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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does the nutritional status of a women influence?
-fertility
-infant survival
The recommended weight gain during pregnancy depends on what?
-The pre-pregnancy BMI of the woman
-women of larger stature and good health tend to have large babies
What are some obesity related problems in pregnancies?
-increased risk for late pregnancies
-increased risk for misscarriage
-increased risk for having a baby with a neural tube defect
Energy requirements during pregnancy increase by how much? Why? (3)
-increase 15-20%
-support fetal/placenta growth
-supports increase nutrient transport/metabolism in mother
-meets physical activity needs
What are the concequences of energy restriction to a mother and the fetus?
-inadequately nourished mother is less affected than the fetus
-ketones are more detremental to the fetus
Protein requirements during pregnancy increase by how much? Why? What is a potential problem
-increase by 50%
-supports synthesis of maternal and fetal tissues
-too much may lead to increased calcium loss
Folate requirements increase by how much? How should women attain it?
-increase by 50%
-found in leafy vegies, orange juice, nuts
-*should take a supplement b/c its hard to get 600ug from the diet
-*obese need 800ug
Mild and severe deficiencies of folate can be problematic. Explain
-severe: macrocytic anemia
-mild: prematue/LBW infants, neural tube defects (spina bifida), other birth defects
Some drugs can lower folate status. Give some examples
-oral contraceptives
-anti-convulsants
-ethanol
How much should intake of Vitamin B6 increase by? Why? (2)
-increase by 50%
-supports protein synthesis (cofactor)
-increases niacin synthesis from tryptophan
Explain Vitamin A and toxicity.
-excess retinods, Vitamin A deficiency, isotretinoin(acne meds) are all teratogenic
-teratogenic: cause birth defects
-defects: cardiac, CNS, craniofacial
-intake: same as normal
Explain the calcium requirements.
-intake is the same as normal
-the hormonal changes of pregnancy increses the absorption and use of calcium from dietary sources
-30g is accumulates during pregnancy, mostly for the fetal skeleton and the rest stored in mom as a reserve
What are the requirements for iron?Why?
-increase by 20-30%
-prevents anemia
-supports a 30% increased demand during the last half of pregnancy
-supplement of 30mg recommended
What are the requirements for zinc? Why?
-increase 50%
-prevents developmental defects
-excess iron inhibits zinc absorption
What are the requirements fo magnesium? Why?
-increase 10%
-maternal levels decrease during pregnancy and lactation
-prevents pre-eclampsia and leg cramps
What are the requirements for iodine?
-increase by 50%
-prevention of neuro-developmental deficiencies
What nutients increase by 50% during pregnancy? (5/10)
folate, vitamin B6, zinc, iodine, protein
What are some recommendations for the diet of pregnant women?
-increase high protein foods (milk)
-increase iron-rich foods ( meat)
-increase folate-rich food ( leafy veggies)
-increase intake for high nutrient density foods, vitamins, minerals
What are the recommendations for caffeine?
-limit intake
-can increase calcium excretion
-effect on fetus? no clear evidence
What are the recommendations for the following sweetners?
a) aspartame
b)saccharin
c)acesulfame K
a) its converted into phenylalanine, unsafe fore people with PKU (convert to harmful products)
b) weak carcinogen in rats
c)acesulfame K: safe? long term studies?
What are some toxins found in fish?
PBC, methyl mercury
The milk volume in a mother varies. What is the range?
500-1200ml/day in the first 6 months
During lactation, the caloric inake should not be less than what?
2000 kcal/day
During lactation there major increases in what nutrients?
vitamin C, iodine, zinc, Vitamin A, protein