Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
- Dictates that the body does not produce, consume or use up energy; rather, it transforms it from one form into another as physiologic systems undergo continual change
|
First law of Thermodynamics
|
|
|
- The limits of exercise intensity ultimately depend on the rate that cells, extract, conserve, and transfer chemical energy in the food nutrients to the contractile filaments of skeletal muscle
|
True
|
|
|
Factors Affecting Bioenergetics?
|
- Enzymes
- Reaction rates - Enzyme mode of action - Coenzymes |
|
|
- Are highly specific protein catalysts
- Accelerate the forward and reverse reactions - Are neither consumed nor changed in the reaction |
Enzymes
|
|
|
- Complex non-protein organic substances facilitate enzyme action by binding the substrate with its specific enzyme
|
Coenzymes
|
|
|
- The only macronutrient whose potential energy generates ATP anaerobically
|
Carbohydrate
|
|
|
- The complete breakdown of 1 mole of glucose liberates ~ ____ kCal of energy
|
689
|
|
|
- ____ kCal/Mole / ____ kCal/Mole = ___ ATP
|
- 263 kCal/Mole / 7.3 kCal/Mole = 36 ATP
|
|
|
o Site of fat storage and mobilization
o 95% of an adipocyte’s volume is occupied by triglyceride (TG) fat droplets o Lipolysis splits TG molecules into glycerol and three water-soluble free fatty acids (FFA) |
- Adipocytes
|
|
|
o Converted into Pyruvate which is then converted into acetyl-CoA which then enters the Krebs Cycle
|
Glycerol
|
|
|
o ________ gives off 19 ATP
|
Glycerol
|
|
|
§ Are transformed into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria during B-oxidation
§ A process that successively releases 2-carbon acetyl fragments split from long fatty acid chains |
Free Fatty Acids
|
|
|
§ _____ ATP come from EACH Free Fatty Acids
|
147 ATP
|
|
|
· 19 ATP + ( 147 ATP x 3 Glycerides ) = ____ ATP
· Total of ____ ATP produced in B-Oxidation |
460 ATP
|
|
|
______________ is the process of removing the Nitrogen from a Protein molecule
|
Deanimation
|
|
|
Immediate energy system- what are they? Fuel source? How long does the fuel last?
|
o ATP-PCr
o Performances of ultra-short duration ( < 6 seconds) and high intensity require an immediate and rapid supply of energy § 100-m Sprint § 25-m Swim § Smashing a tennis ball during the serve o Comes from ATP ( 5-6 seconds ) and phospho-creatine ( 8-10 seconds ) o High-Energy Phosphates § Stored within skeletal muscle · Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) · Phosphocreatine (PCr) · PCr + ADP ß à Cr + ATP |
|
|
Short-term energy system- what are they? Fuel source? How long does the fuel last?
|
o Lactic Acid System
o During intense exercise, intramuscular stored glycogen provides energy to convert ADP to ATP, forming lactate due to a lack of available oxygen. o Lactate comes from Pyruvates o Accomodates for roughly 10-90 seconds of activity o Performances of short duration and high intensity that require rapid energy transfer that exceeds that supplied by phosphagens § 400-m Sprint § 100-m Swim § Multi-Sprint sports |
|
|
Long-term energy system- what are they? Fuel source? How long does the fuel last?
|
o Aerobic System
o Fuel Source: CHO, Fat, Pro – macronutrients o Aerobic metabolism provides the greatest proportion of energy transfer, particularly when exercise duration extends beyond 2 to 3 minutes. o Vo2 Max = maximal volume of oxygen consumed, even if exercise intensity is increased § The highest oxygen uptake achieved despite increases in exercise intensity § Represents an individual’s capacity for aerobically resynthesizing ATP |
|
|
- Oxygen consumption following exercise remains elevated for several minutes to several hours depending on the intensity and duration of exercise
- This elevation in oxygen consumption is often referred to as the “oxygen Debt” or excess ____________________________. |
Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
|
|
|
- _________ muscle fibers are highly oxidative and are designed for prolonged endurance activities
|
Type I
|
|
|
- _________ muscle fibers are highly glycolytic and are designed for explosive activities
|
Type IIb
|
|
|
- _________ muscle fibers are both oxidative and glycolytic and are designed for activites that are both aerobic and anaerobic in nature
|
Type IIa
|
|
|
Work? Measured in what?
|
o Force x Distance
o Measured in units of Joules |
|
|
Power? Measured in what?
|
o (Force x Distance) / Time
o Measured in units of Joules/Sec or Watts |
|
|
o Activation of the glycolytic energy pathway results in considerable accumulation of blood lactate
|
Blood lactate levels
|
|
|
o Provides an indication of the contribution of glycolysis to maximal exercise
|
Glycogen depletion
|
|
|
What does the Wingate test do?
|
§ Lactate build up
§ Glycogen depletion o Measure anaerobic power, capacity, and fatigue |
|
|
Factors Affecting Anaerobic performance?
