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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the nutritional status of a women influence?
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-fertility
-infant survival |
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The recommended weight gain during pregnancy depends on what?
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-The pre-pregnancy BMI of the woman
-women of larger stature and good health tend to have large babies |
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What are some obesity related problems in pregnancies?
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-increased risk for late pregnancies
-increased risk for misscarriage -increased risk for having a baby with a neural tube defect |
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Energy requirements during pregnancy increase by how much? Why? (3)
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-increase 15-20%
-support fetal/placenta growth -supports increase nutrient transport/metabolism in mother -meets physical activity needs |
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What are the concequences of energy restriction to a mother and the fetus?
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-inadequately nourished mother is less affected than the fetus
-ketones are more detremental to the fetus |
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Protein requirements during pregnancy increase by how much? Why? What is a potential problem
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-increase by 50%
-supports synthesis of maternal and fetal tissues -too much may lead to increased calcium loss |
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Folate requirements increase by how much? How should women attain it?
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-increase by 50%
-found in leafy vegies, orange juice, nuts -*should take a supplement b/c its hard to get 600ug from the diet -*obese need 800ug |
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Mild and severe deficiencies of folate can be problematic. Explain
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-severe: macrocytic anemia
-mild: prematue/LBW infants, neural tube defects (spina bifida), other birth defects |
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Some drugs can lower folate status. Give some examples
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-oral contraceptives
-anti-convulsants -ethanol |
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How much should intake of Vitamin B6 increase by? Why? (2)
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-increase by 50%
-supports protein synthesis (cofactor) -increases niacin synthesis from tryptophan |
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Explain Vitamin A and toxicity.
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-excess retinods, Vitamin A deficiency, isotretinoin(acne meds) are all teratogenic
-teratogenic: cause birth defects -defects: cardiac, CNS, craniofacial -intake: same as normal |
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Explain the calcium requirements.
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-intake is the same as normal
-the hormonal changes of pregnancy increses the absorption and use of calcium from dietary sources -30g is accumulates during pregnancy, mostly for the fetal skeleton and the rest stored in mom as a reserve |
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What are the requirements for iron?Why?
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-increase by 20-30%
-prevents anemia -supports a 30% increased demand during the last half of pregnancy -supplement of 30mg recommended |
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What are the requirements for zinc? Why?
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-increase 50%
-prevents developmental defects -excess iron inhibits zinc absorption |
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What are the requirements fo magnesium? Why?
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-increase 10%
-maternal levels decrease during pregnancy and lactation -prevents pre-eclampsia and leg cramps |
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What are the requirements for iodine?
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-increase by 50%
-prevention of neuro-developmental deficiencies |
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What nutients increase by 50% during pregnancy? (5/10)
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folate, vitamin B6, zinc, iodine, protein
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What are some recommendations for the diet of pregnant women?
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-increase high protein foods (milk)
-increase iron-rich foods ( meat) -increase folate-rich food ( leafy veggies) -increase intake for high nutrient density foods, vitamins, minerals |
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What are the recommendations for caffeine?
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-limit intake
-can increase calcium excretion -effect on fetus? no clear evidence |
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What are the recommendations for the following sweetners?
a) aspartame b)saccharin c)acesulfame K |
a) its converted into phenylalanine, unsafe fore people with PKU (convert to harmful products)
b) weak carcinogen in rats c)acesulfame K: safe? long term studies? |
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What are some toxins found in fish?
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PBC, methyl mercury
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The milk volume in a mother varies. What is the range?
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500-1200ml/day in the first 6 months
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During lactation, the caloric inake should not be less than what?
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2000 kcal/day
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During lactation there major increases in what nutrients?
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vitamin C, iodine, zinc, Vitamin A, protein
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