Kin 3513 Exam 2

Front 1

Three types of sensory information

Back 1

Touch
Proprioception
Vision

Front 2

When we touch something, __________ in the skin activate to provide the ______ with info related to pain, temperature, and movement

Back 2

Mechanoreceptors
CNS

Front 3

What do mechanoreceptors detect?

Back 3

Skin stretching
Joint movement

(Mechanical pressure and distortion)

Front 4

Where are mechanoreceptors most concentrated?

Back 4

Fingertips

Front 5

Role of Tactile information

Back 5

Movement accuracy
Movement consistency
Movement force adjustments
Movement distance estimation

Front 6

Proprioception

Back 6

sensory systems's detection and reception of movement and spatial position of limbs, trunk, and head

Front 7

Proprioceptors (4)

Back 7

Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Joints

Front 8

Types of Proprioceptors

Back 8

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
Joint receptors

Front 9

Muscle spindles
(location, function, involved with....)

Back 9

- within fibers of most skeletal muscle
- Detects change in muscle fiber length and velocity (of stretch)
- involved with reflexes and in voluntary movements

Front 10

GTO (golgi-tendon organs)
(location, function)

Back 10

-in skeletal muscle near insertion of tendon
- detects change in muscle tension (force)

Front 11

Joint receptors
(location, changes in...)

Back 11

-several types
- in joint capsule and ligaments
- changes in force and rotation as well as joint movement angle

Front 12

3 deafferentation techniques

Back 12

Surgical
Deafferentation due to sensory neuropathy
Temporary

Front 13

Sensory neuropathy

Back 13

large myelinated fibers of limb are lost, leading to loss of sensory info

Front 14

Tendon vibration technique

Back 14

process of altering proprioception by high speed vibrations of the tendon of the agonist muscle

- distorts proprioceptive feedback

Front 15

Proprioceptive feedback gives us...

Back 15

movement accuracy
- target accuracy
- spatial and temporal accuracy
onset of motor commands
coordination
- postural control
- spatial control
- adapting to new situation

Front 16

________ is in many cases the preferred source of sensory info

Back 16

Vision

i.e. typists look at keyboard
dancers look at feet

Front 17

Moving Room
- who?
- what was it?

Back 17

- Lee and Aronson

- Participants stood in room in which walls move toward/away from them but floor doesn't move

Front 18

Moving Room Results

Back 18

When walls moved, people adjusted their posture to not fall, even though not moving off balance

Front 19

Neurophysiology of the eye

Back 19

o Cornea
o Iris
o Lens
o Sclera
o Aqueous humor
o Vitreous humor

Front 20

Retina components

Back 20

Fovea centralis
Optic disk
Rods
Cones

Front 21

Optic nerve (cranial nerve __ ) travels from the _____ to the brain's _________ _______

Back 21

II
retina
visual cortex

Front 22

Eye movement recording

Back 22

tracks foveal visions "point of gaze"

i.e. what the person is looking at

- skilled tennis players eyes vs. amateur tennis players eyes

Front 23

Temporal occlusion techniques

Back 23

determines how long a person requires to visually detect the environmental context info he or she uses to perform a skill

- i.e. spectacle with liquid crystal lenses

Front 24

Event occlusion technique

Back 24

identifies specific visual info a person uses to make the required response

i.e. parts of video masked

Front 25

Monocular vision

Back 25

As the distance of the object increases, the monocular abilities (accuracy and efficiency) of the movement decrease.

Front 26

Binocular vision

Back 26

important in depth perception when 3D objects are involved
- reaching-grasping object
- walking on cluttered pathway
- intercepting moving object

Front 27

Central vision

Back 27

aka foveal vision

- middle 2-5 degrees of visual field
- provides specific information to allow us to achieve action goals
- for reaching and grasping
- walking on a pathway

Front 28

Peripheral

Back 28

- detects beyond central vision limits
- upper limit typically ~200 degrees
- info about env contexts and moving limb(s)
- optical flow patterns

Front 29

Optical flow

Back 29

rays of light that strike the retina

Front 30

Two visual systems

Back 30

vision for perception (central vision)

vision for action (peripheral vision)

Front 31

vision for perception

Back 31

referred to as ventral stream - from visual cortex to temporal lobe
- fine analysis of a scene (form, features)
- available to consciousness

