Kines 109 (2): Chapter 9

Front 1

Attention

Back 1

The conscious or nonconscious engagement in perceptual (what's going on around you), coginitive (what you're thinking), and motor (what you're doing) activities associated with performing skills.

Front 2

Two views of attention theories:

Back 2

Central-resource capacity theories.
Multiple-resource theories.

Front 3

Central-Resource Theories

Back 3

One central attention resource for all activities requiring attention compete.
A central-resource theory proposed by Kahneman (1973) predominates.
Amount of available attention comes from a central pool in which the capacity limits are flexible.

Front 4

C-RT
Kahneman propses that...

Back 4

attention capacity (pool) is flexible and...

Front 5

C-RT
Attention capacity is based on...

Back 5

arousal level (general state of excitability) and
attention requirements for the tasks to be performed.

Front 6

C-RT
Attention is allocated according to...

Back 6

activity completion.
enduring dispositions.
momentary intentions.

Front 7

Too physiologically psyched up...

Back 7

decreased muscle glycogen.

Front 8

Not physiologically psyched up enough...

Back 8

can't focus, increased RT.

Front 9

Attention capacity will increase or decrease depending on the...

Back 9

arousal level.

Front 10

General state of excitability of a person, involving physiological, emotional and mental systems.

Back 10

arousal

Front 11

Attention capacity will increase or decrease depending on the...

Back 11

requirement of the tasks to be performed.

Front 12

Person must evaluate all of the demands on attention and...

Back 12

see if they can perform them all simultaneously or just some.

Front 13

Multiple Resource Theories

Back 13

There are several attention resource pools.
Each pool has a limited capacity for how much information can be processed.
Each pool is related to a specific component of performing a skill.
A multiple-resource theory by Wickens predominates.

Front 14

We allocate attention according to...

Back 14

three rules.

Front 15

M-RT
3 different sources

Back 15

input/output modalities (vision, limbs, speech systems)
stages of info processing (perception, memory, encoding, response output.)
Codes of processing information (verbal and spatial codes).

Front 16

Our ability to perform simultaneous tasks depends on whether they share a...

Back 16

common source (pool) or come from different sources (pools).

Front 17

Directing attention to specific features of the environment and/or to action preparation activities.

Back 17

Focusing attention.

Front 18

Distributing attention to several tasks that need to be performed simultaneously.

Back 18

Attentional demands.

Front 19

Attentional Focus
Focused attention can have both...

Back 19

width: broad or narrow.
direction: internal or external.

Front 20

Attentional Focus
Creates 4 types of attentional focus situations:

Back 20

broad and internal
broad and external
narrow and internal
narrow and external

Front 21

Attentional Focus
Some activities require...

Back 21

attention switching.

Front 22

Attentional Focus
Too frequent attention switching can be...

Back 22

detrimental. (e.g. air traffic controllers)

Front 23

Automated Performance and Attention
When a person performs a skill, or engages in certain information-processing activities, without requiring demands on attention resources. This required through practice.

Back 23

Automaticity
(e.g. fencing, gymnastics)

Front 24

Automated Peformance and Attention
Different activities require varying demands on attention capacity, possibly due to the...

Back 24

complexity or difficulty of the skill, or specific characteristics.
(e.g. dance routine, kata, playing a piece of music.)

Front 25

Automated Performance and Attention
Theory is we develop...

Back 25

automated "chunks" through practice that require less attention.

Front 26

Visually searching the environment helps the individual...

Back 26

obtain information he or she needs to make decisions about:
which action to produce
how to carry out the actions
when to carry out the actions

Front 27

Process of directing attention to locate relevant anvironmental cues.

Back 27

Visual Search

Front 28

Visual Search
Different theories for...

Back 28

moving and non-moving objects.

Front 29

Visual Search
Group stimuli according to unique features (color, shape).
This grouping occurs automatically.
To furthur the process we direct our attention to specific, distinct features of the group.
The more distinct the feature the more quickly the target can be identified.
Specific features that draw attention (unexpected features, meaningful features (Kahneman's theory of attention allocation)

Back 29

Non-Moving Objects
Feature Integration Theory

Front 30

Visual Search
Visual attention is directed at only moving objects in the environment.
Similar feature to integration theory, except we group by common movement characteristics.
Skillful players may search for minimal essential info and/or kinematic cues.

Back 30

Moving Objects
Movement Filter

Front 31

Visual Search
Visual search and action prep.
Visual search helps us pick up cues that...

Back 31

Influence the actions we select.
Help us constrain actions we've already selected.
Time the initiation of actions.

Front 32

Visual Search
More experienced people...

Back 32

visually search the environment more effectively and efficiently.

Front 33

Visual Search
Experience is generally the...

Back 33

key factor.

Front 34

Visual Search
Novice players can...

Back 34

benefit from instruction on what to look for.

Front 35

Visual Search
Activity specific training/experience...

Back 35

is critical.

Front 36

Visual Search
General training...

Back 36

does not seem to be that effective.