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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the kidney regulate? |
blood plasma volume waste products in plasma concentration in electrolytes Plasma pH stimulates RBC production
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What kind of tissue and muscle is in the bladder? |
smooth muscle wall called depressor muscle |
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What is the bladder controlled by? |
Parasympathetic NS |
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What is the functional unit of the kidney? |
nephron |
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what is the nephron responsible for? |
forming urine through: secretion, reabsorption, filtration
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How many nephrons are in the kidney> |
1 million |
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How much does the glomerular filtrate per day? |
180 L/day per day or 125 ml/min |
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What does the glomerulus filter? |
small solutes, water, some plasma proteins |
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What can't be filtered through the glomerulus? |
blood cells, most plasma proteins |
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Where must particles pass in the glomerulus? |
the slit diaphragm between the podocytes |
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What the glomerulus controlled by? |
extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms |
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What effects the rate of blood control? |
vasoconstriction or dilation of afferent arterioles |
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sympathetic nerves |
ACTIVATED:by the higher brain func AFFERENT ARTERIOLES:constricts GFR:decreases |
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autoregulation |
ACTIVATED:decrease in blood pressure AFFERENT ARTERIOLES:dilates GFR:no change |
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Autoregulation |
ACTIVATED:increase in blood pressure AFFERENT ARTERIOLES:contricts GFR:no change |
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What is a mechanism responsible for auto regulation? |
myogenic constriction of the afferent arterioles in response to elevated BP
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What is a mechanism responsible for auto regulation? |
Tubuloglomerular feedback by the macula dense and local factors: signals afferent arterioles to contract |
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How does reabsorption happen? |
solutes are transported followed by water by osmosis |
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How much urine do we excrete each day> |
1-2 liters |
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How many Liters of filtrate is produced each day> |
180L/day |
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What is obligatory water loss? |
min of 400 ml/day urine necessary must be excreted to metabolic wastes. |
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What is the proximal convoluted tubule responsible for? |
filtration of plasma and reabsorption of water and solutes |
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What is the collection duct responsible for?
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transport urine and absorb water -under control of ADH |
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what is glucose in the urine called? |
glucosuria |
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Where does reabsorption take place? |
prox tubule, distal tubule, loop of henle |
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Glucose resabsorption |
prox tubule |
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urea reabsorption |
prox tubule |
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sodium reabsorption |
prox tubule |
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What is reabsorbed in the ascending limb? |
Na+, Cl and K+ Driven by the active transport of Na+ |
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What is the vasa recta? |
capillaries that lay parallel to the loop of hence -carry blood -reabsorbs and secretes urea and Nacl |
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What will happen if you have no ADH? |
you will not pee |
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Where is the ADH released from? |
pituitary gland |
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What does ADH do |
-helps to control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and blood vessels. -conserves the fluid volume of the body by decreasing the amount of water we pee |
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Why are people on dialysis? |
They are not getting rid of the waste in their kidneys like they should be |
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What is excretion rate? |
what you pee out |
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filtration rate + secretion rate= |
reabsorption rate |
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What is insulin measurement of GFR used for? |
used to measure the health of the kidney |
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filtration |
substance should be cleared from blood and urine -should be too big to get through ex:wbc and proteins |
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reabsoprtion |
substance is transported from the filtrated thru the tubular cells thru the blood ex:water
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secretion |
substance is secreted thru the peritubular tube through the tubular cells and into the filtrate ex:antibiotics |
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What happens if somethings doesn't don't come out of the kidney> |
it means the kidney isn't working |
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Why is Na+ plasma control important? |
it regulates blood volume and pressure |
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Why is K+ plasma control important? |
it is essential in proper function of cardiac and skeletal muscles |
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Where are the Na+ and K+ filtered? |
proximated tubule and loop of henle -other bit is regulated by ADH at the distal tubule and collecting duct |
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what will stimulate the release of renin? |
Low MAP Low Na+ flow SNS activity of granular cells |
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What is hyperkalemia |
too much k+ |
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what is hypokalemia? |
not enough K+ |
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ANP |
stimulates salt and H2o excretion produced atria by stretching of the walls |
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How does the kidneys help regulate blood pH? |
excretes H+ and reabsorbs HCO-3 |
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proteinuria |
kidney contains abnormal amount of protein |
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glycosuria |
secretion of glucose in the urine |
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ketonuria |
ketones present in the body |
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hemoglobinuria |
oxygen transport protein hemoglobin is found abnormally high concentrations in the urine |
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bilirubinuria |
high bilirubin is present in urine |
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what is specific gravity? |
measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine |
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what is the normal specific gravity? |
1.002 - 1.030 is when kidneys are functioning at a normal level |
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what is the normal pH for urine? |
6.5-7.0 |
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what makes urine more acidic? |
when the body breaks down purines |
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whats the normal level of plasma glucose? |
70mg/dL-100mg/dL |
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what is the normal plasma renal threshold |
?? |
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Why did we spin the urine? |
to get the cells to come to the bottom of the tube |
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what was the stain called to stain the urine? |
a sedistain |
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what makes the urine yellow? |
urochrome |
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What effects your urine color? |
fluid balace, medicines, diet, diseases |
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What can make urine look cloudy? |
sperm, blood, bacteria
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what if nitrates are found in the urine? |
UTI |
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What if leukocytes are found in the urine? |
UTI present (WBCs present) |
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What if ketones are present in urine? |
if large amounts are found it mat mean diabetes ketoacidosis |
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what is microscopic analysis |
in this test, urine is spun in a centrifuge so the materials settle at the bottom and can be spread onto the stain. |
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What can be seen on a slide with the urine on it> |
WBC and RBC, casts, crystals
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what are casts in the urine? |
tiny tubules in the kidneys that are waxy. cast in the urine can show what kind of disease is present |
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what are crystals in the urine? |
could be a kidney stone or a sign that there is a problem with how the body is metabolizing food |