Front 32

Vision for action

Back 32

referred to as the dorsal stream - from visual cortex to posterior parietal lobe

- for detecting spatial characteristics of a scene guiding movement

- typically not available to consciousness

Front 33

Perception-action coupling

Back 33

- perceptual event and an action

- spatial and temporal characteristics of limb movements line u with spatial and temporal characteristics of eye movements

Front 34

Estimated time required for movement corrections to occur on the basis of visual feedback

Back 34

100-160 msec

but the minimum amt of time could be faster in situations where the person is anticipating making a movement correction

Front 35

Situations involving time to contact (optical variable, tau)

Back 35

- object moving towards person must be intercepted
- person moving toward object needs to contact or avoid contact

Front 36

Tau

Back 36

optical variable quantifying amt of time remaining until the object contacts the person (or vice vera) form a specific distance

Front 37

What leads to the action in time-to-contact situations?

Back 37

increase in retinal image triggers action required

Front 38

When speed is emphasized, _________ is _________

Back 38

accuracy
reduced

Front 39

When you emphasize _______,
speed is ________.

Back 39

accuracy
reduced

i.e. calligraphy

Front 40

Fitt's Law

Back 40

shows that we can mathematically predict movement time for speed-accuracy skills

Front 41

MT= a + b logv2 (2D/W)

Back 41

formula used to predict movement time when knowing the distance to move and the target size

Front 42

Movement distance affects ______
Target size affects ________

Back 42

movement time

accuracy

Front 43

Index of difficulty formula

Back 43

Logv2 (2D/W)

Front 44

Fitts' Law predicts __________

Back 44

MT of motor skills

i.e. PK to different sized areas of goal

Front 45

Open loop control

Back 45

Initial movement instructions sufficient to move limb to the vicinity of target; no feedback

i.e asking for completion as quickly and accurately as possible

Front 46

Closed loop control

Back 46

feedback from vision and proprioception at end of movement ensure hitting of target accurately; there is feedback;

helps become more accurate

Front 47

Prehension

Back 47

actions involving reaching for and grasping of objects

Front 48

3 components of Prehension

Back 48

Transport
- movement of hand to object

Grasp
- hand takes hold of object

Object manipulation
- hand carrying out intended use of object

Front 49

Transport and grasp components show strong temporal relationship by interacting synergistically. Why?

Back 49

reduce degrees of freedom

Front 50

Goodale et. al. found that...

Back 50

- object size and distance from hand influenced timing of max. grip aperture and velocity profile of the transport component

- regardless of size hand closure (max. grip aperture) occurs at about 2/3 of the total MT duration of action

Front 51

vision in prehension

Back 51

PREP AND INITIATION
- see where something is before you pick it up
- regulatory conditions
- how far you need to reach

TRANSPORT OF HAND
- central vision directs hand providing time-to-contact to initiate grasp
- peripheral provides hand movement feedback

GRASP
- tactile and proprioceptive feedback ensure intended use is achieved

Front 52

Prehension demonstrates ________ trade off characteristics predicted by ___________

Back 52

speed-accuracy
Fitts' Law

Front 53

Latash and Jaric - index of difficulty for picking up...

Back 53

containers of diff sizes and quantities of liquids

Front 54

Handwriting motor control demonstrates characteristics of a coordinative or noncoordinative structure?

Back 54

coordinative

Front 55

Each individuals motor control of handwriting demonstrates "_______ ________"

Back 55

motor equivalence

Front 56

When no vision in writing...

Back 56

space seems to widen and text starts to divide horizontal line

Front 57

Bimanual coordination

Back 57

motor skills that require simultaneous use of two hands

Front 58

Symmetric bimanual coordination

Back 58

both hands move with same spatial and/or temporal characteristics

i.e. rolling wheelchair, row boat

Front 59

Asymmetric bimanual coordination

Back 59

both hands move with different spatial and/or temporal characteristics

i.e. guitar/drum playing, serving tennis ball

Front 60

Kelso, Southard, Goodman

bimanual coorination preferences

Back 60

people performed rapid aiming movements simultaneously with each arm to targets that had the same or different Fitts' ID

Front 61

Swinnen, Schmidt, Nicholson,and Shapiro

Back 61

participants move their arms in different spatial-temporal patterns

Front 62

Locomotion is...

