
ex. sit up straight - abs & extensors |
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Synergist
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muscle that contracts at the same time as the prime mover.
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Neutralizer
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contracts to prevent the unwanted motion
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