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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
26 bones of the foot
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7 tarsals
5 metatarsals 14 phalanges 2 sesmoid bones |
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the two arches of the foot (structure of foot)
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-longitudinal arch: heal to heads of five metatarsals
-transverse arch: side to side concavity |
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joints
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tibiofibular joint:
-syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint -joined at both proximal and distal tibiofibular joint -minimal movement possible -distal joint becomes sprained occasionally in heavy contact sport |
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syndesmosis joint sprain
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high ankle sprain: primarily involves anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
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ankle is what kind of joint?
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hinge joint
articulation of talus with distal ends of tibia and fibula talocrural joint membranous capsule |
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joints of the foot
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subtalar and transverse tarsal joints:
classified as gliding, responsible for inversion and eversion, minimal movement in the remaining intertarsal joints and tarsometatarsal joints |
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joints of the foot (cont)
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tarsometatarsal joints: gliding, not much movement
metatarsophalangeal joint: condyloid joints |
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structure of the foot
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given strength and elasticity through large number of ligaments, muscles, and other connective tissue
-many joints that generally function together |
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movements:
1.plantar flexion/dorsi flexion: 2. eversion/inversion: 3.flexion/extension: 4.add/abd |
1. ankle
2. subtalor and transverse tarsal joints 3. metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints 4. metatarsophalangeal joints |
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anterior ankle and foot
posteriorly laterally medially |
dorsal flexors
plantar flexors evertors invertors |
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plantar flexion
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gastrocmenius
soleus tibialis posterior proneus longus |
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evertors
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peroneus longus
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dorsiflexors
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tibialis anterior
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invertors
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tibialis anterior and posterior
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vertical
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jump
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what will the height of the jump be determined by?
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-the vertical velocity of the body's center of gravity
-the aim is to attain the greatest take-off |
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preparatory phase
takeoff phase |
flex hip, knee, DF ankle
entend hip, knee PF ankle |
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mechanics for the VJ and two- joint muscle
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many muscles of the lower extremeties cross more than 1 joint
-the muscle mass of the legs is concentrated near the proximal joint -body must compensate as the distal joints support a greater proportion of the total body mass |
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bi articular muscles:
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rectus femoris: flex hip and extend the knee
Ham strings: flex the knee and extend the hip gastrocnemius: knee flexion and plantar flexion |
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the ankles power in the VJ
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has 6x more power than could be generated during isolated ankle plantarflexion
-transferred mechanical energy from B-A muscles |
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B-A muscles help what
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transfer mechanical energy, net result is basically an isometric contraction for these muscles
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what are the benefits of isometric action
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keep muscle near resting length: best for force-length property
keep muscles near zero shortening/ lengthening velocity: best for force velocity property -this also allows the muscles to act as a stiff cable and transfer energy from more proximal uni-articular muscles to distal segments |
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in down phase (squat) the glute gives for to..
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rectus femoris
and then the rec gives force to the gasterocnemus for the up phase (helps the ankle) |
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25% of the work done in plantar flexion was derived from the:
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knee extensors via the GAS
this system allows large proximal muscles to do work at distal joints were muscles much smaller |
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the trunk and
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spinal column
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vertebral column : complex
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24 intricate and complex articulating vertebrae
31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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bones
24 articulating and 9 fused vertabrae: |
7 cervical (neck)
12 thoractic 5 lumbar (lower back) 5 sacrum 4 coccyx |
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3 normal curves within the spine
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-thoracic spine curves posteriorly
-cervical and lumbar spine curve anteriorly -spinal curves enable it to absorb blows and shocks |
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vertabrae increases in size from cervical to lumbar region due to
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lower back having to support more weight
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SPINAL DEVIATIONS:
-lordosis -kyphosis -lumbar kyphosis -scoliosis |
-increased posterior concavity of lumbar and cervical curves
-increased anterior concavity of thoracic curve -reduction of normal lordotic curve, resulting in a flat back appearance |
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thorax: 12 pairs of ribs=
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- 7 pairs of true ribs attach directly to sternum
-5 pairs of false ribs: 3 pairs attached indirectly to sternum and 2 pairs of floating ribs (ends are free) |
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all ribs are attached posteriorly
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to the thoracic vertebrae
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minimal movement between any 2 vertebrae except what
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C1 and C2
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atlanto-occipital articulation
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two joints act as a hinge
permit flexion and extension where the spine meets the brain |
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atlantoaxial articulation
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perfect example of a pivot joint
sole function is rotation Dens projects upward from axis and held in place by transverse ligament |
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most movement occurs in
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cervical and lumbar
some slight thoracic movement |
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movements of head
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movement between cranium and first cervical and within other cervical vertebrae
-referred as cervical movements |
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trunk movements
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lumbar motion terminology describes combined motion in thoracic and lumbar
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intervertebral disks
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annulus fibrosus: outer rim of dense fibrocartilage
nucleus pulposus: central gelatinous, pulpy substance compressed elastic material: allows compression in all directions along with torsion- becomes less resilient with age, injury, or improper use |
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trunk and spinal column muscles
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sternocleidomastoid and splenius muscles: large muscles involved in cervical and head movements
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erector spinae (trunk and spinal muscles)
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largest muscle
extends on each side of spinal column from pelvic region to cranium divided into 3 muscles, actually 9 muscles |
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trunk and spinal muscles- large abdominal muscles
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lumbar movements: rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal and quatratus lumborum
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man muscles of trunk and spinal column function in
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moving spine and aiding respiration
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allllll muscles that move the head
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originate on cervical vertebrae and insert on occipital bone of skull anterior
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