Back 62

aka gait

movement

i.e. walking, running, throwing

Front 63

CPG - central pattern generators

Back 63

functional network in spinal cord, generating rhythm and shaping the pattern of motor neuron activity

Front 64

Along with CPGs, proprioceptive feedback from ________ and ________ also influence gait

Back 64

muscle spindles
GTOs

Front 65

Head stability in locomotion

Back 65

-our head contains complex of sensory and motor nervous system components essential or us to navigate though an environment and maintain postural stability so we don't fall

-maintaining head stability optimizes use of vision

Front 66

What is spontaneous gait transition and why does it occur?

Back 66

i.e. change from walk-to-run

most popular hyp: minimize metabolic energy (VO2) use

Front 67

Why is vision is impt in walking/running?

Back 67

-contracting objects
-avoiding contact with objects

Front 68

3 phases to catching a moving object

Back 68

1. Initial position of arm/hand
2. shaping of hands and fingers
3. grasping the object

Front 69

Two critical time periods in catching

Back 69

1. initial flight portion (of object)
2. just prior to hand contact

Front 70

Is vision of hands necessary to catch a moving object?

Back 70

inexperienced - yes
experienced - no (feedback not needed)

Front 71

Factors in striking a moving object

Back 71

1. Ball speed effect
- amt of time before initiating bat movement is altered depending on speed

2. visual contact with moving ball
- not maintaining visual contact though out ball flight
- predict final location

Front 72

Phases involved in movement preparation

Back 72

Intention
Preparation
Initiation
Termination

Front 73

Donders says...

Back 73

motor control system requires time to prepare to produce an intended action

Front 74

Reaction time

Back 74

index of preparation time required to produce an action

Front 75

What is reaction time affected by?

Back 75

Performance situation
Performer characteristics

Front 76

An increase in choices affects RT in what way

Back 76

gives rise to an increase in RT

Front 77

Hick's Law

aka Hick-Hyman

Back 77

RT increases linearly as the number of choices increase

Front 78

RT= b [log₂ (N + 1)]

Back 78

Hick-hyman formula

N = number of choices

Front 79

RT _______ if correct response choice becomes more predictable

Back 79

decreases

Front 80

Precue

Back 80

advance information about an upcoming event that needs a response

Front 81

Precue correctness

Back 81

RT becomes faster if precue correctness probability is higher than the probabilities equally possible choices

Front 82

Stimulus-response compatibility states...

Back 82

RT will be faster as the relationship b/w stimulus characteristics and their required response become compatible (spatial relationship decreases)

Front 83

cost-benefit trade off

Back 83

cost (slower RT) and benefit (faster RT) that occurs as a result of biasing the preparation of an action in favor of one of several possible actions

Front 84

Stroop effect

Back 84

diff type of S-R compatibility in which the appearance of the stimulus suggests one type of response, but the situation requires a diff response

i.e. ink of word is not same color as the written word, therefore RT to read the word is slower

Front 85

foreperiod

Back 85

interval b/w the warning and the go stimulus

i.e. in sports, you try to anticipate the opponent so that your RT is better

Front 86

T/F
More regularity in length of foreperiod can result in longer RT.

Back 86

False;
shorter RT

Front 87

Can length be too long?

Back 87

yes and if it is, it becomes barely effective or ineffective

Front 88

Movement complexity

Back 88

As complexity increases, RT increases

Front 89

Henry and Rogers

Back 89

person responds to a gong and then performs a task

3 tasks
- lift finger
- lift finger, grab ball
- lift finger, hit target, push button, grab ball

RT w/ added complexity
- 165ms, 199ms, 212 ms

Front 90

movement accuracy

Back 90

RT increases when the accuracy demands increase

Front 91

T/F
More preparation is required for more constraint and accurate movements

Back 91

True

Front 92

Repetition of movement

Back 92

continuous repetition can increase RT

Front 93

Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)

Back 93

- responding to one signal requires time to process before responding to another

- delayed response to 2nd stimulus

Front 94

Performer characteristics

Back 94

-alertness
- warning signal (track)
- Foreperiod length effects
- vigilance effect (staring at radar for long time, don't notice when small dot shows up)

Attention focus
- RT – focus on signal (sensory set) versus movement (motor)
- MT and sensory/motor set
- move as fast as possible? focus on signal

Front 95

Fractionating RT

Back 95

EMG recording divided into two distinct components
- premotor comp
- motor comp

Front 96

What is the purpose of fractionating RTs>

Back 96

allows us to gain insight into what occurs during action prep process

in most cases, premotor RT is increases more than motor RT, except in movement velocity, they are fairly linear

Front 97

Postural preparation

Back 97

organization of movements needed for postural support

- anticipated balance change due to movement

- postural prep involves organizing a flexible organized synergy of muscles

Front 98

Why do we want postural prep to be flexible?

