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84 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Motor Development
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-Area of study that includes exercise psychology, biomechanics, motor learning, and motor control
- Begin in '60s--->escalated in the '70s - Continuous change in motor behavior throughout the life cycle |
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Longitudinal
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-Attempts to explain behavior changes over time and involves charting various aspects of individuals motor behavior for several years
- Expensive/hard |
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Cross-Sectional
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-Different groups/Ages at specific time
- AGE DIFFERENCE not age related -Varying age levels |
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Mixed Longitudinal
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-Cross-Sectional with longitudinal
-Explains both differences and change over time as functions of development and age -Separate age groups over several years |
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Growth
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Increase in size of body/bones
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Development
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Changes in an individuals level of functioning over time
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Maturation
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Process of change
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Experience
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Environmental factors that may alter appearance of developmental characteristics
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Motor Behavior
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Changes in motor learning and development
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Motor Learning
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Change in motor behavior resulting from practice
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Movement
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Observable change with body
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Movement Skill
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Fundamental Movement Pattern performed with accuracy, precision, and control
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Fundamental Movement Pattern
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Observable pattern of basic locomotor movement
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Affordances
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Factors that promote/encourage developmental change
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Rate Limiters
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Constraints that limit developmental change
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Constraints
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Factors that serve to impede development
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Degrees of Freedom
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Number of elements/components of a system
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Stability
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Movement patterns that work on keeping equilibrium
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Locomotor
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Permit exploration through space (w
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Movement
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Observable change with body
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Movement Skill
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Fundamental Movement Pattern performed with accuracy, precision, and control
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Fundamental Movement Pattern
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Observable pattern of basic locomotor movement
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Affordances
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Factors that promote/encourage developmental change
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Rate Limiters
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Constraints that limit developmental change
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Constraints
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Factors that serve to impede development
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Degrees of Freedom
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Number of elements/components of a system
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Stability
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Movement patterns that work on keeping equilibrium
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Locomotor
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Permit exploration through space (walking, creeping)
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Manipulative
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Permit gross/fine motor contact with objects (grasping, kicking, trapping)
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Developmental Direction
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Used for explaining increase in coordination and motor control
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Growth Rate
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Ones unique pattern of growth
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Reciprocal Interweaving
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Interweaving of neural mechanisms of opposing muscle systems into an increase in mature relationships
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Sensitive Period
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Broad time frames for development (Critical Period)
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Bonding
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Parent-to-infant attachment
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Premature
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Any newborn weighing under 4.5 lbs. and gestation period less than 37 weeks
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Low Birth Rate
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Birth weight ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 grams
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Mitosis
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Process of cell division
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Endoderm
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Digestive, respiratory, glandular systems
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Mesoderm
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Muscular, skeletal, reproductive, and circulatory systems
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Ectoderm
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Sense organs and nervous systems
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Examples of Stability
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Control of head and neck
Control of Trunk Sitting Standing |
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Examples of Locomotion
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Crawling
Creeping Upright Gait |
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Examples of Manipulative
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Reaching
Grasping Releasing |
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Perception
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Process by which we become aware of our surroundings through the use of one or more of our senses
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Sensations
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Stimuli received by the various senses
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Habituation
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Measurable decline in reaction to a stimulus
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Dishabituation
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Measurable increase in reaction to a stimulus after habituation has occurred
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Visual Acuity
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Ability to distinguish detail in objects
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Accommodation
