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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Respiratory system
A system of organs that function to move air into and out of the lungs (ventilation) and exchange air with the atmosphere and the cells (respiration).
Ventilation
moving air into and out of the lungs.
Respiration
The whole process of gas exchange and energy production.
Organs of the respiratory system.

Upper Group = Upper respiratory tract
Nose.
Nasal Cavity: functions to filter, warm and moisten the air using mucus.
Ciliated cells move dust particles to the pharynx to be swallowed.
Paranasal sinuses
Spaces in the bones of the skull that openinto the nasal cavity.
Pharynx
common passage for air and food.
Organs of the respiratory system:

Lower Group = lower respiratory tract.
Larynx: prevents foriegn particles from entering the trachea (glottis, epiglotis).
Trachea: common air path to the lungs. Divides into the left and right bronchi.
Bronchial tree: branching air paths that connect the trachea to the air sacks of the lungs (alveoli). Alveoli are the exchange zones for O2 and CO2.
Lungs
Soft, spongy, and cone shaped organs found in the thoracic cavity.
Enclosed in the rib cage and diaphragm.
Mediastium
separates the right and left lung.
Visceral Pleura
A serous membrane that attaches to the surface of the lung.
Parietal Pleura
A folding back of the viseral pleura. This forms the mediastium and lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity.
Pleural cavity
The "non space" between the visceral and parietal pleura. Small amount of lubricating fluid.
Right lung
3 lobes
largest
Left lung
2 lobes
smallest
Each major branch of the bronchial tree...
supplies a lobe.
Ventilation
Inspiration and expiration. Moving air from areas of high atmospheric pressure to low atmospheric pressure.
Inspiration:

Reducing the pressure on the lungs to an amount lower than the pressure outside of the lungs...
increases the size of the thoracic cavity.
Lower the diaphragm = contraction of muscle fibers in the diaphragm.
Inspiration:

Raise and elevate the ribs and sternum...
uses the external intercostal muscles, pectoralis, sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Inspiration:

Must have continiuity between the pleural membranes:
No separation.
Helps expand the lungs in all directions.
Alveoli and Inspiration:

Moist inner surfaces of the alveoli create surface tension:
Makes it hard for these air sacs to expand.
Alveoli secrete surfactant:
Reduces surface tension.
reduces the tendency for the alveoli to collapse.
Expiration
Increasing the pressure in the lungs to an amount higher than the pressure outside of the lungs.
Elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.
Expiration:

Use of internal intercostal muscles...
pull the ribs and sternum downward and inward.
Expiration:

Use of abdominal muscles...
internal and external obliques, tansverse and rectus abdominus.
When you exercise...
both inspiration and expiration are active.
While resting...
inspiration is active while expiration is passive.
Control of Ventilation:

Involuntary process
Controlled in the brain stem. The most primative and oldest part of the brain.
Control of ventilation:

Responds to chemical changes in the bodies fluids...
increasing co2= increased rate of breathing
increase hydrogen ions= increase rate of breathing.
Control of ventilation:

Emotional distress...
increases breathing rate.
Low blood oxygen has...
little effect on breathing rate.
Carbon dioxide is the regulator of breathing:
Too little CO2 leads to hyperventilation, such as when breathing very, very fast.
Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs found at the end of alveolar ducts.
Smallest air tubes in the lungs.
Alveoli consist of a...
respiratory membrane.
Thin (3 cell layers thick) membrane.
Blood and alveolar air exchange gasses.
Diffusion of gas across...
the respiratory membrane.
Gasses diffuse from high pressures to low pressures.
Pressures result from...
the relative concentrations of gases in a mixture of gases.
Partial Pressure.
Partial Pressure of Gasses
A mixture of gasses exerts a total pressure. The amount of pressure each gas contributes is called partial pressure.
Partial Pressure is directl proportional to the...
concentration of gas in the mixture.
Room air contains...
21% oxygen.
So the partial pressure of the O2 in the air is=the atmospheric pressure times 21%.
Room air contains almost no..
carbon dioxide.
Partial pressure is directly proportional to the...
concentration dissolved in liquid.
Oxygen
transported via hemoglobin molecules in RBC.
Oxyhemoglobin molecule.
Oxyhemoglobin molecule releases the oxygen:
Where PO2 is low.
CO2 concentrations increase.
Blood becomes more acidic.
Blood temperature increases (working muscles).
Carbon dioxide transportation
Dissolved in plasma: small percentage.
Bound to hemoglobin: carbaminoglobin...about one-fourth of the CO2 is transported this way.
Bicarbonate Ion: CO2 chemically reacting with water to form carbonic acid...just less than three-fourths transported this way.
H20+CO2--->
H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
H+HCO3
Bicarbonate
Lung volumes...
refers to physical differences in lung volume, while lung capacities represent different combinations of lung volumes, usually in relation to inhalation and exhalation.

The average pair of human lungs can hold about 6 liters of air, but only a small amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing.

Breathing mechanism in mammals is called "tidal breathing". Tidal breathing means that air goes into the lungs the same way that it comes out.

An average human breathes some 10 times per minute, 600 times per hour, 14,400 times per day, or 5,256,000 times per year.
vocal cords
composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx.
The force responsible for normal expiration...
Normal tidal breathing: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to increase the size of the thorax. This results in increase in negative pressure in pleura. The gradient between atmosphere and alveoli causes air to enter lung - inspiration. During this process elastic recoil forces increase. Once the inspiration is stopped the elastic recoil forces in the lung causes expiration. Expiration is passive and no muscles contract to produce expiration.
In order to inhale air which muscle must contract?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
pH at rest
7.4
pH from rest to exercise...
pH goes more acidic (the number drop).