Back 98

so we can have many options for change (using two arms vs. just one)

Front 99

Limb performance preparation

Back 99

- direction (where must the limb move?)

- trajectory (path our arm/hand will follow; any obstacles in the way of movement)

- accuracy (leeway we have with trajectory in front of us; slow down for accuracy)

Front 100

Object control preparation

Back 100

How do we want to control the object being manipulated

- force
- how much force applied based on size/type of object)
-end-state comfort
- hand position most comfortable to complete the action

Front 101

Sequences of movements

Back 101

we prepare our movements for our actions and the more complex the movement, the more we have to prepare our movements resulting in longer RT

Front 102

Spatial coding

Back 102

response compatibility

S-R compatibility
- right- right; left-left
- right-up; left-down

Front 103

Rhythmicity preparation

Back 103

Pre-performance rituals

i.e. shooting free throws
tennis serve

Front 104

Attention refers to what types of characteristics?

Back 104

Consciousness
- sleeping is not attention
Awareness
- bored, means we'll do less and we are less aware
Cognitive effort
- how much effort we put in

Front 105

Limitations on performance of skill

Back 105

- simultaneous performance of multiple skills

- detection of relevant info in the environment

-ignoring irrelevant info in t environment

Front 106

When performing more than one task simultaneously...`

Back 106

- no measurable detrimental effects
- deteriorated task performance

- our attention can be divided among tasks or diverted to one

Front 107

Filter theories

Back 107

aka bottleneck theories

attention theory in which a stimulus results in serially (in order) produced response(s)

this is because some of these functions can only process one action at a time

Front 108

Resource capacity theories

Back 108

states that there are limited resources to performance of multiple tasks

Front 109

If resource capacity limits are exceeded...

Back 109

performance deteriorates on one or more tasks

Front 110

Central resource capacity theories

Back 110

- seen as one central attention resource (i.e. CNS)
- requires attention given to each task
- each task is competing for demanded resources to allow optimal performance
- resources are flexible

Front 111

Kahneman's Attention Theory

Back 111

(example of central resource capacity theory)

He believes that there are a limited amt of resources at a given time located in the CNS coming from a pool which can vary in size based on situation, conditions of individual, and task being performed. This pool of effort can be subdivided to allow multiple activities being given attention.

More attention = More cognitive effort = more available resources

Front 112

Arousal

Back 112

factor that influences amt of attention capacity for a specific performance situation

Maximum amt of resources available at optimal arousal range

Front 113

Arousa level determines ________ ______

Back 113

capacity limits

Front 114

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 114

inverted U-relation b/w performance and arousal levels

Front 115

Evaluation of attention requirements of multiple tasks is impt because...

Back 115

it determines if sufficient attention resources are available

Front 116

3 rules used to prioritize available attention when performing multiple tasks

Back 116

- allocation of ttention to ensure completion of at least one task

- allocation of attentional resources according to our enduring dispositions (the involuntary attention allocation)

- momentary intention
- self-directed
OR
- according to instruction

Front 117

Novelty of a situation

Back 117

one that is expected in a situation vs one that is unexpected

Front 118

Meaningfulness of event

Back 118

cocktail party phenomenon

- hearing our name makes that conversation more meaningful

Front 119

Multiple resource theories

Back 119

contend that we have several attention mechanisms, each having limited resources. each of these resource pools is specific to a component of performing skills

Front 120

Sensory input

Back 120

i.e. visual, proprioceptive, auditory

look at something, listen at same time

listen to something, we can feel at the same time

Front 121

Response output

Back 121

i can walk, while i talk

i.e. motor, verbal

Front 122

dual task procedure

Back 122

procedure involving assessment of the degree of interference by one task when another one is being performed simultaneously

Front 123

attentional focus

Back 123

directing of attention to specific characteristics in a performance environment, or to action-preparation activities

