Kine 433

Front 1

An increase in muscle mass due to fiber splitting and eventually forming two or more new fibers is called

Back 1

Hyperplasia

Front 2

An experimental way to determine the utilization of substrates during exercise by examining VCO2 and VO2 with breathing is called

Back 2

RER

Front 3

The concentration of oxygen in inspired air is

Back 3

20.9%

Front 4

A hormone secreted by the kidney that is responsible for RBC production in bone marrow is called:

Back 4

Erythropoietin

Front 5

Afferent neurons can generally be described as

Back 5

Sensory neurons

Front 6

A hormone responsible for the retention of sodium is called

Back 6

Aldosterone

Front 7

The gland responsible for secreting epinephrine is called:

Back 7

Adrenal medulla

Front 8

A term that is often used to describe the muscles ability to remove and replace old or damaged tissue or proteins while maintaining muscle function is

Back 8

Turn-over

Front 9

_____ is a high energy molecule and considered to be the basic energy exchange unit in biology.

Back 9

ATP

Front 10

A subcellular organelle that is responsible for beta oxidation and Krebs cycle metabolism is called the:

Back 10

Mitochondria

Front 11

Respiratory Quotient(RQ) around 0.98 is due to WHAT being used as energy during exercise.

Back 11

Carbohydrate

Front 12

Respiratory Quotient(RQ) around 0.78 is due to WHAT being used as energy during exercise.

Back 12

Fats

Front 13

Respiratory Quotient(RQ) around 1.15 is due to WHAT being used as energy during exercise.

Back 13

Not applicable

Front 14

An example of a negative feedback mechanism for Hormone action is:

Back 14

When hormone action results in removal of the stimulus, which then reduces hormone secretion.

Front 15

The role of Calcium in muscle contraction is:

Back 15

to expose actin binding sites for actin-myosin cross-bridging.

Front 16

The primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic NS is:

Back 16

Norepinephrine

Front 17

Elevations of hormones such as glucagon, Epinephrine, and cortisol during low intensity endurance exercise:

Back 17

Maintain the blood glucose levels.

Front 18

The reduction of circulating insulin levels during low intensity endurance exercise:

Back 18

is not as reduced after exercise training.

Front 19

The ATP-PC energy system is designed to:

Back 19

maintain ATP levels at the onset of exercise

Front 20

The total # of ATP generated from a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen is:

Back 20

39 ATP

Front 21

The total number of ATP generated from 'substrate level' phosphorylation during glucose oxidation within the krebs cycle is

Back 21

2

Front 22

The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber is known as the:

Back 22

Sarcomere

Front 23

A characteristic of Type 2 fibers is:

Back 23

Lower oxidative capacity

Front 24

The lengthening of a muscle during contraction is:

Back 24

An eccentric contraction

Front 25

The alpha motor unit is part of the:

Back 25

Somatic division of the Peripheral NS.

Front 26

Glycogen depletion during exercise:

Back 26

results in reduced blood glucose levels once depleted, compromising the individual's ability to perform exercise(hitting the wall)

Front 27

Define: Lactate threshold:

Back 27

if you exercise at any higher intensity, especially if your not regularly exercising, your body won't be able to filter out lactate quick enough and you'll begin to build up lactic acid.

Front 28

What happens to lactate threshold with exercise training?

Back 28

It increases and would require a very intense bout of exercise to push your body over the threshold again.

Front 29

What factors dictate a cells response to a hormone?

Back 29

How much of that specific hormone is in the blood and how many receptors for that hormone are on the cell.

Front 30

What are two main mechanisms of gains in muscle strength with exercise training?

Back 30

There is a change in neural function, which is an increase in the sensitivity of the neurons that deal directly and indirectly with the muscle fibers. This makes it more efficient.

The growth of muscle fibers(fiber hypertrophy), it increases amount of myosin/actin binding sites thus giving us more muscle strength

Front 31

Be able to draw a graphical representation of an action potential.

Back 31

...

Front 32

Describe two hormone systems that monitor and regulate fluid levels with exercise: (include hormone glands of origin & what tissues are targeted for retention of water w/ exercise. What are the signals for release and mechanism of action?

Back 32

...

Front 33

What is the relationship between substrate utilization and the intensity of exercise?

Back 33

The higher the VO2 max, the better adapted your body is to going at a faster pace for a longer time by using oxidation and type 1 fibers for energy....add more

Front 34

How is this relationship affected by endurance training?

Back 34

endurance exercise increases VO2max, the amount of type 1 fibers, and allows you to preserve your glucose for when you really need it. You also become a better butter burner.

Front 35

How is this relationship affected by an approaching hungry lion?

Back 35

It allows you to use the glucose so you can run from the lion and climb a tree.

Front 36

A general name for enzymes that phosphorylate their substrates is:

Back 36

Kinases

Front 37

A general name for enzymes that dephosphorylate their substrates is:

Back 37

ATPase, phosphotase

Front 38

How does ADH conserve water?

Back 38

exercise triggers loss of water from blood plasma due to sweating, this causes an increase in hemoconcentration and blood osmolarity. The increased blood osmolarity stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus, which then stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH into the blood. This acts on the kidneys, increasing the reabsorption of water, therefore increasing plasma volume & decreasing blood osmolarity.