|
- Specific anaerobic training
- Ability to buffer lactate (Lactate Threshold) - Motivation |
|
|
o The (direct) measurement of human energy metabolism by measuring heat production
|
- Direct calorimetry
|
|
|
o The (indirect) measurement of human energy metabolism by measurement of oxygen consumption
o All aerobic energy-releasing reaction in body ultimately depend on the use of oxygen o Closed-circuit spirometry o Open-circuit spirometry § Douglas bag (weather balloon) § Portable spirometry § Computerized instrumentation |
- Indirect Calorimetry
|
|
|
Respiratory Quotient (RQ? Formula and what to helps approximate?
|
- Helps to approximate the nutrient mixture catabolized for energy during rest\ and aerobic exercise
- RQ = VCO2 / VO2 |
|
|
- RQ=____ Gas exhange during glucose oxidation produces an equal number of CO2 molecules to O2 molecules consumed
|
1.00
|
|
|
- RQ= ______ Generally, a value of 0.70 represents the RQ for lipid, ranging between 0.69 and 0.73, depending on the oxidized fatty acid’s carbon chain length
|
0.696
|
|
|
- RQ= _____ General RQ for a mixed/balanced diet
|
0.82
|
|
|
What does V02max represent?
|
- VO2max represents the greatest amount of oxygen a person can consume, transport, and utilize to produce ATP aerobically on a per-minute basis
|
|
|
What is the criteria for achieving V02max?
|
- A leveling-off or peaking-over in oxygen uptake during increasing exercise intensity signifies attainment of VO2max
- Blood lactate concentrations that reach at least 8-10 mmol - 220 – Age = PMHR ( Predicted Max Heart Rate ) - Attainment of a near age-predicted maximum heart rate, or a respiratory exchange ratio (R) in excess of 1.00 |
|
|
Factors affecting VO2max?
|
- Age
- Gender – lung capacity, and muscle mass - Training state - Mode of testing - Genetics - Body composition |
|
|
Components of daily energy expenditure?
|
- Thermic effect of physical activity (-15 to 30%)
- Thermic effect of feeding (-10%) - Resteing metabolic rate (060 to 75%) |
|
|
- The minimum energy required to sustain the body’s functions in the waking state
|
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
|
|
|
Basal Metabolic Rate is assessed by measurement of VO2 under the following standardized conditions
|
o 12 hours post-absorptive
o No undue muscular exertion for at least 12 hours prior to measurement o Measured after the person has been lying quietly for 30 to 60 minutes in a dimly lit, temperature-controlled room |
|
|
Dietary-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)
- Consuming food increases energy metabolism as a result of the following energy-requiring processes |
o Digestion of nutrients
o Absorption of nutrients o Assimilation of nutrients |
|
|
Thermic effect of physical activity
the energy expenditure solely attributed to physical activity after subtracting out the resting energy expenditure |
- Net energy expenditure
|
|
|
Thermic effect of physical activity
The total energy expenditure for a given (exercise) time period |
- Gross energy expenditure
|
|
|
- Energy expended during weight-bearing exercise increases directly with the body mass transported
|
True
|
|
|
- one MET represents an adult’s average, seated, resting oxygen consumption or energy expenditure
o 1 MET = ____ ml / (kg x min) |
3.5
|
|
|
o The Met provides a conveniten tway to rate exercise intensity with respect to a resting baseline
§ 2 MET = 7.0 ml / (kg x min) § 10 MET = 35.0 ml / (kg x min) |
True
|
|
|
- HR and VO2 relate ________ throughout a broad range of aerobic exercise intensities
- Thus, HR may provide an estimate of VO2 (and energy expenditure) during physical activity |
linearly
|
|
|
Factors affecting endurance performance?
|
- Aerobic power (VO2max)
- Efficiency of energy use - Economy of movement |
|
|
Indicates the percentage of the total chemical energy expended that contributes to the external work output
|
- Mechanical efficiency (ME)
|
|
|
ME (%)= What's the formula?
|
- ME (%) = Work Output / Energy Expended x 100
|
|
|
- Expressions of ME?
|
o Gross mechanical Efficiency
o Net Mechanical Efficiency o Delta Efficiency |
|
|
Factors influencing Mechanical Efficiency (ME)?
|
o Work Rate
o Movement Speed o Extrinsic Factors o Muscle Fiber Type o Fitness Level o Body Composition o Technique |
|
|
- Reflects the relationship between energy input and output
- For example, at a given sumbaximum speed of running, cycling, or swimming, an individual with greater movement economy will consume less oxyen |
Economy of Movement
|
|
|
- Running speed can increase in what 3 ways?
|
o Increase stride frequency
o Increase stride length o Increase both stride length and frequency |
|
|
- Children are less economical runners than adults and require 20 to 30% more oxygen per unit of body mass to …………
- Swimming requires about four times more energy to swim a given distance compared to running |
True
|
|
|
- Three components comporise the total drag force that impedes a swimmer’s forward movement
|
o Wave drag
o Skin friction drag o Viscous pressure drag |