Front 124

primary task

Back 124

sometimes has to do with instruction

-more important thing to get done

Front 125

secondary task

Back 125

task used to make interference with primary task

Front 126

T/F
A narrow width of focus is focusing on a few small things

Back 126

False; focusing on ONE thing

Front 127

Width of focus is _____ and ______, while direction of focus can be _______ or _______

Back 127

Broad and narrow
external or internal

Front 128

Attention switching

Back 128

changing one's attention focus characteristics

can be positive or negative

i.e. playing piano and moving eyes from hands/keys to music

Front 129

Action effect hypothesis
(Prinz 1997)

Back 129

benefit of external focus during movement

- learning and performance of skills are optimized when the performer's attention is directed to the outcome of the action rather that the movements

Front 130

automaticity

Back 130

Performance of a skill (or part of a skill) without requiring attention resources

Front 131

T/F
Automaticity is directly related to amount of practice

Back 131

true

Front 132

visual selective attention

Back 132

study of attention as it relates to the use of vision in the selection of environmental info in the preparation and/or performance of an action

Front 133

components of visual selective attention

Back 133

assumption
focal vision
peripheral

Front 134

T/F
it is not possible to make an eye movement without making a shift in attention

Back 134

true

Front 135

visual search

Back 135

search for regulatory conditions based on the goal of action

i.e. picking up cup. we search for environmental cues to figure out the movement needed to gras the cup

Front 136

feature integration theory

Back 136

treisman in 1980s

during visual search, we initially group stimuli together according to their unique features, such as color and shape (automatically)

i.e. finding teammate

Front 137

Attentional spotlight

Back 137

finding a specific characteristic among the map areas (wide or narrow)

target "pops out"

i.e. finding a TALL teammate, rather than just any teammate

Front 138

Visual search in action preparation
- 3 aspects influenced

Back 138

- Action selection
- Constraining of selected action; positioning
- Timing of action initiation

Front 139

3 preparation processes influenced by visual search

Back 139

- open motor skill (changing environment)
- closed motor skill
-

Front 140

memory

Back 140

The capacity to remember information about past events or knowledge

Front 141

memory (according to Tulving)

Back 141

Memory is the capacity that permits organisms to benefit from past experiences

Front 142

Two memory systems

Back 142

1. working - day to day life
2. long-term - storing of events that can affect how we repeat actions later

Front 143

Functions of memory

Back 143

store info
retrieve info

Front 144

Subsystems of working memory

Back 144

1. phonological loop - repeating number over and over b/c cant write it down

2. visuospatial sketchpad - very short memory; taking in all info and picking out what we need after a few seconds

3. central executive - say what is impt and stores in long term or uses in next action

Front 145

subsystems of long-term memory

Back 145

1. Procedural memory - where we learn motor tasks

2. Semantic memory - all the knowledge we have

3. Episodic memory - specified (remembering where and what you were doing on 9/11)

Front 146

short term memory processes

Back 146

sensory - auditory, visual, proprio.) unaware

perceptual - things we select from sensory info that we can use) some awareness

Attentional processes - deciding among all things what info is useful and pick what is needed for next action) complete awareness

Front 147

Duration of working mem

Back 147

20-30 sec

unless processed or rehearsed

Front 148

Capacity of short term mem

Back 148

7 (+or- 2)

increased by chunking info together

Front 149

Duration of long term mem

Back 149

"permanent"

Front 150

Capacity of LTM

Back 150

"unlimited"

Front 151

Procedural LTM

Back 151

how to do specific activities

Front 152

Semantic LTM

Back 152

factual and general knowledge

Front 153

Episodic LTM

Back 153

unique personal events or experiences

Front 154

Declaritive knowledge

Back 154

knowledge that can be verbally described

Front 155

Procedural knowledge

Back 155

enables to perform motor skill

hard/imposs to describe verbally

Front 156

Encoding

Back 156

transforming info into form that can be stored in memory

Front 157

Storage

Back 157

placing info in long term

Front 158

Rehearsal

Back 158

info from working to long term

Front 159

retrieval

Back 159

search through long term for needed info

Front 160

assess memory

Back 160

explicit memory tests - looking for knowledge learned
- recall test - open ended answers
- recognition stests

implicit men tests - memorization on how to do something
- info difficult to verbalize
i.e. can't ask "how do you walk when you are outside?"

Front 161

Cause of forgetting

Back 161

trace decay - longer time from receiving info

proactive interference - due to prior activity of info

working mem - confusion

retroactive interference - due to info after presented info