Front 39

Renin-Angiotensin mechanism:

Back 39

1. exercise causes reduced plasma volume and blood flow to the kidneys due to sweating.
2. the reduced renal blood flow stimulates Renin to be released from kidneys. It then forms Angiotensin 1 which is converted to Angiotensin 2.
3. Angiotensin 2 then tells the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
4. Aldosterone increases Na and H2O reabsorption causing increase in plasma volume and decrease in urine output

Front 40

Define: Metabolic Water

Back 40

The amount of water produced in the body by the oxidation of the foods digested.

Front 41

Difference between Serum and Plasma:

Back 41

Plasma is the part of blood that still contains the blood-clotting factors such as fibrinogen.

Serum is the part of plasma left over once clotting factors like fibrinogen is removed.

Front 42

How can you calculate an RER value over 1.0?

Back 42

At high levels of exercise, your expiring the amt of CO2 equivalent to how much O2 your taking in, but in addition the Bicarb buffer system is transforming excess H atoms that are making the muscles acidic into CO2 so that your muscles don't get too high a lvl of pH

Front 43

One of the greatest determinants for the increase in VO2 max with aerobic training is:

Back 43

Stroke volume

Front 44

Neural control of the heart rate up to 100 bpm is via the:

Back 44

parasympathetic NS

Front 45

maximal filling of the ventricular chambers of the heart occurs:

Back 45

At the point of EDV

Front 46

The definition of an artery is:

Back 46

A blood vessel that always goes AWAY from the heart.

Front 47

The increase in cardiac output during exercise is accompanied by:

Back 47

Less total peripheral resistance

Front 48

The hematocrit

Back 48

is the ratio of formed elements to the total blood volume.

Front 49

The anaerobic threshold is:

Back 49

is indicative of when expiratory ventilation for a given VO2 is elevated.

Front 50

As one becomes more aerobically fit

Back 50

It results in a reduction of RER for any given submaximal exercise.

Front 51

An increase in max performance without an increase in VO2 may be a sign of:

Back 51

increasing the lactate threshold

Front 52

For the frank-starling mechanism of cardiac output to be effective during exercise:

Back 52

There must be an improvement in venous return.

Front 53

Hyperventilation during exercise leads to all but one of the following:

Back 53

Hyperventilation will not cause Elevated O2 saturation in the blood

Front 54

Exercising in a hot environment:

Back 54

compromises VO2 max due to alterations in blood flow distribution.

Front 55

The difference in the amount of blood diastole to systole at the ventricle is known as:

Back 55

Stroke volume

Front 56

Typically the largest component of whole blood is:

Back 56

Plasma (55%)

Front 57

Venous return in the periphery is accentuated during exercise by the

Back 57

muscle pump

Front 58

____ is the process of delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the tissues

Back 58

respiration

Front 59

the point at which an increase in breathing exceeds your metabolic need/demand for O2 delivery is called:

Back 59

Hyperventilation

Front 60

A term used to describe a shortness of breath:

Back 60

Dyspnea

Front 61

A breathing technique to trap and pressurize air in the lungs to allow the exertion of greater force is known as the:

Back 61

Valsalva maneuver

Front 62

Effects of resistance exercise training on left and right ventricle:

Back 62

LV: you would see an increase in wal thickness and chamber volume due to increasing SV.
RV: no increase in wall thickness because theres no long term duration of stress being placed on the heart, there is a increase in chamber volume due to increase in SV.

Front 63

Effects of Long distance endurance exercise training on left and right ventricle:

Back 63

LV: Big increase in wall thickness, and increase in chamber volume due to increase in SV.
RV: no increase in wall thickness. There is increase in chamber volume due to increasing SV.

Front 64

Effects of spring training on Left and right ventricles:

Back 64

LV: No significant increase in wall thickness, yes there is an increase in chamber volume.
RV: No increase in wall thickness, yes theres an increase in chamber volume.

Front 65

How does exercise affect Hemoglobin saturation at the lung compared to when your at rest:

Back 65

Remains the same at about 95-97%, we allow our blood enough time to get all of our Alveoli saturated with blood regardless of how hard we're training. Unless we're elite athlete or COPD patient.

Front 66

How does exercise affect Hemoglobin saturation at the tissues compared to when your at rest:

Back 66

There is less due to the exercise causing an increase in muscle blood flow and overtime increasing capillary density as well. This in turn increases transit time as well.

Front 67

How does exercise affect skin blood flow compared to when your at rest:

Back 67

if your a runner or cyclist primarily using your legs, the blood flow will be shunted away from tissues that you don't use as much during those events, in order to aid those muscles being strained.

Front 68

How does exercise affect mean arterial pressure compared to when your at rest:

Back 68

there is an increase in mean arterial pressure during exercise, but training overtime will decrease your MAP. Its calculated using your EDV which is fairly constant and your HR which will decrease as you become more fit.

Front 69

How does exercise affect the difference of O2 partial pressures in the pulmonary artery and vein compared to when your at rest:

Back 69

There is less O2 in the pulmonary artery with exercise due to your muscles extracting more O2 before the blood returns to the heart. The pulmonary vein will remain the same because no matter how hard your working, the hemoglobin are still saturated at the same % in the lungs before returning to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

Front 70

Be able to draw the wiggers diagram.

Back 70

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