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Ability of the lens of each eye to vary its curvature to bring the retinal image into focus
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Peripheral Vision
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Visual field that can be seen without a change in the position of the eye
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Binocular vision
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The working together of both eyes to provide depth perception
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Tracking
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The ability of the eyes to attend to a moving object
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Depth Perception
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The process by which one sees 3-D through the use of monocular and binocular depth cues
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Color Perception
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The ability of the eyes to distinguish among different colors
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Form Perception
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The ability to distinguish shapes
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Maturational Period
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-1930s-1940s
-Gesell and McGraw -Biological function -Sequence of infant movement is due to their work -Process |
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Descriptive Period
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-19502-1970s
-Glassow, Rarick, and Espenschade -Physical Educators -Outcomes of motor performance -Product -School age |
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Explanatory Period
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-1980s-Present
-Shift back to Process -Thelen, Clark -Dynamical Systems Theory |
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McGraws Experiment
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-Worked with twins
-Trained one each day with activities (improved and was better than the other one) -Untrained one was worse results and was weaker |
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Phase Stage Theory (Product)
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-Oldest Theory
-Universal age periods characterized by certain types of behavior -Stages are sequential, but can be skipped |
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Development Task Theory
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-Developmental task must be accomplished within a specified time period for success within society and higher level functionioning
-Questionable validity |
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Ecological Theory
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-Descriptive and explanatory
-Development occurs as a function of environmental "context" and time frame -Studies relationship of an individual to their environment and one another |
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Dynamic Systems Theory (Process)
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-Change is nonlinear (Discontinuous)
-Change is governed by afforandances, rate limiters, and constraints -Change is self-organizing -Change is transactional -Change involves degrees of freedom |
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Reflexive Movement Phase
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-Primitive Reflexes-info gathering, protective reflexes
-Postural Reflexes- testing devices for stability, locomotion, manipulation |
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Rudimentary Movement Phase
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-Reflex Inhibition Stage
-Precontrol Stage |
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Fundamental Movement Phase
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-Initial Stage
-Elementary Stage -Mature Stage |
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Specialized Movement Phase
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-Transitional Stage
-Application Stage -Lifelong Utilization Stage |
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Prenatal Malnutrition Causes
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-Placental (Supply/transport problems)
-Fetal (Fetal metabolism complications) -Maternal (Inadequate nutritional intake) -Dietary habits, poverty, stress -Low birth weight and preterm -Birth Defects (Folic Acid and spina bifida) -Maternal Weight Gain |
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Infants born to obese mothers have higher rate of.....
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1. Low Birth Weight
2. Diabetes |
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Teratogen
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-Any substance that may cause the unborn child to develop in an abnormal manner
-Common Drugs (Asprin) -Necessary Drugs -Illicit Drugs |
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Down Syndrome
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-Trisomy 21
-Most common (1-800 births) -Age-Related (35-1/400; 40-1/110;45-1/35) -Frequent premature birth -Slower Growth Rate -Slower development |
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Exercise and Pregnancy
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-Fetal affects (less fat, more stress tolerance)
-Delivery affects (Easier labor) -Infant development affects (leaner body composition) -30 minutes of walking, housework, or gardening -Or several times a day for 10 mins |
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Zygotic Period
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-1st Stage
-End of 1st week-.01 of an inch -Mitosis begins -50% spontaneously abort |
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Embryonic Period
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-2nd Stage
-Ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm -Differentiation -At-risk for congenital malformations |
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Early Fetal Period
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-3rd Stage
-Rapid growth period -Stomach & kidney begin to function -Reflex actions-swallow,suck thumb -Structurally complete functionally immature by end of 6th month |
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Later Fetal Period
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-4th Stage
-Weight Triples -7th month is quiet period -8th/9th have more activity -Normal gestation -Normal term baby |
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Early Infancy
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-5th Stage
-Rapid gains in height and weight -Weight triples by end of 1st year -Length>to about 30 in |
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Later Infancy
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-6th Stage
-Rapid by slower than 1st year -Girls---35 in and 26lb by 2nd bday -Boys--35 in and 28 lbs -.60 correlation between height and weight |
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Encoding Stage
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-4 months prenatal-4 months infancy
-Gather Info -Primitive survival reflexes |
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Decoding Stage
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-4 months-1 year
-Processing Information -Gradual change in control -Primitive postural reflexes (9-15 months) |
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Primitive Reflexes
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-2 Functions (seek nourishment and protection)
-Moro and startle reflexes -Search and sucking reflexes -hand-mouth reflexes (palmer-mental and palmer-mandibular) |
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Postural Reflexes
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-Labyrinthine righting reflexes
-Pull up reflex -Parachute and propping reflex -Crawling reflex -Primary stepping reflex |
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Neuromaturational Theory
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-They need to be inhibited before volitional movement can occur
-Development of the cortex assumes more control |
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Dynamical Systems Theory
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-The system is able to self-organize
-Reflexes do not need to be inhibited cuz they allow the practice of movement -There would not be a gap if infants could continue to practice the movement |
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